Distribution patterns of tree,understorey, and detritus biomass in coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Western Himalaya,India

Forest biomass pools are the major reservoirs of atmospheric carbon in both coniferous and broad-leaved forest ecosystems and thus play an important role in regulating the regional and global carbon cycle. In this study, we measured the biomass of trees, understorey, and detritus in temperate (coniferous and broad-leaved) forests of Kashmir Himalaya. Total ecosystem dry biomass averaged 234.2 t/ha (ranging from 99.5 to 305.2 t/ha) across all the forest stands, of which 223 t/ha (91.9–283.2 t/ha) were stored in above- and below-ground biomass of trees, 1.3 t/ha (0.18–3.3 t/ha) in understorey vegetation (shrubs and herbaceous), and 9.9 t/ha (4.8–20.9 t/ha) in detritus (including standing and fallen dead trees, and forest floor litter). Among all the forests, the highest tree, understorey, and detritus biomass were observed in mid-altitude Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana coniferous forests, whereas the lowest were observed in high-altitude Betula utilis broad-leaved forests. Basal area has showed significant positive relationship with biomass (R² = 0.84–0.97, P < 0.001) and density (R² = 0.49–0.87). The present study will improve our understanding of distribution of biomass (trees, understorey, and detritus) in coniferous and broad-leaved forests and can be used in forest management activities to enhance C sequestration.     

不同干扰强度对杭州西湖山区植被多样性的影响

对不同干扰条件下杭州西湖山区植被多样性进行了比较,发现随着干扰程度的增加,常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的物种数均是在中度干扰时最高,重度干扰时最低。常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>藤本层>草本层>乔木层,而落叶阔叶林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>草本层>乔木层>藤本层。3种植被类型中灌木层的优势度都最小,物种数最多,因此灌木层的物种多样性也最高。     

贵州麻江森林健康经营项目示范区森林植被类型初步分析

项目示范区的森林属于次生林,调查分析结果表明该示范区的植被类型比较齐全,有西南米槠-黄连木-锈鳞苔草常绿阔叶林、漆树＋美脉琼楠＋大花枇杷-蚊母树＋高丛珍珠梅＋鸢尾常绿落叶阔叶林、白栎＋麻栎＋枫香-芒箕落叶阔叶林、马尾松＋白栎＋枫香＋油桐-白栎针阔混交林、马尾松和杉木针叶林、白栎-金星厥灌丛.     

Genetic diversity of Lithocarpus harlandii populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

By using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, this paper studied the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of Lithocarpus harlandii populations in three forest communities (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and evergreen broad-leaved forest) with different succession stages in Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that a total of 173 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of L. harlandii by 12 random primers, among which, 152 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 87.86%. The average percentage of polymorphic loci of the populations was 65.32%, and their total genetic diversity estimated by Shannon information index was 0.4529, with an average of 0.3458, while that judged from Nei’s index was 0.3004, with an average of 0.2320. The percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon information index, and Nei’s index of the populations were in the sequence of coniferous forest community > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community > evergreen broad-leaved forest community. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 72.85% of genetic variance was found within the populations, and 27.15% of genetic variance resided among the populations. The coefficient of gene diferentiation was 0.2277, and the gene flow was 1.6949. The genetic structure of L. harlandii was influenced not only by the biological characteristics of this species, but also by the microenvironment of different communities. The mean of genetic identity among three populations of L. harlandii was 0.8662, and the mean of their genetic distance was 0.1442. The genetic similarity between coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community and evergreen broad-leaved forest community was the highest, while that between evergreen broad-leaved forest community and coniferous forest community was the lowest. The unweighted pair group method with arithmeticmean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that conierous and broad-leaved mixed forest community first gathered with evergreen broad-leaved forest community, and then with coniferous forest community. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(4): 509–514 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区不同植被类型的土壤养分格局研究

通过对广东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区内分布的6种森林植被类型土壤的养分、贮量及其在海拔、土壤深度的分布格局研究表明:不同植被类型的土壤养分大小表现为半落叶阔叶林、灌丛草甸>常绿阔叶林、沟谷阔叶林>针阔混交林、人工针叶林;半落叶阔叶林和灌丛草甸的土壤养分含量和贮量较高。大部分养分元素含量随土层深度增加而降低,从海拔100m的低山到900m的中山,植被类型分布逐渐由针叶林向阔叶林转变,土壤肥力即随海拔增高而增加,而在900m以上,植被由半落叶阔叶林向灌丛草甸转变,土壤肥力即逐渐下降。     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

基于MapInfo的塞罕坝地区植被景观空间结构分析

运用景观生态学原理,借助M apInfo技术,选取斑块密度、边缘密度、景观多样性、景观优势度等指标,分析塞罕坝地区不同地貌下景观类型的空间分布和空间格局特征,深入探讨了森林景观的林分类型、起源和分布特点,结果显示塞罕坝山地的斑块密度、边缘密度、破碎度,分别都高于沙地和曼甸,但山地的景观多样性低于曼甸和沙地。森林景观以落叶针叶林面积最大,为38 306.7 hm2,其次是阔叶林和常绿针叶林,分别为16 470.5hm2,9 455.5hm2,灌木林和混交林面积最小。曼甸以落叶针叶林景观优势度最高,且多为落叶松人工纯林;山地以落叶针叶林和阔叶林景观优势度较高,其中,阔叶林多为天然次生林,树种以桦树为主;沙地以落叶针叶林和常绿针叶林优势度较高,其常绿针叶林多为人工樟子松纯林。     

Compression and overlap of unique vegetation system of subtropical mountain resembling tropical and temperate forests along elevation

The purpose of this study was to investigate how forests on subtropical mountains, which resembled tropical and temperate forests, were assembled, and to examine the compression and overlap of vegetations. We established 344 sample plots (400 m²) located at different altitudinal gradients ranging from 16 to 3,500 m above sea level (ASL) in Hsueshan Range northern Taiwan. Vegetation types were classified by TWINSPAN and the results of DCA were used to analyze the changes in vegetation types along elevation. Vegetation I was composed of the species of Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Rubiaceae, which were taxa of tropical floristic elements, and the extent of this vegetation was limited below 1,500 m ASL. Vegetation II was defined into two subtypes, which were distributed from 1,000 to 2,500 m ASL, and were composed predominantly of Chamaecyparis and Tsuga, respectively. Our data also revealed that vegetation II contained co-dominants of species from families Lauraceae and Fagaceae. Moreover, evergreen broadleaved trees similar to tropical mountain forests were found to have narrower altitudinal ranges on subtropical mountains, whereas coniferous forests resembled temperate areas and were characterized by endemic conifer species. Vegetation III, from 2,500 to 3,500 m ASL, was characterized by endemic conifer species, Abies and Tsuga. Interestingly, deciduous forest was almost absent in this area and Fagus was the only tree type on a small mountain ridge. Data obtained from this study will help in raising conservation awareness for subtropical mountains since unique patterns of compression and overlap characteristics of tropical and temperate resembling forests were evident.     

中国南部九连山常绿阔叶林的区系组成和林分结构

在中国南部的九连山研究了天然的和择伐过的常绿阔叶林的树种组成和林分结构.主要构成树种是常绿阔叶的栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、罗浮栲(C.fabri)、甜槠栲(C.eyrei)、米槠栲(C.carlesii)、南岭栲(C.fordii)、鹿角栲(C.lamontii)和木荷(Schima superba).常绿针叶树种的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)也是主要成分.马尾松在坡脊和坡的上部占优势.许多落叶阔叶树种,如光皮桦(Betula luminifera)和拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)以较低的优势与常绿阔叶树种共同出现.它们补丁状分布在择伐过的林分中.种内的分布格局和种间的空间分布关系表明,主要构成种之间的空间集中分布地的分离是在一个小的尺度上.     

Characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning

? To elucidate the application of natural regeneration to the restocking of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the subtropics, the characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning were studied in Okinawa, Japan. Within a 0.87 ha clearcut area with four 10 m × 10 m sampling plots, two burned and two unburned ones, the tree composition, tree species diversity and vegetation changes were investigated.

? The results showed that the species diversity, basal area and density of woody stems ? 1.0 m in height differed significantly among phanerophyte types, while they were not significantly different between the burned and unburned treatments. A vegetation census also revealed no obvious differences between the treatments.

? The primary dominant species, Castanopsis sieboldii, continued to dominate the secondary forest with a broad height distribution.

? The structural complexity and high tree species diversity of the regenerating forest after clearcut-burning provides no evidence of degeneration. We can predict that the regeneration forest may gradually develop into stands similar to pre-clearcut primary forest, and that natural regeneration may restore the high tree species diversity of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in Okinawa.

     

中国不同地带性森林乔木叶片热值特征及其影响因素

[Objective]To study the leaf calorific value of different forest types.[Method]This study focused on four common forest types widely distributed across China, including boreal coniferous forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The leaf calorific values of 175 dominant (or common) tree species were measured. The leaf calorific value characteristics of the trees found in the different forest types were analyzed, and the primary factors affecting leaf calorific value were investigated, including leaf morphological traits, nutrient elements, climate, and soil traits. [Result]The results showed that in these forest types, the leaf calorific values ranged from 14.84 to 21.98 KJ·g^-1, with an overall mean of 19.06 KJ·g^-1. The presence of organisms appeared to affect the leaf calorific value, which differed among forest types as follows: coniferous trees > broadleaf trees or evergreen trees > deciduous trees. [Conclusion]The latitudinal pattern of tree leaf calorific value, ordered from north to south, is as follows: warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest > subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest > tropical mountain rainforest. The mean leaf calorific value of boreal coniferous forest was slightly lower than those of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The leaf calorific values were significantly correlated with leaf carbon content (R²= 0.89, P<0.001). A multiple regression equation was established to describe the relationships among leaf calorific value, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness.     

景谷县森林枯落物水文作用研究

指出了森林枯落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,枯落物层是森林拦蓄降水的重要环节。为了调查景谷县森林枯落物水文作用,选取了具有代表性的6个大样区和18个标准样地进行调查取样,结果表明：（1）景谷县3种植被类型中枯落物蓄积量最大的是季雨林,最小的是暖性针叶林,常绿阔叶林和李雨林林下枯落物半分解层所占比例要比未分解层大,而暖性针叶林林下枯落物未分解层所占比例要比半分解层大;（2）景谷县3种植被类型中,常绿阔叶林枯落物自然含水率最高,季雨林最小,暖性针叶林介于二者中间;（3）自然状态下,阔叶林枯落物的最大持水率大于针叶林,但由于针叶林枯落物数量较多,不易分解糜烂,因此仍有很强的拦蓄能力,3种植被类型中,暖性针叶林的拦蓄能力是最强的。     

黄腹角雉栖息地恢复重建研究

栖息地丧失及片断化是黄腹角雉面临的主要威胁。在乌岩岭自然保护区选取3块典型的针叶林样地,对其进行择伐和补植以加快其向常绿阔叶林的演替,改善黄腹角雉的栖息地状况。结果表明,择伐及补植以后群落更新加快,生物多样性大幅提高,黄腹角雉在试验区活动频率增加。说明采用人工林分改造促进自然更新的方式可以加快针叶林向常绿阔叶林植被的演替,有利于黄腹角雉栖息地恢复重建,是人工保护黄腹角雉的一种有效途径。     

澜沧江省级自然保护区沿江两岸植被类型分析

澜沧江省级自然保护区位于澜沧江中游临沧市境内。该区域植被类型随海拔升高而呈垂直分布规律。在以往的研究中忽视了澜沧江两岸低海拔区域植被的研究。文章以临沧市临翔区邦东乡沿江两岸低海拔植物群落为主要对象,分析该区域植被类型及其物种组成,以期为该区域生物多样性管理提供依据。研究发现,在沿江两岸海拔750~1400 m区域,共计发现7个植被型、8个植被亚型、8个群系及8个群落类型。除季风常绿阔叶林外,其他7个植被亚型均为本次调查新发现,其中热带季雨林与暖热性针叶林是研究区域主要的植被类型,而暖热性针叶林与季风常绿阔叶林则受破坏较大,分别产生暖热性稀树灌木草丛和干热性稀树灌木草丛,而干热灌丛则小面积分布。并根据澜沧江周期性枯水期出现的狗牙根群落,新提出河流消落带植被类型。     

Genetic diversity of Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

In order to understand the relationship between population succession and its genetic behavior, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Quercu glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest). The results showed that 145 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of Q. glandulifera using 11 primers, among which 120 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.76% with an average of 64.14%. Estimated by the Shannon information index, the total genetic diversity of the three populations was 0.4747, with an average of 0.3642, while it was 0.3234, with an average of 0.2484, judged from the Nei index. Judged from percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon inform at ion index and Nei index, the genetic diversity followed a decreasing order: coniferous forest > broad-leaved mixed forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69.73% of the genetic variance existed within populations and 30.27% of the genetic variance existed among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) was 0.2319 and the gene flow (N _m) was 1.6539. The mean of genetic identity among populations of Q. glandulifera was 0.8501 and the mean of genetic distance was 0.1626. The genetic identity between the Q. glandulifera population in the coniferous forest and that in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was the highest. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that the population in the coniferous forest gathered with that in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest firstly, then with that in the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The genetic structure of Q. glandulifera was not only characteristic of the biological characteristics of this species, but was also influenced by the microenvironment in different communities. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(1): 18–22 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

Patterns and factors in early-stage vegetation recovery at abandoned plantation clearcut sites in Oita, Japan: possible indicators for evaluating vegetation status

The abandonment of sites after clearcutting plantations is increasing rapidly in Japan. Although a few stand-level studies have been conducted, a broad-scale study is needed to understand the general tendency of vegetation recovery and to obtain information for the management of such extensively distributed abandoned clearcut sites. This study is a province-level study that aims to interpret the patterns and factors in early-stage vegetation recovery at abandoned plantation clearcut sites. We also discuss the potential indicators that may determine whether a certain site recovers towards evergreen broad-leaved forest consisting of Castanopsis cuspidata and Quercus glauca or towards deciduous broad-leaved forest comprising Q. serrata and Q. acutissima. A cluster analysis revealed that five types of vegetation (evergreen trees, evergreen trees–deciduous pioneer shrubs, pioneer species, deciduous trees, and deciduous shrubs) were observed from an early stage of succession. The first two vegetation types were considered to recover successfully to the target vegetation of evergreen broad-leaved forest, but the remaining three vegetation types did not show any tendency to recover to the target vegetations. According to the results of the detrended correspondence analysis, a smaller size of the abandoned site with adjacent evergreen broad-leaved forest and a longer time after clearcutting were identified as factors that enhance the invasion of evergreen tree species; these factors are also useful to predict the future successional tendency. In conjunction with these factors, the existence of regeneration sources (i.e., stumps) that allow sprouting appeared to be an important indicator for predicting the early-stage vegetation recovery.     

两广地区主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸及空间分布研究

研究根据广东和广西(两广)地区森林类型分布图、主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸数据库以及中国日值格点气温、降水数据,建立线性模型预测两广地区主要森林类型的年土壤呼吸速率和年土壤呼吸通量。结果表明,两广地区主要森林类型年土壤呼吸速率为常绿阔叶林864.18 gC/m~2/yr>其他森林811.03 gC/m~2/yr>针叶林791.43 gC/m~2/yr>灌木林780.18 gC/m~2/yr>落叶阔叶林758.80 gC/m~2/yr>竹林731.49 gC/m~2/yr>针阔混交林684.91 gC/m~2/yr。两广地区森林年土壤呼吸通量为204.41 TgC/yr,其中常绿阔叶林最大,为77.41 TgC/yr,针叶林次之,为56.81 TgC/yr,具体为常绿阔叶林>针叶林>灌木林>落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林>竹林>其他森林,顺序与各种森林类型面积大小一致。各森林类型的土壤呼吸通量主要与森林面积有关,森林面积越大土壤呼吸通量越大。     

昆明地区岩溶山地植物资源调查

对昆明石灰岩地区岩溶山地植物的自然环境、植被类型、植物资源进行实地调查.该地区共有植物668种,分属于76科134属.主要植被类型为常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、暖性针叶林、藤刺灌丛和石灰岩草丛.调查结果表明,昆明岩溶植物群落类型丰富,植物种类繁多,植物抗性强,在园林、旅游、经济等方面具有重要作用.     

四川盆地西缘山地典型地段不同林分对土壤质量的影响

以四川盆地西缘山地典型地段的桦木林、柳杉林、杉木林、竹林和天然常绿阔叶为研究对象,从土壤剖面特征、土壤机械组成、酸碱性和土壤养分含量等方面对比分析了林地土壤质量。结果显示:牛尾竹林土壤各项指标处于较低水平,土壤质量很差;人工栽植的针叶林(柳杉林),其人工林土壤表现出很好的发育和熟化特征,其有机质含量和速效N、P、K总量也仅次于天然林,且团聚体数量较多,但水稳性能较差,表土的养分淋溶特征明显;而盐基交换量和盐基饱和度以桦木幼林最大,其次为天然常绿阔叶林、竹林、杉木林,最小为柳杉林。表明以木材为主要经营目标的人工针叶林(柳杉林和杉木林)加速了盐基离子的流失,最终导致了土壤的酸化,因此合理的植被构成及林分经营模式是维持土壤质量的关键技术。     

惠州市梁化森林公园的植被现状及林分改造对策

采用改进的线路调查方法对惠州市梁化森林公园植被进行了调查,结果表明梁化森林公园植物资源丰富,公园的现状植被可以划分为3个类型,2个亚型。森林可分为南亚热带次生常绿阔叶林、南亚热带常绿针叶林。此外,还有果园、山坡灌丛。对梁化森林公园的林分改造提出了建议,为公园的建设提供参考。