对我省森林旅游业的思考

旅游业是一项综合性产业,它能通过产业联动链带动一系列相关产业如交通业、餐饮业、加工业、种植业、零售业等的发展。据研究,旅游业每收入1元,就给国民经济的相关行业带来5-7元的增值效益。目前,森林旅游作为旅游业的重要组成部分,已成为人们现代生活的一个重要内容,它顺应了人们回归自然的心理需求。开展森     

绿色旅游和观光农业

旅游业一直被称为“无烟工业”、“朝阳产业”，是我国改革开放以来国民经济各产业中发展最快的产业之一。在人们回归自然奔赴乡村的时候，绿色旅游已成为现代旅游的重要形式。一般而言，旅游就是发生在自然环境中的各种活动的总称。近年来我国旅游业发展十分迅猛，市场潜力巨大，因此许多城市已经把发展绿色旅游业作为城市发展战略的重要组成部分。     

四川发展生态旅游的对策

旅游业是当今世界上发展速度最快、发展势头最强劲的产业之一。无论是工业化国家还是发展中国家,旅游业作为重要经济支柱的地位不会改变。生态旅游作为实现旅游业可持续发展的重要内容,已成为极有生命力和发展潜力的旅游形式。     

咸宁市旅游业现状分析及发展对策

旅游业作为一项关联性极强的产业,通过带动其他产业的发展来加快整体经济发展具有重要作用.咸宁市具有发展旅游业优厚的条件,经济至今在湖北省内仍处于较落后的地位,如何通过发展旅游业来加快实现跨越式发展是一个值得探讨的课题.通过叙述咸宁市旅游业的现状,分析阻碍其发展的因素,提出相应对策.     

四川在生态旅游发展中展宏图

生态旅游是一项复杂的系统工程。对林业而言,是一个有着巨大潜力的新生事物。四川省委、省政府将旅游业作为全省经济社会发展的一个重要抓手,发展很强劲。据统计,2005年1￣10月,全省旅游收入已达到650亿元,预计全年将突破700亿元。四川旅游业的发展有两张王牌:一张叫自然生态,另一张叫历史文化。“生态是基础,文化是灵魂”。现在四川旅游业主要还是依托生态资源,自然生态这张牌在整个旅游业收入中占70%左右。旅游业作为全省的重点产业,生态在其中扮演了重要角色。从省到各地党委、政府都高度重视生态旅游,都加大了工作力度,推动生态旅游业的…     

从经济学角度看生态旅游产业发展

生态旅游是针对旅游业对环境的影响而提出的一种新的旅游形式，这种形式在短短十几年的时间内风靡全球，占据了世界旅游市场份额的30％以上，已成为一个迅猛发展的产业，在带动经济发展方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。     

绿色旅游和观光农业

旅游业一直被称为“无烟工业”、“朝阳产业”,是我国改革开放以来国民经济各产业中发展最快的产业之一。在人们回归自然奔赴乡村的时候,绿色旅游已成为现代旅游的重要形式。一般而言,旅游就是发生在自然环境中的各种活动的总称。近年来我国旅游业发展十分迅猛,市场潜力巨大,因此许多城市已经把发展绿色旅游业作为城市发展战略的重要组成部分。     

山东省蓝色经济区旅游产业协同发展研究

指出了在旅游业区域竞争激烈的时代背景下,区域旅游协作是区域经济发展的必然趋势,蓝色经济区旅游产业协作是一项重要的区域发展战略,大力发展旅游业对推动山东半岛社会经济的持续、健康、快速发展有着极其重要的作用.在分析蓝色经济区旅游发展现状的基础上,对区域旅游协作的必要性和旅游产业要素进行了论述,并从区域协作、管理协作、产业协作和企业协作四个方面提出了一些促进区域旅游协作的措施.     

关于相持阶段的林业产业发展问题——在林业产业建设专题研究班上的讲话

当前，我国生态建设已经进入了“治理与破坏相持阶段”。这一阶段的林业发展，是以满足国民经济发展需求、服从并服务于构建和谐社会目标、以生态建设为主的全新发展。在这一阶段，林业产业要不要发展？林业产业怎么样发展？已经成为当前林业行业和社会各界普遍关注的热点问题，也是相持阶段林业发展所面对的一个重要课题。下面，我就相持阶段林业产业发展的问题，谈几点看法，供大家参考。     

以建设生态省为契机促进海南西部旅游业跨越式发展

旅游业作为朝阳产业，正在蓬勃发展。当前，作为旅游业一重要分支的生态旅游已成为旅游事业发展的新时尚．西部旅游业尤其是生态旅游业的发展如何，将直接影响海南生态旅游业的发展，加快发展海南生态旅游业，不但是海南产业发展的要求，也是建设海南生态省战略目标和把海南建设成为中华民族的四季花园和全国人民的度假村的战略需要。为此，有必要分析海南西部旅游发展现状及存在问题，并提出今后的发展策略和主要措施。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.