苜蓿干草捆安全贮藏条件的研究

通过对苜蓿打捆密度(50、100、150、200 kg·m^-3)、打捆含水量(14%~16%、19%~21%、24%~26%、29%~31%)和防霉剂添加量(0%、1%、2%、3%)3个因素开展研究,筛选苜蓿草捆最佳的贮藏方式,为我国优质苜蓿干草生产提供理论基础。对苜蓿打捆的3个因素设计正交试验,不同处理苜蓿草捆在贮藏360 d后,对其营养物质、饲用价值和体外消化特性3个方面综合研究,确定出苜蓿草捆的最适贮藏条件。试验一:通过不同试验处理对苜蓿干草营养影响试验,从营养成分和饲用价值综合考虑,处理A₁₀(打捆密度100 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量24%~26%,CaO添加量3%)、A₁₂(打捆密度200 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量24%~26%,CaO添加量1%)、A₁₄(打捆密度100 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量2%)和A₁₅(打捆密度150 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量1%)在贮藏360 d的苜蓿草捆各项营养指标损失相对较少,其饲用价值也相对较高。试验二:通过试验一筛选出的4个较优处理,以A₁(打捆密度50 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量14%~16%,CaO添加量0)和A₁₆(打捆密度200 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量0)为对照。通过不同试验处理苜蓿干草体外消化试验,在体外培养48 h过程中,处理A₁₄的产气量最高为53.13 mL,显著高于对照(P<0.05);A₁₄的体外培养液在各个时间点的pH都低于其他处理,其pH平均值最低为6.64;A₁₄的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量最高为61.05 mol·L^-1,极显著高于其他各个处理(P<0.01);A₁₄的粗蛋白(CP)和干物质(DM)的降解率最高,分别为81.21%和66.84%,极显著高于其他处理(P<0.01)。从营养物质、饲用价值和体外消化特性综合考虑,苜蓿干草在高水分(29%~31%)、中密度(100 kg·m^-3)打捆,并添加2%的氧化钙防霉剂,在贮藏过程中营养保存最完好,饲用价值最高,体外消化特性最好。     

贮藏方式对苜蓿草捆营养品质的影响

通过研究探讨西北地区苜蓿（Medicago）草捆安全贮藏技术,为我国优质苜蓿干草的生产提供可借鉴的理论依据和技术支持。针对影响苜蓿草捆营养品质的3个因素含水量、密度和干燥剂添加量设计正交试验,分析不同处理的营养成分,比较处理间总可消化营养物质（TDN）的含量。结果表明：打捆含水量和CaO添加量对贮藏后苜蓿草捆的TDN含量影响较大,打捆密度的影响相对较小。在苜蓿含水量为28%~30%时打成100kg·m^-3的草捆,并添加2%CaO可有效减少霉变损失,草捆营养保存较好。     

苜蓿草捆含水量、密度及尿素对其质量的影响

研究不同含水量、密度和尿素处理对苜蓿草捆质量的影响,结果表明:第一茬苜蓿打捆贮藏100 d后,在苜蓿含水量为33.08%条件下,随草捆密度减少,其酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗纤维含量降低;在苜蓿含水量为21.16%条件下,随草捆密度减少,其酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗纤维含量升高。苜蓿含水量33.08%的不同处理草捆都有升温现象,草捆温度随密度增加而升高;高温持续时间也不同,密度增加高温持续时间长;添加尿素具有降低草捆温度并缩短高温持续时间的作用。苜蓿含水量22.16%的不同处理草捆都无升温现象发生。为了获得优质苜蓿草捆,应以制作高水分低密度加尿素(33.08%、250.3kg/m³、2.5%)和低水分高密度(21.16%、393.6 kg/m³)草捆为主。     

不同含水量牧草对干草捆品质的影响

将以大针茅为建群种的天然草地牧草收获后,在其含水量下降到25％、20％、18％、和15％时,分别加工成干草捆,并于贮藏,3个月后取样,采用对比分析法研究不同含水量干草捆贮藏前后营养物质含量和霉菌数量的变化。试验结果表明：与贮藏前相比,TDN值15％和20％含水量干草捆损失较少;25％含水量干草捆粗蛋白质含量损失最小;20％含水量干草捆粗纤维含量升幅最小;20％含水量干草捆无氮浸出物含量略有升高;每克干物质含菌个数和霉菌总数20％含水量干草捆均低于25％含水量处理干草捆。经综合评定认为,以大针茅为主的天然牧草打捆贮藏的最适含水量为20％。     

柠檬酸对苜蓿干草捆营养品质与霉菌数量的动态影响

为探讨添加柠檬酸对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草防霉效果的影响，并确定其最佳用量，本试验以翻晒过后的苜蓿干草为材料，添加不同量的柠檬酸(0%,1%,2%与3%),晾晒至20%含水量后打捆贮藏，于贮藏0,20,30,40,50与60 d取样测定其营养品质与霉菌数量的变化。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长，粗蛋白质(Crude protein, CP)、可溶性碳水化合物(Water soluble carbohydrate, WSC)、粗脂肪(Ether extract, EE)含量和相对饲喂价值(Relative feeding value, RFV)呈逐渐降低的趋势，中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergent fiber, NDF)与酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber, ADF)含量呈逐渐增加的趋势，霉菌数量呈抛物线升高趋势。与对照组相比，添加2%与3%柠檬酸，贮藏60 d的CP含量和RFV值显著增加(P<0.05),不同贮藏时期的霉菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。通过隶属函数综合评价发现，贮藏期为60 d时，3%柠檬酸处理的综合价值最高。...     

不同含水量苜蓿干草捆内真菌种类比较研究

为了研究不同含水量苜蓿干草捆在贮藏初期所含真菌的种类,对其进行初步的鉴定、比较,试验对初花期刈割的苜蓿进行田间适度晾晒后调制成两种不同含水量苜蓿草捆,打捆时水分含量分别为35.03%(高水分)、17.43%(低水分),于干草打捆后10天取草捆内草样制成菌液并培养、纯化,鉴定其内真菌种类。结果表明:含水量为17.43%的紫花苜蓿干草捆内共检测出4属10种真菌,含水量为35.03%的紫花苜蓿干草捆内共检测出5属24种真菌,高水分干草捆内真菌种类及各菌种数量均明显多于低水分干草捆。两类草捆中所含相同菌种共8种,其中青霉属3种、曲霉属2种、镰孢霉属2种、根霉属1种。说明在苜蓿干草贮藏期间青霉属、曲霉属和镰孢霉属为草捆内主要优势菌属,高水分打捆更有利于各种真菌微生物繁殖、活动。     

防霉剂对干草捆品质及防霉效果的研究

本论文根据天然草打捆添加防霉剂的要求，设置0％、1％、2％、3％4个添加CaO的干草捆处理，选用营养成分含量和霉变情况为指标，研究不同防霉剂添加量对干草捆营养成分和霉变情况的影响程度，从而为解决干草捆霉变问题提供可靠的依据。试验结果表明，经过浓度为10^-2、10^-3的菌悬液处理并培养后，在添加1％CaO的干草捆中每克干物质含菌个数最少，并且该处理中各项营养指标值介于其它2个处理的营养指标值之间。因此，本试验的干草捆中CaO的最佳添加量为1％。     

复合型天然防霉剂对苜蓿干草贮藏期营养价值的影响

为探索苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草捆贮藏的最佳方式,以氧化钙(CaO)、陈皮、沸石粉为原料配制复合型天然防霉剂,并以草原2号苜蓿为材料,对复合型天然防霉剂在苜蓿干草贮藏期营养价值的影响进行了研究.结果表明:在整个贮藏过程中,FR处理(压扁结合喷施2.%碳酸钾进行田间晒制,干草含水量为28%～30%,添加复合型天然防霉剂)较其他各处理其营养成分含量损失较少,粗蛋白(Crude protein,CP)含量由打捆初期的19.21%降至18.17%,整个贮藏过程中CP含量仅下降了 1.04%,较其他各处理CP损失最少;中性洗涤纤维(Nutral deter-gent fibre,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fibre,ADF)在贮藏后含量为1.13%,39.4%,显著低于其他各处理,粗脂肪(Ether extract,EE)、粗纤维(Curde fiber,CF)在贮藏过程中变化相对较小.     

防腐剂在苜蓿干草捆调制中的应用研究

为进一步探究防腐剂在苜蓿干草捆调制中的应用,减少调制过程中营养物质的损失,试验在含水量25%、30%和35%的苜蓿中,以不添加防腐剂为对照(CK),添加2、3和4 kg/t的巴斯夫露保康(B)和无水氨(C)进行打捆处理,研究7 d内草捆温度、霉变情况及营养品质变化。结果表明:在3种含水量下,使用2种防腐剂均能降低苜蓿干草捆中的温度,35%含水量草捆达到的最高温度比25%含水量高3℃左右。苜蓿含水量为25%时,与对照组相比,巴斯夫露保康和无水氨在3个添加水平上均能显著降低微生物对粗蛋白(CP)的分解损耗(P0.05)。苜蓿含水量为30%和35%时,与对照组相比,2种防腐剂均能降低微生物对蛋白质的分解,且随着添加量的增加,CP消耗越少。在不添加任何防腐剂的情况下,含水量25%的草捆中CP含量比含水量35%的草捆高出3.18个百分点,含水量35%的苜蓿草捆中CP含量在13%以下。因此,在不使用防腐剂的情况下打捆,苜蓿草实际平均含水量应控制在25%。使用防腐剂时,苜蓿含水量可提高到30%,巴斯夫露保康的最佳添加量为2～3 kg/t,无水氨的最佳添加量为4 kg/t;当苜蓿草含水量高于35%时,2种防腐剂均对其无作用,仍会发生霉变、腐烂现象,不具备存储价值。     

脱氢乙酸钠对苜蓿干草营养品质与霉菌的影响

为解决苜蓿干草发霉的问题,以翻晒后的苜蓿干草为材料,添加不同用量的脱氢乙酸钠（0、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%,以苜蓿干草重量为基础）,晾晒至20%含水量后打捆贮藏,于贮藏0、20、30、40、50、60 d取样测定其营养品质和霉菌数量。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,苜蓿干草粗蛋白质、可溶性碳水化合物、粗脂肪含量和相对饲喂价值呈逐渐降低趋势,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈逐渐增加趋势;与不添加对照组相比,脱氢乙酸钠添加处理能显著提高贮藏30、50、60 d苜蓿干草的粗蛋白质含量以及贮藏60 d的可溶性碳水化合物含量（P<0.05）;显著降低贮藏30、50、60 d的中性洗涤纤维含量（P<0.05）。随着贮藏时间的延长,苜蓿草捆中霉菌的数量在贮藏20 d时达到最高,然后逐渐下降,但60 d时仍然显著高于贮藏0 d(P<0.05);脱氢乙酸钠处理显著降低贮藏0～50 d的霉菌数量（P<0.05）。隶属函数综合评价表明,添加0.10%脱氢乙酸钠对苜蓿干草的防霉效果最好。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein