乌兰浩特糖厂引种鉴定试验简报

经过１９９６￣１９９８年引种对比试验示范，证明甜研３０３品种适应当地的土壤、气候等环境条件，比原主栽品种协作二号表现突出，平均根产量为４０．０７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，较对照增产９．９％，平均含糖为１７．８度，比对照提高０．８９度，平均产糖量为７．１７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，比对照增产１５．８％。甜研３０３丰产性能好、适应性强、尤其在１９９８年洪涝灾害严重年份，仍表现稳产、抗病、耐涝，已被确定为本地区的主栽品种。     

甘蔗新品种（品系）联合区域化试验初报

一年新植试验表明：公顷产蔗量以粤糖８５－１７７表现最好，其比主对照种新台糖１０号和副对照种桂糖１１号分别增产１８．６％和２０．８％；其次为桂糖８４－３３２和闽糖８６－８７７，比主对照种新台糖１０号分别增产１７．８％和１７．５％，比副对照种桂糖１１号分别增产１９．９％和１９．６％。甘蔗蔗糖分以闽糖８５－６８和桂糖８６－２６７为最高，１１～２月平均蔗糖分分别达１６．３４％和１６．２９％，依次比主对照种     

1996年甘蔗新品种区域化试验研究

对七个甘蔗新品种在我厂农场进行区域化试验，以本省当家品种闽糖７０－６１１为对照种。试验结果通过方差分析和Ｌ．Ｓ．Ｄ．测验，蔗茎产量以闽糖８８－１０３表现最好，其比对照种增产２７．１％；其次为闽糖８５－８４和选－５０，分别比对照种增产２６．７％、２６．２％，以上三个品种增产均达极显著平准。闽糖９０－５２５比对照种增产１３．２％，接近显著平准。其余三个品种比对照种略有增、减产，但均达不到差异显著水平，     

马铃薯需钾特性及钾肥效应

试验结果表明，钾对马铃薯营养生长有明显促进作用，团棵期施钾处理株高钾对照平均增加３．２ｃｍ，鲜重增加１１．６ｇ；盛花期分别增加２．４ｃｍ和４９．１ｇ，植株含钾量随着植株生物量的增大而减小，前期植株中钾的含量３．８５％￣４．６２％，后期钾的含量为１．６３％￣４．１９％，植株吸钾量则随着生物量的增大而增加，前期０．６￣０．８ｇ／盆，后期４．１２￣５．８６ｇ／盆，施钾处理较对照平均增产６．８％，不施钾上     

甘蔗新品种比较试验初报

通过甘蔗新品种比较试验。结果表明：蔗茎产量比对照新台糖22号增产的有园林6号，增产10．85％；蔗糖分比对照新台糖22号高的有桂糖02／237、园林6号、桂糖02／761、桂糖01／07，分别增加6．40％、3．53％、3．17％、1．02％；含糖量比对照新台糖22号高的是园林6号，增14．7％。蔗茎产量比对照新台糖16号高的有园林6号、桂糖99/181、桂糖02/761，分别增产25．1％、11．0％、1．4％；蔗糖分比对照新台糖16号高的有桂糖02／237、园林6号、桂糖02／761、桂糖01／07、桂糖02／476，分别增加10．36％、7．38％、7．01％、4．78％、0．99％；含糖量比对照新台糖16号高的有园林6号、桂糖02／761、桂糖99／181，分别增产34．30％、8．46％、1．56％。     

生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜产质量的影响

生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜植株生长发育具有良好效果，单株地上鲜重增加１０３．６ｇ￣１３１．２ｇ，使甜菜块根增产７．１％￣１３．１％，提高含糖０．４￣１．０度，增加产糖量１３％￣２２％。一般生物磷肥与无机化肥混施量以生物磷肥２２．５￣３０ｋｇ加尿素９０ｋｇ加二铵１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２为最经济高效。     

蔗丰灵高效液肥的产量与糖分效应

在甘蔗早期叶面喷施蔗丰灵高效甘蔗液肥有明显的增产增糖效应,其ｈｍ＾２产原料蔗比对照多８４１５ｋｇ,增产１８．４２％,比施等价尿素的多２２９５ｋｇ,增产５．０２％,蔗糖分含量为１１．４３％,比对照提高０．１５％,ｈｍ＾２产糖量比对照多１０３５ｋｇ,增幅为２０．１２％,比尿素处理的产糖量多２４０ｋｇ,增幅为４．６６５,产量和产糖量差异均达极显著水平。     

几个甘蔗新品种比较试验初报

经过一年新植蔗品种比较试验，参试的甘蔗品种粤糖93．159、新台糖23号、新台糖24号、新台糖25号、台糖90-7909、大禹131、巴西45，以新台糖22号作对照，结果表明：粤糖93-159蔗茎产量和蔗糖份表现突出，比对照增产率15．73％，增糖率28．97％，可因地制宜进一步推广。大禹131、新台糖23号、新台糖25号公顷含糖量分别比对照增产5．34％、1．63％和0．5％，应继续扩大表证示范试验。     

四个甘蔗新品种的性状表现

对４个甘蔗新品种二年新宿试验表明：闽糖８７／９１０增产显著，增产和增糖在３０％以上，只是蔗糖份有些地方还不稳定，应继续加强区试和示范。闽糖８６／２１２１增产达极显著，增产增糖都在４０％左右，且蔗糖分略高于对照种闽糖７０／６１１，蔗糖分较稳定，应投入更多的人力、物力、扩大区试和示范，争取早日通过鉴定。闽糖８８／１０１增产增糖在２０％左右，蔗糖份稳定，与当家种闽糖７０／６１１相仿，９７年进入区试。闽糖     

甘蔗新品种粤糖2000-236宿根蔗试验总结

通过一年新植和一年宿根试验，结果表明，粤糖2000-236品种是一个萌芽好、分蘖力较强、蔗茎粗大、较耐旱、抗倒抗风、成茎率高、有效茎多、抗病虫害、宿根性好、特早熟以及高糖高产稳产的新良种。本试验宿根蔗粤糖2000-236品种比对照新台糖10号（CK1）增产蔗茎16．39％，比新台糖16号（CK2）增产28．18％。甘蔗蔗糖分粤糖2000-236比CK1和CK2分别提高1．42％和1．43％，亩含糖量分别比CK1和CK2提高28．56％和41．60％，增产增糖十分显著。应加大该品种的推广力度，良种良法一齐抓，以便充分发挥该品种的种性，提高蔗糖生产工农业整体效益。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.