植物篱和浅垄作对三峡库区坡耕地氮磷流失的影响

为明确三峡库区陡坡地耕作模式和植物篱防护系统对生态保护和水环境治理的影响,该文根据陡坡地特点构建了集浅垄作、少耕和残茬覆盖及残茬植物篱为一体的小麦-玉米生态耕作模式(H1),并与小麦-玉米间作香根草(H2)、小麦-玉米间作紫花苜蓿等高植物篱(H3)及常规小麦-玉米管理(H4),就化肥氮磷养分利用和氮磷坡面流失变化特点展开连续2a的小区试验。结果表明,与常规管理相比,坡耕地H1处理的作物生物产量、经济产量、肥料氮磷利用率显著提高。其中化肥磷素利用率提高0.06kg/kg。H2、H3处理对作物生物、经济产量及氮磷利用率、农学效率均未产生显著影响。与H4处理相比,坡耕地H1、H2、H3处理均能降低径流量,显著减少坡面产沙量和泥沙态磷素流失量;其中产沙量分别降低48.46%、52.26%和58.59%,泥沙态磷流失量分别降低30.58%、47.70%和44.58%。研究结果可为三峡库区坡耕地的耕作模式和生态控制提供参考。     

三峡库区小流域旱坡地氮磷流失特征研究

为探讨三峡库区小流域旱坡地氮磷流失特征,采用标准径流小区对重庆市涪陵区珍溪镇王家沟小流域常规耕作方式(顺坡耕作)以及水土保持耕作方式(常规顺坡耕作+PAM土壤调节剂、免耕+顺坡种植+稻草覆盖、常规顺坡耕作+植物篱、免耕+横坡垄作、常规横坡耕作)下土壤氮素和磷素的流失量及形态特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)就旱坡地土壤氮素的流失特征而言,径流中氮素的流失量相对较小,最大值仅为53.63mg/m2;而泥沙中所携带的氮素流失量相对较大,其最大值达131.25mg/m2;整个观测期内,氮素的流失主要以颗粒态为主,颗粒态氮的流失量占总氮流失量的53.0%～62.0%。(2)就旱坡地土壤磷素的流失特征而言,各处理径流中磷素的总体规律基本表现为:常规顺坡耕作>常规横坡耕作>免耕+顺坡种植+稻草覆盖>常规顺坡耕作+PAM土壤调节剂>免耕+横坡垄作>常规顺坡耕作+植物篱;泥沙中所携带的磷素流失量相对于径流中的磷素流失量而言较大,最大值为58.14mg/m2;整个观测期内,颗粒态总磷流失量为水溶态总磷流失量的1.75～2.15倍,流失方式同样以颗粒态为主。总体而言,水土保持耕作方式下的氮磷流失量均小于常规耕作处理,能有效减少径流及泥沙中各形态氮磷的流失。     

植物篱防蚀措施对三峡库区坡耕地微地形的影响

三峡库区是我国重要的水蚀区之一，过度农业利用引发水土流失和生态退化。采用保护性管理对坡耕地水土和营养盐流失的影响已经开展了很多研究，而基于长期试验的保护性管理措施对坡面微地形的影响，鲜有涉及。本文对位于三峡库区域地区陡坡地四种管理模式长期试验径流小区坡面地形相关参数进行了观测、分析。结果显示，与对照小麦—花生种植模式相比，采用套种紫花苜蓿植物篱、香椿植物篱能够极显著降低水土流失，坡面地形沿篱基梯级化显著。而黑麦草-籽粒苋替代模式对水土流失控制效果不稳定，且坡面地形与对照无差异。小麦-花生套种紫花苜蓿、香椿植物篱处理的坡面均形成基于篱带部的篱坎，篱坎下部侵蚀较强，篱带上淤下蚀现象明显。其中小麦-花生套种香椿植物篱小区坡面形成2级植物篱淤积坎，坎宽幅平均达到420.8 cm，淤积坎相对高差为40.4 cm，平均坡度下降1.4度。小麦-花生套种紫花苜蓿植物篱坡面形成4级篱坎平均坎宽幅为210.3 cm，平均相对高度为110.6 cm，平均坡长为238.1 cm，平均坡度下降0.3度。说明坡耕地采用植物篱技术能够减蚀截淤，显著改变微地形。针对微地形的变化，套作植物篱的坡耕地在后期宜实行坡改梯或梯级坡地配套完善灌排设施，利用已优选的植物品种设计木本与草本套种的复合植物篱，有望进一步改善土体根系分布，从而稳固篱坎，控制水土流失。该研究为植物篱技术后续管理措施优化提供了参考依据。     

坡地土壤侵蚀与养分流失过程的研究

本文采用人工降雨室内试验,研究了坡地土壤侵蚀与有机质、全氮和有效磷养分的流失过程。坡度、雨强对其流失过程的影响;比较分析了裸露坡地及沙网覆盖两种处理的土壤侵蚀与养分流失过程。结果表明:随坡度,雨强增大,养分流失量也增加;试验小区覆盖纱网消除雨滴动能后,土壤养分流失量比裸露坡地减少60%左右;养分流失量与土壤流失量呈正相关,多数泥沙样中有效养分的含量高于土壤中养分含量,尤以有效磷更为显著。     

碎石土坡地不同植被配置下的养分流失途径

为了解不同植被类型及覆盖度对碎石土壤坡地养分流失途径的影响,采用模拟径流小区降雨,研究了6种植被配置模式下地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙氮、磷养分流失特征。结果表明:植被覆盖坡地氮流失量比裸地减少了0.91~4.60倍,磷流失量减少了6.25~63.9倍,养分控制效果排序为草灌草本灌木裸地。6种植被配置下的地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙养分流失量存在显著差异,裸地氮、磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙,灌木是地表径流,草本与草灌结合处理则是地表径流和壤中流;而草本、灌木以及草灌结合土壤磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙与地表径流共同作用的结果。不同植物覆盖措施对含碎石土裸地氮、磷的流失起到显著的截留作用,主要通过由侵蚀泥沙向非侵蚀泥沙途径转化而实现对氮磷的截留。灌木覆盖度与地表径流的氮磷流失量、径流总量的氮磷流失量之间呈现显著的正相关性,与壤中流的氮磷流失量呈现显著的负相关性。     

陡坡地饲草玉米生物篱的生态效益研究

坡地水土流失对三峡库区生态环境与可持续性发展构成双重压力。生物篱技术是一条有效防治水土流失、提高土地生产潜力的坡地改良利用途径。本研究以饲草玉米为纽带营建坡地生物篱模式,经4a定位试验探讨了其生长状况和水土保持效益。结果表明,饲草玉米生物篱能有效改善陡坡地土壤性状、固持土壤、截持径流、减少养分流失,对减少库区水土流失与面源污染,保持和提高坡地生产力具有重要作用。     

紫色土区不同植物篱模式控制坡耕地氮素流失效应

为优选紫色土区控制农田氮磷等养分流失的复合农林模式,利用野外径流小区试验,结合室内分析与数理统计法研究了植物篱模式控制紫色土区坡耕地氮素流失效应。结果表明,植物篱模式减少了坡耕地总氮及各形态氮流失负荷,就总氮而言,20°坡耕地紫穗槐与香根草模式下年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低92.4%、90.0%;13°坡耕地紫花苜蓿与蓑草模式的年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低88.7%、83.9%。径流与泥沙流失量的减少与径流氮浓度的降低是植物篱控制坡耕地氮素流失的主要机制。紫穗槐、香根草、紫花苜蓿与蓑草植物篱模式可作为西南紫色丘陵区农业非点源氮素污染的源头控制技术,特别是20°以上坡耕地推广与实施灌木类植物篱模式,能长期有效地控制农田盈余氮素流失。     

北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失效果研究

在北京地区自然降雨条件下,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度(5%,10%,15%,20%)下对裸露坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失的影响。研究结果表明,两种草篱均可显著减少径流和土壤流失,并同时显著减少随径流和泥沙的氮磷养分流失,且两种草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果随坡度增加而逐渐减弱。其中,狼尾草草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果显著好于野古草草篱。与无草篱相比,狼尾草可分别减少73%的地表径流和86%的土壤流失,同时减少76%的氮流失和88%的磷流失;与此对应,野古草可减少54%的地表径流和64%的土壤流失,以及55%的氮流失和63%的磷流失。另外,径流量和土壤流失量是影响氮磷养分流失的主要因素。     

海南坡地芒果园间作体系水土流失养分损失初步研究

通过对4龄芒果园间作体系前期水土流失研究表明,热带地区坡地芒果园水土流失严重,在试验条件下,果园不同间作生态系统中,芒果 柱花草间作模式的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为13747.9m3/hm2,6881.0kg/hm2;芒果 木薯间作模式的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为11199.3m3/hm2,5105.6kg/hm2,单作芒果的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为10590.5m3/hm2,4440.3kg/hm2,芒果 蕃薯-花生间作模式的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为8701.5m3/hm2,3741.3kg/hm2。养分物质损失量大小顺序为有机质>速效钾>全氮>水解氮>速效磷。养分流失呈现明显的季节性变化。     

自然降雨条件下香根草生物篱对菜地土壤地表径流和氮流失的影响

通过修建径流小区,开展了自然降雨条件下香根草生物篱对种植辣椒土壤地表径流的发生及其引起的水土流失和氮素流失影响的研究.试验结果表明,在菜地土壤种植香根草生物篱能有效地降低地表径流以及减少因地表径流引起的土壤氮素流失.在辣椒种植期间,香根草生物篱种植小区的总产流量比传统辣椒种植小区的降低了41.9%.与传统辣椒种植小区相比,香根草生物篱种植小区的地表径流中NH+4-N和NO-3-N流失量平均分别降低57.9%和59.7%,土壤侵蚀量平均降低64.5%,侵蚀土壤的氮流失量平均降低64.8%,试验结果还显示,降雨强度与地表径流量、地表径流NH+4-N、地表径流NO-3-N、地表径流全N流失量、土壤侵蚀量和侵蚀土壤N流失量之间的相关性均达到极显著水平,这一结果说明降雨强度影响水土流失和土壤氮素流失的主要因素.     

中国三峡库区坡地果园保护性措施减少氮磷的流失

The increased application of chemical fertilizers in citrus orchards and the non-point source nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) diffusion threaten the fresh water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China. A 10-year field trial on sloping citrus lands was conducted to evaluate five protection methods for reducing N and P losses: 1) intercropping with perennial white clover (CW); 2) straw mulching of the soil surface (CS); 3) intercropping with yellow daylily contour hedgerows (CH); 4) an impermeable membrane buried in the soil along the contour lines (CM); and 5) intercropping with a rotation of wheat and peanut (CWP). An area of conventional citrus management was also maintained as the control (CK). The results showed that CM and CH were the most effective methods for reducing surface runoff. The sediment yield were reduced at the highest rate by CW and CH and was also significantly reduced by CS. Reduced runoff volume and sediment yield were the crucial mechanism for the reductions in N and P losses. Compared with the control, CW, CS, CH, and CM reduced annual runoff by 9%, 13%, 25%, and 30%, sediment yield by 77%, 55%, 71%, and 28%, N loss by 10%, 23% 36%, and 37%, and P loss by 39%, 31%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. CW, CS, CH, and CM were effective in reducing N and P losses from the sloping citrus land. However, over the long-term, surface soil nutrient accumulation in CW, CS, and CH diminished the benefit of those methods in reducing N and P losses. In addition, CWP increased soil erosion and nutrient loss, which showed that citrus intercropping with other crops was an unsuitable method for citrus sloping land in the Three Gorges area.     

The effects of contour hedges and reduced tillage with ridge furrow cultivation on nitrogen and phosphorus losses from sloping arable land

Purpose

Agricultural nonpoint sources of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are thought to pose great threats to the regional water quality in the Three Gorges area (TGA) of China. To explore the effects of protective methods on soil and nutrient losses from sloping arable land, rainfall runoff plot experiment was conducted from May 2010 to May 2011.

Materials and methods

For a rotation of wheat and maize, four treatments with three replicates were set up: H1, planting Vetiveria zizanioides contour hedgerows; H2, planting alfalfa contour hedgerows; H3, wheat intercropped with horsebean and maize intercropped with soybean, reduced tillage, and ridge furrow cultivation; and H4, conventional management. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses via surface and subsurface runoff were analyzed.

Results and discussion

When compared with that in H4, sediment phosphorus losses from plots of H1, H2, and H3 were significantly reduced by 46.61, 30.51, and 37.29%, respectively, while surface runoff total phosphorus loss was reduced by 45.38, 28.46, and 34.62%, respectively. Sediment nitrogen and surface runoff total nitrogen losses were not reduced significantly. Sediments were highly enriched with organic matter and nutrients, and decaying organic matter from plant residuals contributed to sediment nitrogen and phosphorus losses.

Conclusions

In sandy loam sloping arable land, contour hedgerows and ridge furrow cultivation were effective in reducing phosphorus loss via surface runoff. However, subsurface runoff is the primary path for nutrient losses, especially for nitrogen loss. Accordingly, attention should be given to improve the management of fertilizer nutrients, soil water, and plant residuals in sandy loam slope land.     

Effect of In Situ Water Harvesting Techniques on Soil and Nutrient Losses in Semi‐Arid Northern Ethiopia

Land degradation, mainly due to soil erosion and nutrient losses, is a global problem for sustainable agriculture. Farmlands in the Ethiopian highlands are susceptible to water erosion because of steep slopes and extensive cultivation. A field experiment was conducted in the Gule sub‐watershed in northern Ethiopia to assess the efficacy of in situ water harvesting techniques in reducing soil and nutrient losses. The research was carried out on a sandy clay loam soil under semi‐arid conditions. Soil erosion and nutrient losses were monitored during the rainy season (June to September) in 2013 and 2014. Five treatments with tied ridges, wheat‐straw mulch and effective microorganisms, alone or in combination, and an untreated control were tested. Combined tied ridges and straw mulch, with and without effective microorganisms, significantly reduced average soil loss over the two rainy seasons by 82 and 90% respectively compared with the control. Tied ridges alone reduced average soil loss by 60%. Straw mulch with and without effective microorganisms decreased average soil loss by 81 and 85% respectively. Combined tied ridges and straw mulch significantly decreased average total nitrogen and total phosphorus losses by 82 and 83% respectively. Average nutrient losses were also significantly decreased by tied ridges (59% for nitrogen, 52% for phosphorus) and straw mulch (63% for nitrogen, 68% for phosphorus). Our results indicated that in situ water harvesting techniques can effectively reduce soil and nutrient losses from farmland and were more efficient when the techniques were combined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

等高植物篱模式下土壤物理性质变化与水土保持效果研究进展

等高植物篱模式就是在坡耕地上每隔4~8m的距离沿等高线将植物篱与作物种植带相间分布的一种农林复合经营模式,用于坡耕地的水土保持。已有的研究结果表明,等高植物篱技术用于坡耕地可有效地改善土壤物理性质和土壤水分状况,防治坡耕地水土流失效果显著,土壤水分的季节性再分配也有利于农作物的生长。但是该系统内植物篱和农作物相互之间的水分和养分关系有待深入研究。     

耕作措施及雨强对南方红壤坡耕地侵蚀的影响

选择典型南方红壤区平均坡度为10°的坡耕地小区进行天然降雨观测,对横坡耕作、顺坡耕作、顺坡耕作+植物篱、稻草覆盖4种耕作措施在侵蚀过程中的径流泥沙和养分流失特征进行研究。结果表明,监测期间,径流深和泥沙流失量基本随雨强的增大而增加。随着耕作措施由顺坡耕作向顺坡耕作+植物篱、横坡耕作、稻草覆盖的转换,减流效益、减氮效益和减磷效益依次增大。稻草覆盖措施减流效益最佳,为91.77%;横坡耕作措施减沙效益最佳,为98.91%;稻草覆盖、横坡耕作和植物篱3种措施在防治高强度降雨引发的土壤侵蚀和养分流失具有较高的效益。耕作措施对泥沙粒径分布有影响。与顺坡耕作、横坡耕作相比,植物篱和稻草覆盖措施能够更有效地拦截径流中的粗颗粒。该研究可为南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地选择合适的耕作措施和防治农业非点源污染提供依据。     

等高绿篱——坡地农业复合系统土壤性质空间变异

土壤性质空间变异是一种普遍现象,但等高绿篱——坡地农业复合系统中土壤性质空间变异的研究较少。本文以设置在三峡库区王家桥小流域的香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）绿篱试验小区为研究对象,从径流小区尺度探讨了不同措施对土壤性质空间变异的影响。结果表明,绿篱种植可降低O．2～0．002mm粒级团聚体的空间变...     

香根草篱和稻草覆盖对红壤坡耕地土壤肥力的影响

香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)篱和稻草覆盖是重要的水土保持措施。为揭示香根草篱和稻草覆盖对红壤缓坡旱地土壤肥力的影响,本研究于2011年设置了CK、香根草篱、稻草覆盖、香根草篱+稻草覆盖4个处理,并分析了2011年和2012年的花生产量、土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分变化,结果表明:各处理花生产量呈现出覆盖草篱+覆盖草篱、对照。与CK处理相比,覆盖和草篱+覆盖处理在2011年分别增产31.74%、15.23%,2012年增产59.39%、41.65%。香根草篱和稻草覆盖可以显著提高红壤坡耕地的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,但土壤全氮、全磷和全钾含量不存在显著增加。与2011年相比,虽然2012年草篱和覆盖措施的土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的增幅呈下降趋势,但在所有处理中均表现出草篱+覆盖处理的速效养分最高,这说明,虽然红壤坡耕地花生种植后土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量明显下降,但草篱+覆盖可以在增加养分投入的同时有效维持和保蓄土壤速效养分。