Covariant glacial-interglacial dust fluxes in the equatorial Pacific and Antarctica

Dust plays a critical role in Earth's climate system and serves as a natural source of iron and other micronutrients to remote regions of the ocean. We have generated records of dust deposition over the past 500,000 years at three sites spanning the breadth of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Equatorial Pacific dust fluxes are highly correlated with global ice volume and with dust fluxes to Antarctica, which suggests that dust generation in interhemispheric source regions exhibited a common response to climate change over late-Pleistocene glacial cycles. Our results provide quantitative constraints on the variability of aeolian iron supply to the equatorial Pacific Ocean and, more generally, on the potential contribution of dust to past climate change and to related changes in biogeochemical cycles.     

Significance of "tethyan" fossils in the american cordillera

Equatorial faunas of the ancient Tethyan seaway, which extended from western Europe to southeastern Asia, comprise some of the most diverse marine taxa in the fossil record. Comparable or identical "Tethyan" species that occur far from the Tethyan seaway in Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of the North and South American Cordillera have long been considered as a major biogeographic anomaly. Two leading theories to account for the occurrence of these anomalous "Tethyan" faunas in the Cordillera are that they were transported long distances to the east on tectonic blocks(suspect terranes that originated near the Tethys) or that they migrated westward via undiscovered marine corridors through continental areas of Pangea. An alternative model is that these "Tethyan" fauna were pantropic species that extended with attenuated diversities into the eastern proto-Pacific Ocean. This pantropic model can better account for the distribution patterns of many Paleozoic and early Mesozoic "Tethyan" species in the American Cordillera and provides a steady state hypothesis against which the other models can be tested. The distribution of pre-Cretaceous "Tethyan" faunas is similar to the known pantropic distribution of many Cretaceous and Cenozoic tropical biotas. During the Cenozoic, taxa were most diverse in the Tethys and Indo-West Pacific regions but extended with attenuated diversity to many parts of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, including the west coasts of North and South America. The eastern Pacific occurrence of many Indo-West Pacific species provides a modern analog for the occurrence of many anomalous "Tethyan" fossils in the American Cordillera.     

Coupled land-ocean-atmosphere processes and South asian monsoon variability

Results from a global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model and a model with specified tropical convective heating anomalies show that the South Asian monsoon was an active part of the tropical biennial oscillation (TBO). Convective heating anomalies over Africa and the western Pacific Ocean associated with the TBO altered the simulated pattern of atmospheric circulation for the Northern Hemisphere winter mid-latitude over Asia. This alteration in the mid-latitude circulation maintained temperature anomalies over South Asia through winter and helped set up the land-sea temperature contrast for subsequent monsoon development. South Asian snow cover contributed to monsoon strength but was symptomatic of the larger scale alteration in the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation pattern.     

南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼管理策略及中国的对策

南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼是我国金枪鱼延绳钓的主要捕捞种类,也是中西部太平洋海域重要的温带金枪鱼物种。2019年中西部太平洋海域南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼总渔获量为85 050 t,其中96%的渔获量由延绳钓渔船捕捞,我国延绳钓船队捕捞量占了三分之一,为该海域南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼捕捞第一大国。中西部太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)于2005年首次通过了南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼管理措施,旨在限制公约区20°S以南的捕捞努力量。通过分析南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼管理路线图和新修订的南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼养护管理措施,建议废除南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼管理措施中关于我国在20°S以南作业船数为70艘的限制,拓展作业海域,积极与太平洋岛国开展长期租赁安排入渔机制。探讨了南太平洋岛国提出的基于专属经济区的渔业管理制度对中国南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔业的影响,为中国南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔业今后的调整方向及应对策略提供科学参考。     

Temporal trends in deep ocean Redfield ratios

The Redfield ratio [carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P)] of particle flux to the deep ocean is a key factor in marine biogeochemical cycling. Changes in oceanic carbon sequestration have been linked to variations in the Redfield ratio on geological time scales, but this ratio generally is assumed to be constant with time in the modern ocean. However, deep-water Redfield ratios in the northern hemisphere show evidence for temporal trends over the past five decades. The North Atlantic Ocean exhibits a rising N:P ratio, which may be related to increased deposition of atmospheric nitrous oxides from anthropogenic N emissions. In the North Pacific Ocean, increasing C:N and C:P ratios are accompanied by rising remineralization rates, which suggests intensified export production. Stronger export of carbon in this region may be due to enhanced bioavailability of aeolian iron. These findings imply that the biological part of the marine carbon cycle currently is not in steady state.     

中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场与海温的关系

长鳍金枪鱼渔业是我国远洋渔业的重要发展对象,根据2008至2010年中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据和海表温度(SST)数据,研究了长鳍金枪鱼(ALB)渔获量和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的主要分布区域及其海表温度特征。结果表明:以尾数统计时,长鳍金枪鱼渔场主要分布纬度位置为15°~40°N和10°~45°S,该区域渔获尾数占总渔获80%以上。高CPUE渔区主要位于25°~40°N和10°~40°S,其南北分布与季节有一定关系,北半球冬季时多分布于北太平洋,夏季时多分布于南太平洋。2008-2010三年间渔业资源丰度分布状况基本一致,2009年在北太平洋以及2010年在南太平洋的高CPUE渔区数相比另两年减幅较大。北太平洋主要渔场表层水温为16~22℃,南太平洋主要渔场表层水温为16~24℃及26℃左右的海域。     

Decadal sea surface temperature variability in the subtropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D

We present a 271-year record of Sr/Ca variability in a coral from Rarotonga in the South Pacific gyre. Calibration with monthly sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite and ship measurements made in a grid measuring 1 degrees by 1 degrees over the period from 1981 to 1997 indicates that this Sr/Ca record is an excellent proxy for SST. Comparison with SST from ship measurements made since 1950 in a grid measuring 5 degrees by 5 degrees also shows that the Sr/Ca data accurately record decadal changes in SST. The entire Sr/Ca record back to 1726 shows a distinct pattern of decadal variability, with repeated decadal and interdecadal SST regime shifts greater than 0. 75 degrees C. Comparison with decadal climate variability in the North Pacific, as represented by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (1900-1997), indicates that several of the largest decadal-scale SST variations at Rarotonga are coherent with SST regime shifts in the North Pacific. This hemispheric symmetry suggests that tropical forcing may be an important factor in at least some of the decadal variability observed in the Pacific Ocean.     

Deep-sea authigenic calcite and dolomite

Crystals of calcite and, in one case, of dolomite up to 90 microm in size are dispersed in pelagic red clay at several sites on the floor of the South Pacific Ocean. They were analyzed by microscopic, x-ray diffraction, electron x-ray microprobe, and oxygen isotopic techniques. These carbonates are authigenic and were probably precipitated from hydrothermal solutions connected with deep-sea volcanic activity.     

A mesoscale iron enrichment in the western subarctic Pacific induces a large centric diatom bloom

We have performed an in situ test of the iron limitation hypothesis in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. A single enrichment of dissolved iron caused a large increase in phytoplankton standing stock and decreases in macronutrients and dissolved carbon dioxide. The dominant phytoplankton species shifted after the iron addition from pennate diatoms to a centric diatom, Chaetoceros debilis, that showed a very high growth rate, 2.6 doublings per day. We conclude that the bioavailability of iron regulates the magnitude of the phytoplankton biomass and the key phytoplankton species that determine the biogeochemical sensitivity to iron supply of high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll waters.     

Chemistry of oceanic particulate matter and sediments: implications for bottom sediment resuspension

Analyses of suspended particulate matter from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean have defined a 400-meter-thick benthic nepheloid layer enriched in aluminum, silicon, iron, and manganese relative to the overlying waters. Chemical mass-balance calculations suggest that the concentration increases in the benthic nepheloid layer are due to resuspension from the fraction of the local bottom sediments in the size range >/=1 micrometer.     

Chromium-51 in sea water: chemistry

Chromium-SI introduced into the Pacific Ocean from the Columbia River remains in the hexavalent state. Analysis of this radionuclide in sea water by hydroxide coprecipitation with iron is best accomplished if the chromium-51 is first reduced to the trivalent state.     

The Southern Ocean biological response to aeolian iron deposition

Biogeochemical rate processes in the Southern Ocean have an important impact on the global environment. Here, we summarize an extensive set of published and new data that establishes the pattern of gross primary production and net community production over large areas of the Southern Ocean. We compare these rates with model estimates of dissolved iron that is added to surface waters by aerosols. This comparison shows that net community production, which is comparable to export production, is proportional to modeled input of soluble iron in aerosols. Our results strengthen the evidence that the addition of aerosol iron fertilizes export production in the Southern Ocean. The data also show that aerosol iron input particularly enhances gross primary production over the large area of the Southern Ocean downwind of dry continental areas.     

On the global distribution of aerosols

Aerosol concentrations were measured during a 54-hour circum-navigation of the earth at altitudes between 238 and 162 millibars and concurrently by a separate flight at lower altitudes over the Pacific Ocean. The aerosol concentrations were found to be symmetrically distributed about the earth. Concurrent meteorological measurements indicate that tropospheric aerosols enter the stratosphere in the vicinity of jet streams and that surface aerosols are carried aloft over the intertropical convergence and Antarctic polar front.     

The cause of carbon isotope minimum events on glacial terminations

The occurrence of carbon isotope minima at the beginning of glacial terminations is a common feature of planktic foraminifera carbon isotopic records from the Indo-Pacific, sub-Antarctic, and South Atlantic. We use the delta13C record of a thermocline-dwelling foraminifera, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, and surface temperature estimates from the eastern equatorial Pacific to demonstrate that the onset of delta13C minimum events and the initiation of Southern Ocean warming occurred simultaneously. Timing agreement between the marine record and the delta13C minimum in an Antarctic atmospheric record suggests that the deglacial events were a response to the breakdown of surface water stratification, renewed Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling, and advection of low delta13C waters to the convergence zone at the sub-Antarctic front. On the basis of age agreement between the absolute delta13C minimum in surface records and the shift from low to high delta13C in the deep South Atlantic, we suggest that the delta13C rise that marks the end of the carbon isotope minima was due to the resumption of North Atlantic Deep Water influence in the Southern Ocean.     

Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents

Within the endemic invertebrate faunas of hydrothermal vents, five biogeographic provinces are recognized. Invertebrates at two Indian Ocean vent fields (Kairei and Edmond) belong to a sixth province, despite ecological settings and invertebrate-bacterial symbioses similar to those of both western Pacific and Atlantic vents. Most organisms found at these Indian Ocean vent fields have evolutionary affinities with western Pacific vent faunas, but a shrimp that ecologically dominates Indian Ocean vents closely resembles its Mid-Atlantic counterpart. These findings contribute to a global assessment of the biogeography of chemosynthetic faunas and indicate that the Indian Ocean vent community follows asymmetric assembly rules biased toward Pacific evolutionary alliances.     

南太平洋所罗门群岛海域长鳍金枪鱼的生物学特征

根据2011年8-9月南太平洋所罗门群岛海域长鳍金枪鱼资源调查数据,对捕获的长鳍金枪鱼群体组成、性比、性腺成熟度、摄食等生物学特性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）南太平洋延绳钓渔业捕获的长鳍金枪鱼个体较大,叉长为77.5～112.9 cm,优势叉长为93～103 cm（67.2%）,平均叉长97.6 cm,雌性与雄性个体大小存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;（2）体重（W,kg）与叉长（FL,cm）关系分别为：W=4×10-5FL2.829（9总体）,W=10^-4FL2.565（9雄性）,W=6×10^-5FL2.764（7雌性）;（3）雌、雄性别比为1：1.94,成熟期雌性个体性以Ⅴ、Ⅵ期为主（94.4%）,雄性个体以Ⅲ、Ⅳ期为主（65.7%）。推测南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼在调查海域及调查期间存在产卵行为;（4）长鳍金枪鱼在繁殖期间摄食水平较低,摄食等级以0、1级为主（81.1%）,其中空胃率占56.6%。平均饱满度指数较低,且与个体大小无关（P〉0.05）。     

Spatial Variability of Turbulent Mixing in the Abyssal Ocean

Ocean microstructure data show that turbulent mixing in the deep Brazil Basin of the South Atlantic Ocean is weak at all depths above smooth abyssal plains and the South American Continental Rise. The diapycnal diffusivity there was estimated to be less than or approximately equal to 0.1 x 10(-4) meters squared per second. In contrast, mixing rates are large throughout the water column above the rough Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the diffusivity deduced for the bottom-most 150 meters exceeds 5 x 10(-4) meters squared per second. Such patterns in vertical mixing imply that abyssal circulations have complex spatial structures that are linked to the underlying bathymetry.     

Dynamic Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling: A Thermostat for the Tropics

The ocean currents connecting the western tropical Pacific Ocean with the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are driven by surface winds. The surface winds are in turn driven by the sea-surface temperature (SST) differences between these two regions. This dynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean may limit the SST in the tropical Pacific Ocean to below 305 kelvin even in the absence of cloud feedbacks.     

Indian-atlantic transfer of thermocline water at the agulhas retroflection

During November and December 1983, two anticyclonic eddies were observed west of the Agulhas Retroflection, apparently spawned at the retroflection. The western eddy, centered 300 kilometers southwest of Cape Town, has a winter cooled core encircled by warm Indian Ocean water. Between Cape Town and the "Cape Town Eddy" is a net geostrophic transport of Indian Ocean thermocline water (14 x 10(6) cubic meters per second) into the South Atlantic Ocean. This circulation configuration, similar to that observed by earlier researchers, suggests that Indian-Atlantic thermocline exchange is a common occurrence. Such a warmwater link between the Atlantic and Indian oceans would strongly influence global climate patterns. The Indian Ocean water is warmer than the adjacent South Atlantic water and thus represents a heat input of 2.3 x 10(13) to 47 x 10(13) watts into the Atlantic. The large uncertainty arises from the unknown partition between two possible routes for the return flow from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean: cooler South Atlantic thermocline water or much colder North Atlantic Deep Water. In either case, interocean mass and heat exchange of thermocline water at the Agulhas Retroflection is a distinct likelihood.     

Antarctic Glaciation during the Tertiary Recorded in Sub-Antarctic Deep-Sea Cores

Study of 18 Cenozoic South Pacific deep-sea cores indicates an association of glacially derived ice-rafted sands and relatively low planktonic foraminiferal diversity with cooling of the Southern Ocean during the Lower Eocene, upper Middle Eocene, and Oligocene. Increased species diversity and reduction or absence of ice-rafted sands in Lower and Middle Miocene cores indicate a warming trend that ended in the Upper Miocene. Antarctic continental glaciation appears to have prevailed throughout much of the Cenozoic.