巨大芽孢杆菌1259制剂对比丝兰素、枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋鸡生产性能及排泄物中氨氮含量的影响

本文旨在比较饲粮中添加巨大芽孢杆菌1259(BM1259)制剂与丝兰素、枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋鸡生产性能及排泄物中氨氮含量的影响。选用384只300日龄健康、产蛋率相近的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复16只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg BM1259制剂、丝兰素和枯草芽孢杆菌。预试期14 d,正试期42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,BM1259组极显著提高了总产蛋重、产蛋数、产蛋率和平均蛋重(P0.01),极显著降低了料蛋比(P0.01),其结果与枯草芽孢杆菌组相近,优于丝兰素组。2)与对照组相比,BM1259组极显著降低了蛋鸡排泄物中氨态氮、尿酸、尿素氮含量和脲酶活性(P0.01),其结果与丝兰素组相近,优于枯草芽孢杆菌组。3)饲粮中添加BM 1259制剂相对于添加丝兰素或枯草芽孢杆菌能够获得更大的经济效益。由此可见,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加BM1259制剂能提高生产性能、增加利润并具备较优的除氨除臭作用。     

葡萄糖氧化酶对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究葡萄糖氧化酶对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取24 000只55周龄的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分到2个处理组,各处理组12个重复,每个重复1 000只鸡,正式试验期12周。采用玉米-豆粕型粉状饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加300mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶。试验结果表明,蛋鸡产蛋后期(55~67周龄)基础饲粮添加300mg/kg葡糖糖氧化酶,显著提高产蛋率2.88%(P0.05),显著降低了料蛋比2.69%(P0.05),极显著降低破蛋率19.62%(P0.01),极显著降低周死亡率40.9%(P0.01)。综合效益考虑,产蛋后期饲粮添加300mg/kg的葡萄糖氧化酶能较好地改善蛋鸡生产性能,特别是降破蛋和死淘的效果极显著。     

葡萄糖氧化酶对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)对蛋鸡生产性能的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取24000只55周龄的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分成2组,每组12个重复,每个重复1000只鸡,正式期12周。采用玉米-豆粕型粉状饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加300mg/kg GOD。试验结果表明,蛋鸡产蛋后期(55-67周龄)基础饲粮添加300mg/kg葡糖糖氧化酶,提高产蛋率2.88%(P0.05),显著降低了料蛋比2.69%(P0.05),极显著降低破蛋率和死亡率(P0.01)。综合效益考虑,产蛋后期饲粮添加300mg/kg的GOD能较好地改善蛋鸡生产性能,特别是降低破蛋和死淘的效果极显著。     

蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能、肠道形态、组织学结构及盲肠微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡蛋品质、肠道形态、组织学结构及盲肠微生物菌群的影响,以确定蛋氨酸锌在蛋鸡饲粮中的科学用量。选择健康的20周龄海兰白蛋鸡540只,随机分成6个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。I组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,试验II、III、IV、V、VI组分别在基础饲粮中添加70、140、350、700、1 400 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。正试期8周。结果表明:与对照组相比,II、III组产蛋率和日产蛋重显著提高(P0.05),料蛋比和不合格蛋率显著降低(P0.05),蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度和哈氏单位显著提高(P0.05),十二指肠、回肠的绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著提高(P0.05),盲肠内容物中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量显著增加(P0.05),大肠杆菌数量显著减少(P0.05);而VI组产蛋率和日产蛋重极显著降低(P0.01),料蛋比和不合格蛋率极显著升高(P0.01),蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度和哈氏单位极显著降低(P0.01),十二指肠、回肠的绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度极显著降低(P0.01),双歧杆菌和乳杆菌数量极显著减少(P0.01),大肠杆菌数量极显著增加(P0.01);VI组蛋鸡十二指肠和回肠结构发生损伤。由此可见,适量的蛋氨酸锌可提高蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质、改善肠道形态、优化盲肠微生物区系,但继续提高添加水平会降低其对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和肠道健康的正面效应,甚至会引起负面效应。根据二次曲线拟合模型得出蛋氨酸锌在20~27周龄蛋鸡玉米—豆粕型饲粮中的适宜添加水平为50~100 mg/kg。     

胆汁酸对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究胆汁酸对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取24000只55周龄的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分到2个处理组,各处理组12个重复,每个重复1000只鸡,正式试验期12周。采用玉米-豆粕型粉状饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加200mg/kg胆汁酸(含量30%)。试验结果表明蛋鸡产蛋后期(55-67周龄)基础饲粮添加200mg/kg胆汁酸,极显著降低死亡率25%(P0.01),显著提高产蛋率4.02%(P0.05),显著降低了料蛋比4.31%(P0.05)。综合效益考虑,产蛋后期饲粮添加200mg/kg的胆汁酸能较好的改善蛋鸡生产性能,特别是降低死亡率效果极为显著。     

蛋鸡对饲粮中蛋氨酸锌的耐受性研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加高剂量蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡生产性能、血液学指标和组织病理学的影响,以确定蛋鸡对饲用蛋氨酸锌的耐受剂量。试验采用单因子完全随机设计,选择健康且体重和产蛋率相近的20周龄海兰白蛋鸡540只,随机分成6个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。各组分别饲喂蛋氨酸锌添加水平为0(对照)、70(有效剂量)、140(2倍有效剂量)、350(5倍有效剂量)、700(10倍有效剂量)和1 400 mg/kg(20倍有效剂量)的试验饲粮。试验为期8周。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,70 mg/kg组、140 mg/kg组日产蛋重和产蛋率显著提高(P0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P0.05);350 mg/kg组、700 mg/kg组上述指标与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);与0~700 mg/kg组相比,1 400 mg/kg组日产蛋重和产蛋率极显著降低(P0.01),料蛋比极显著提高(P0.01)。2)饲粮中添加蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡血液常规指标无显著影响(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加70~700 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡血清生化指标无显著影响(P0.05),但添加1 400 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌极显著提高了血清葡萄糖、尿酸、肌酐、总胆红素含量以及谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性(P0.01)。4)添加20倍推荐有效剂量(1 400 mg/kg)的蛋氨酸锌会引起主要器官组织的损伤和病变。结果提示,蛋鸡饲粮中蛋氨酸锌的耐受剂量为700mg/kg。     

添加不同水平丝氨酸对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

试验旨在探究饲粮中添加不同浓度的L-丝氨酸对粉壳蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和暗斑蛋的影响。采用单因子完全随机设计,选用41周龄"农大3号"商品蛋鸡144只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂标准基础饲粮,试验组分别添加500、1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸。预试期6 d,正试期42 d。结果表明:饲粮中添加500 mg/kg L-丝氨酸可极显著提高蛋鸡的产蛋率(P<0.01),添加500 mg/kg和1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸组的日采食量和蛋重均极显著高于对照组(P <0.01);添加1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸时可极显著提高蛋黄颜色(P<0.01);添加1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸时能极显著降低存放7 d后的暗斑蛋产生率(P<0.01)。结果表明,蛋鸡饲料中添加L-丝氨酸可以增加蛋鸡产蛋率、采食量和平均蛋重;添加1 000 mg/kg L-丝氨酸时可以提高蛋黄颜色,能有效降低存放7 d后的暗斑蛋产生率。     

紫苏籽提取物对蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期生产性能、生殖激素及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨在饲粮中添加不同水平紫苏籽提取物对蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期生产性能、生殖激素及免疫功能的影响,本试验选用体重、产蛋率基本一致的48周龄海兰褐蛋鸡480只,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%的紫苏籽提取物,试验期30 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物均能降低料蛋比,但差异不显著(P0.05),4组间日均采食量、破软蛋率无显著差异(P0.05),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率和日均产蛋量(P0.01);2)与对照组相比,添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中孕酮(第15天)和雌二醇(第15和30天)的含量(P0.01),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著降低蛋鸡血清中睾酮含量(P0.01);3)与对照组相比,添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量(P0.01),添加0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)含量(P0.01),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)含量(P0.01)。由此可知,饲粮中紫苏籽提取物添加水平为0.03%时,能极显著提高蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期产蛋率、日均产蛋量和免疫功能。     

包膜复合酸化剂对东乡绿壳蛋鸡生产性能、矿物元素代谢及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究包膜复合酸化剂对东乡绿壳蛋鸡生产性能、矿物元素代谢及血清生化指标的影响。选用48周龄健康东乡黑羽绿壳蛋鸡300羽,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复12羽,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、100、250、500和1 000 mg/kg的包膜复合酸化剂的试验饲粮,试验期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)500和1 000 mg/kg组可显著提高产蛋率(P0.05),显著降低料蛋比(P0.05);2)250 mg/kg组显著提高了蛋黄指数(P0.05),500 mg/kg组显著提高蛋壳厚度(P0.05);3)100 mg/kg组显著或极显著提高了蛋鸡血清总蛋白(P0.01)、白蛋白(P0.05)和葡萄糖含量(P0.05),250 mg/kg组血清总蛋白(P0.05)、尿酸含量(P0.05)和白蛋白/球蛋白(P0.01)显著或极显著上升,500 mg/kg组白蛋白/球蛋白极显著提高(P0.01),1 000 mg/kg组血清钙含量显著提高(P0.05);4)酸化剂可显著提高蛋黄中铜含量(P0.05),500和1 000 mg/kg组蛋黄中锰含量极显著提高(P0.01),1 000 mg/kg组粪中锰含量极显著降低(P0.01),250、500和1 000 mg/kg组粪中镁含量极显著降低(P0.01)。由此可见,产蛋期东乡绿壳蛋鸡饲粮中添加250~500 mg/kg包膜复合酸化剂为宜。     

饲料中添加发酵中草药对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、血清生化指标和脂代谢的影响

试验旨在研究发酵中草药对京红蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、血清生化指标和脂代谢的影响。选取体重相近、饲养管理水平一致的54周龄京红蛋鸡480只,随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复60只蛋鸡。对照组蛋鸡饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加4 g/kg发酵中草药。预试期10 d,正式试验期56 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组蛋鸡产蛋率显著提高(P<0.05),蛋黄比例及蛋壳强度极显著升高(P<0.01),蛋白比例及蛋黄胆固醇含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,试验组蛋鸡血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白及钙含量极显著升高(P<0.01),血清总胆固醇含量极显著降低(P<0.01),肝脏总胆固醇含量极显著降低(P<0.01),低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯含量及肝脏指数显著降低(P<0.05),肝脏高密度脂蛋白含量极显著升高(P<0.01)。试验表明,京红蛋鸡产蛋后期饲粮中添加4 g/kg发酵中草药可以提高京红蛋鸡产蛋后期的产蛋率,改善蛋品质和脂代谢能力。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.