满足机械收割农艺条件下稻田排水暗管布局DRAINMOD模型模拟

在长江中下游稻麦轮作区,水稻秋收期阴雨连绵现象时有发生,收割机械因农田土壤过湿而无法及时下田收割。如果建设暗管排水系统,则可及时降低地下水埋深,保证机械收割的顺利进行。该文以江苏省扬州市江都区昭关灌区为例,以地下水埋深降至60~80 cm作为适于一般机械收割的田间排水要求,运用田间水文模型-DRAINMOD模拟了满足1~5 d机械下田条件的暗管排水布局,并分析了相应的田间水文效应以及模型主要输入参数的敏感性。根据研究区1954-2016年逐日气象数据(包含降雨、气温、湿度、风速和日照时数等)的模拟结果显示:考虑大型机械收割要求(地下水埋深大于80 cm),当暗管埋深为90~150 cm时,满足98%、95%和90%保证率的最大暗管间距分别为7.42~18.74 m、13.01~26.20 m和15.27~28.72 m;满足小型机械收割要求(地下水埋深大于60 cm)的暗管布置间距则可更大,满足98%、95%和90%保证率的最大暗管间距分别为10.36~19.59 m、18.17~30.90 m和22.88~33.02 m。多年平均机械收割天数对侧向饱和导水率、不透水层深度、土壤蒸发蒸腾量、潜水上升通量和土壤可排空体积5类参数最为敏感。研究成果可为类似水稻种植区基于机械收割要求的农田暗管排水系统设计提供理论依据。     

近滨海盐碱地暗管排水条件下地下水埋深动态变化模拟

农田暗管排水工程是近滨海地区盐碱地防御涝渍害、降低土壤盐分和促进作物生长的重要措施。本文应用DRAINMOD模型对河北沧州近滨海暗管排水排盐试验区(暗管埋深1.2 m,间距30 m),2011年6—9月的地下水埋深进行了模拟,并对不同控制性排水方案(无强制排水,地下水埋深控制在50 cm、80 cm和100 cm)下地下水埋深的变化进行了预测。模型所需参数(气象数据、作物数据、土壤参数和排水数据)由室内试验、田间试验和实地观测得到。研究结果表明:DRAINMOD在该地区的模拟值与观测值拟合较好,效率系数为0.67,相对误差系数为6.15%,反映出模型良好的模拟性能;农田暗管排水系统能明显降低涝渍害的发生,即使发生强降水,也能在2 d内将地下水埋深控制在60 cm以下,而若无强制排水地下水埋深需在15 d后降至60 cm;对不同排水方案模拟效果的比较表明,试验区在夏季控制性排水中,将地下水埋深控制在80 cm左右较为合适。综上,DRAINMOD模型可以很好地应用于地下水埋深变化的预测中。因此,在未来的研究中,近滨海盐碱区可以通过DRAINMOD模型模拟地下水埋深变化,从而为农田排水系统的设计提供理论依据,为暗管排水管理制度的建立提供科学的选择方法。     

河北滨海盐碱区暗管埋设下土壤水盐变化响应研究

为探索暗管排水排盐技术在河北滨海盐碱地治理的适用性,考虑排水方式、暗管埋设关键参数(深度与间距)因素水平下,在河北省南大港农场布置并开展5个处理的田间试验,分别为1个明沟排水处理(对照,CK)和4个暗管排水处理(T1、T2、T3、T4,埋深/间距分别为1.0 m/20 m、1.2 m/30 m、1.4 m/40 m、1.6 m/50 m);对照处理设CK1、CK2两个重复。通过周年试验与观测,分析了暗管埋设条件下潜水埋深控制、耕层土壤含盐量变化、暗管最优埋设参数、盐分离子组分变化等。结果表明:(1)暗管排水排盐技术能够有效地控制地下水位,具有增强降水淋洗盐分和降低地下水位抑制返盐的能力,适合潜水埋深较浅的河北滨海盐碱区应用;(2)与明沟排水对照处理比较,在降水相对集中的雨季,暗管排水有更好地缓解涝渍灾害作用,减少70%的涝渍危害;(3)暗管排水可以显著降低土壤耕层(0~20 cm)含盐量,平均降低1.1‰,棉花种植与出苗盐分耐受关键期可平均降低土壤含盐量1.8‰;(4)从地下水埋深的平均下降速率、平均回升速率、暗管铺设经济成本综合考虑,T2处理(即1.2 m埋深,30 m间距)为河北滨海盐碱区最优铺设方案;(5)各盐分离子随土壤水运动迁移速率存在差异,其中以Cl-迁移速率最快,Ca2+次之。     

滨海盐土暗管排水降渍脱盐效果研究

在江苏省滨海盐土按不同埋深和间距埋设地下暗管,其降渍、脱盐作用主要表现在丰水期(7-9月)内,在试验区范围内,10m间距暗管的降渍效果最显著,10m和15m间距暗管的脱盐效果相差不明显;在较小间距(10m)时,1.4m埋深暗管的降溃效果优于1.2 m埋深,埋设间距≥15m后,埋深对暗管降渍效果无明显影响,而在所有埋设间距处理中,1.4m埋深暗管的脱盐效果都优于1.2m埋深.综合比较分析各相关试验结果,并考虑暗管埋设的初期投资和后期维护成本,推荐间距15m、埋深1.4m为江苏滨海盐土降渍脱盐的地下暗管工程最佳布设参数.     

浅密式暗管排盐技术改良苏打盐碱地效应研究

为探索暗管排盐技术在苏打盐碱地治理中的适用性,选择大庆地区的苏打盐碱地进行田间试验,研究排盐暗管不同间距（5 m,10 m,15 m）与埋深（0.8 m,1 m,1.2 m）下的盐碱地土壤脱盐效果。结果表明:经3次灌溉淋洗,发现埋设暗管能显著降低耕作层土壤含盐量,暗管埋设间距、埋深越小,平均排水效率越高,排水矿化度越大,土壤脱盐效率越高,改土效果越好。间距5 m、埋深0.8 m的处理经淋洗后平均排水效率为2.08%,较其他处理至少提高了13.66%;土壤含盐量为0.16%,较其他处理至少降低了23.81%。由此建议大庆地区苏打盐碱土降渍脱盐的地下暗管工程最佳布设参数为间距5 m、埋深0.8 m,既可以有效排除土壤中盐分,又可以确保耕作层土壤脱盐均匀。     

暗管排水对大棚土壤次生盐渍化改良及番茄产量的影响

为探讨防治设施土壤次生盐渍化的措施,于发生次生盐渍化的大棚土壤内埋设埋深40cm,间距6m及埋深70cm,间距8m的塑料暗管,研究土壤电导率(EC)、饱和导水率、体积质量等基本理化性质的变化,分析暗管排水对次生盐渍化土壤改良及番茄产量的影响。结果表明:埋设暗管可以明显降低次生盐渍化土壤的EC值,尤其是暗管上方的EC值显著低于对照;同时,土壤饱和导水率增加,体积质量降低而总孔隙度升高;番茄平均单果质量增加,产量显著提高,各项指标均表现为埋深70cm,间距8m暗管的处理优于埋深40cm,间距6m的处理。埋深70cm,间距8m暗管的处理在大棚土壤次生盐渍化改良中的效果优于埋深40cm,间距6m的处理。     

花铃期棉花对地下水埋深和高温的响应及排渍指标确定

为了探究高温胁迫下棉花对不同地下水埋深的响应差异,并在此基础上提出适宜的排渍指标,2012-2013年利用自动调控地下水位的测坑,在花铃期设置地下水埋深0、30、50 cm(持续受渍10 d),同时进行连续6 d的高温处理,观测棉花主要表观形态特征、生理代谢指标及产量。结果表明:地下水埋深0和30 cm降低了棉花株高,增加了主茎复合红绿比,而高温胁迫对二者影响不明显。高温胁迫下,地下水埋深越浅,倒4叶叶绿素含量和光系统II潜在光化学转换效率越低,其关系可用线性关系模型描述,且地下水埋深80 cm的累计值对二者的影响居首,高温胁迫次之。地下水埋深处理过程中,倒4叶超氧物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性先升高后降低,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性持续降低,丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量急剧增加。地下水埋深处于0和30 cm时,高温胁迫加剧了棉花膜脂过氧化反应程度,叶片SOD和POD活性更低,MDA含量更高,但增强了棉花在地下水埋深50 cm的抗逆能力。地下水埋深处理、高温胁迫及其复胁迫主要通过减少单株成铃数、单铃质量使棉花产量降低,而对衣分含量影响普遍不明显。从整体减产程度来看,地下水埋深处理+高温胁迫(33.7%)地下水埋深处理(26.2%)高温胁迫(7.5%)。若以允许棉花产量减少15%~20%为排渍标准,假设在地下水埋深处理过程中连续出现6 d、每天近6 h的高温天气,则棉花花铃期地下水埋深80 cm的累计值为216.0~321.2 cm·d。研究可为湖北平原湖区及类似地区棉田排水管理提供科学参考。     

不同暗管布置下棉田排水的硝态氮流失量分析

为了研究不同暗管控制水深、暗管间距和暗管埋深条件下暗管排水中硝态氮流失量的变化规律,将暗管控制水深、暗管间距和暗管埋深的变化范围分别设为30～80cm、8～40m和80～120cm,采用通用旋转组合设计确定试验方案,并利用DRAINMOD模型对不同试验方案下暗管排水中硝态氮的流失量进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:单一增加暗管出口控制水深或暗管埋深以及单一减小暗管间距都会使暗管排水中硝态氮流失量增加。暗管间距和暗管埋深对暗管排水中硝态氮流失量的影响要比暗管出口控制水深的影响大,当暗管出口控制水深小于40cm时,暗管埋深对其影响大于暗管间距;而当暗管出口控制水深大于70cm时,暗管间距对其影响大于暗管埋深。当暗管埋深不变时,增大暗管间距的同时减小暗管出口控制水深有助于减小暗管排水中的硝态氮流失量。     

滴灌条件下排水暗管埋深及管径对土壤盐分的影响

为探索高效节水的暗管排盐技术,通过田间灌溉排水试验,研究了滴灌条件下排水暗管不同管径(50、90 mm)、和不同埋深(0.6、1.0、1.4 m)对土层含盐量分布及脱盐效果的影响。结果表明:两次灌水后各土层脱盐效果差别较大。0~60 cm土层脱盐程度较高,土壤含盐量已降至12 g kg~(-1)以下中度盐化水平,100 cm以下土层脱盐效果不明显;暗管0.6 m埋深脱盐效果优于1.0、1.4 m埋深,总体盐分减少14.34 g kg~(-1),相比未铺设暗管对照减少了13.32 g kg~(-1)。增加暗管埋深至1.4m对暗管降盐效果无显著影响;暗管管径对各土层盐分的影响相对更加显著,90 mm管径相较50 mm管径暗管脱盐效果明显,50、90 mm管径暗管不同埋深0~1.4 m土层脱盐率分别在20.69%~30.20%和34.59%~57.04%之间。暗管埋深0.6 m、管径90 mm时,两次灌水后0~60 cm土层已降至轻度盐化水平(3~6 g kg~(-1)),暗管排水排盐效率较高,为北疆盐渍土的暗管排水最优埋深与管径布设参数。     

基于地下水埋深的江汉平原冬小麦防涝渍排水指标确定

2014—2015年在测坑(筒)分别开展孕穗期、灌浆期冬小麦遭受浅地下水埋深和先涝后渍胁迫试验,研究江汉平原冬小麦关键生育期适宜的地下水埋深。同时,构建不同排水标准计算方法,量化作物相对产量,提出先涝后渍胁迫下的排水指标。结果表明,孕穗期0、20和40 cm地下水位(持续受渍18 d)分别使小麦减产44.78%、17.31%和10.44%,而灌浆期相应减产67.72%、33.70%和10.34%。导致小麦减产的主要原因可能是穗粒数减少和千粒质量降低,建议江汉平原小麦田孕穗期和灌浆期地下水位维持在50 cm左右。先涝后渍过程中涝害使小麦减产幅度大于渍害,可以考虑以受涝历时和降渍历时为控制指标的排水模型、按时间划分涝害和渍害的排水模型,以及涝渍综合水深指标作为江汉平原小麦花后排除涝渍的排水模型。若允许小麦减产15%(即相对产量为85%)作为排水控制标准,建议小麦花后涝渍综合水深指标控制在275.6~283.6 cm·d。     

喀斯特与非喀斯特地区参考作物蒸散量时空变化分析——以广西壮族自治区为例

参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)是确定植被生态系统需水量的关键因子,其时空分布特征及主要影响因素分析对于制定植被恢复策略与区域水资源配置方案具有重要意义。本文基于FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和广西地区25个气象站点1960—2010年的逐日资料,计算了各站点的ET_0,在此基础上采用GIS的克里金插值、Spearman秩次相关法和通径分析方法分析了广西喀斯特与非喀斯特地区ET_0的时空变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明,51年来广西各站点多年平均ET_0为1 138 mm×a~(-1);空间分布呈由南向北、由低纬度向高纬度递减的特征,高值区主要分布在非喀斯特地区,低值区主要分布在喀斯特地区。喀斯特与非喀斯特地区年ET_0累积距平曲线均呈"N"型分布;20世纪70年代最高,90年代最低,21世纪以来年ET_0有所回升,但仍低于51年平均值。此外,喀斯特地区ET_0年际变化小于非喀斯特地区。日照时数、风速和平均温度是影响非喀斯特地区年ET_0变化的主要气象因子,而相对湿度则通过与其他气象因子的相互作用间接对喀斯特地区年ET_0的变化产生较大影响。在季节尺度上,日照时数和平均气温在各季节都是ET_0最主要的影响因子,与ET_0呈正相关关系;风速在喀斯特地区冬、春两季对ET_0的间接作用系数为负,在非喀斯特地区并未发现这一现象。了解不同地区ET_0的变化趋势是植被生态需水定额计算的必要措施。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析

【目的】我国农用化肥消费量大,数据来源不同,统计口径各异,行业内大多引用国家统计局公布的数据,但该数据无法推算出氮肥、磷肥、钾肥分类消费量。我国区域间、季节间、作物间化肥消费情况的报道很少,在调节化肥供需、指导化肥行业健康发展时显得依据不足。调查种植业化肥施用状况可以为指导肥料生产、供应提供重要依据。【方法】以农业部339个国家级基层肥料信息网点为依托,根据我国农业生产习惯和我国政府部门统计习惯,将一年分为三个用肥季,1 5月份为春耕季,6 8月份为夏播季,9 12月份为秋冬种季。在三个季节,每个网点随机调查30个农户的主要种植作物施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、复合(混)肥(包括配合式)量,经两级土壤肥料部门审核后,采用省份、相似种植区域、全国三级逐级加权平均的方法,推算了不同区域、不同季节、不同作物单位面积施肥量;再用作物单位面积施肥量、该作物全国种植总面积、样本中施肥面积占该作物种植面积的比例推算了作物全年、不同季节化肥施用量。同时,分析了主要作物、不同季节化肥施用状况以及供需平衡情况,不同季节、不同区域供肥情况和农民的购肥习惯。【结果】2013年我国种植业化肥施用量5498万吨(折纯下同),其中,氮肥(实物量)3382万吨,磷肥1175万吨,钾肥941万吨。粮食作物化肥总用量为2782万吨,占种植业化肥总用量的50.6%;其次是果树和蔬菜,三类作物占种植业化肥施用总量的82.8%,经济、园艺作物单位面积化肥施用量大于粮食作物。春耕、夏播、秋冬种化肥施用量分别占全年化肥施用量的34.2%、35.6%、30.2%。复混肥料和尿素是农民最常购买的两种肥料,从全年来看,农民施用复混肥料和尿素的样本数分别占总样本数的72.5%和71.6%,春耕、夏播、秋冬种农民购买尿素和复合(混)肥的样本数分别占该阶段样本数的70.9%和62.9%、84.9%和78.1%、56.6%和83.9%。春耕和夏播时期农民多数选用尿素,秋冬种多数选用复混肥料,东北、西北、华中南地区农民多选用尿素,华北、西南、华东地区农民多选用复混肥料。另外,我国氮肥、磷肥供应分别过剩1080万吨、680万吨,钾肥缺口370万吨,供需矛盾突出。氮、磷、钾养分配合式为15-15-15的复混肥样本数占农民选购复混肥总样本数的33.3%,说明复混肥养分结构不尽合理。【结论】建议国家进一步遏制氮肥、磷肥过剩产能,优化产品结构,大力推广科学施肥技术。     

Aluminum toxicity in plants grown in solution culture

Abstract

Earlirose rice (Oryza sativa L. ) and Hawkeye soybeans (Glycine max L.) were grown in solution culture with A1₂(SO₄)₃ in concentrations of 0, 10^‐6, 10^‐5, 10^‐4, 10^‐3 M. Only at 10^‐4 (slightly) and at 10^‐3 M were there yield depressions due to Al. The threshold concentration of Al for toxicity was about 20 μg/g in rice shoots and about 30 μg/g in soybean leaves. The solution level necessary for these concentrations was 8 μg Al/ml. Plant concentrations which caused severe toxicity were 70 μg Al/g plant with 81 μg Al/ml solution. Most Al remained in roots, but leaves contained more than did stems of soybeans. The high Al decreased Fe, Cu, and Mn concentrations in shoots of rice and decreased Fe, Cu, and Zn in roots of rice. The high Al resulted in decreased Fe and Zn in leaves of soybeans. No Fe deficiency symptoms were present due to the high Al.     

Soil properties in organic olive groves compared with that in natural areas in a mountainous landscape in southern Spain

This study evaluates soil properties in organically managed olive groves and natural zones in a mountainous area of Andalusia, Spain. Two soil types (Eutric Regosol and Eutric Cambisol) and the most common soil management methods (tillage and two intensities of grazing) were studied. Both soil types in the groves had values not much lower than those in the natural areas. Average (±SE) values in the groves were 1.58 ± 0.71% for organic carbon, 323 ± 98 g kg^?1 for macroaggregate stability, 1.11 ± 0.16 g cm^?3 for bulk density, 3.5 ± 1.6 mm h^?1 for saturated hydraulic conductivity and 1209 ± 716 mg CO₂ kg^?1 for soil respiration. Overall, these values tended to be lower in the tilled compared with that in the grazed groves. The average phosphorus soil content (5.83 ± 5.22 mg kg^?1) was low for olive production and within adequate ranges for N (0.12 ± 0.05%) and K (142 ± 81 mg kg^?1). Soil erosion was high in the tilled groves (35.5 ± 18.2 t ha^?1 year^?1) with soil loss correlating with indicators of soil degradation such as organic carbon content and water stable macroaggregates. In the grazed groves, soil loss was moderate with no clear indications of soil degradation. Overall, there was significant farm‐to‐farm variability within the same soil and land management systems. Olive production had a moderate effect on soil degradation compared with natural areas and olive cultivation could be sustained in future if cover crop soil management replaced tillage, especially in the most sloping areas.     

Speciation in Chenopodium in West Bengal, India

Two diploid cytotypes of Chenopodiumalbum have earlier been proposed as the probable ancestors ofhexaploid C. album in Gangetic Plainof West Bengal on the basis of cytomorphological data. The present study withthe diploid cytotypes of C. album (onebroad leaved, another narrow leaved), one wild species, C.murale and the hexaploid C.album utilizing parameters like seed protein, isozyme,RAPD, tissue culture along with conventional cytomorphological data supports ourearlier hypothesis of allopolyploid origin of hexaploid C.album. The results indicate that all the three diploidprogenitors have contributed for the evolution of present day semi-cultivatedhexaploid C. album. This study furthersuggests that the diploid cytotypes had been evolved sympatrically.     

Variability in Azolla sporulation in response to phosphorus application

 Phosphorus application decreased the sporulation frequency and number of sporocarps per plant in all the three Azolla species and 21 A. pinnata strains evaluated in this study. The number of megasporocarps tended to be more depressed than the number of microsporocarps. Nevertheless, the sporulation of A. caroliniana was less sensitive to P than that of A. pinnata and A. microphylla. Its sporulation frequency in the mineral medium did not decrease at 2.5 μg P ml^–1 and remained unaffected between 5 and 20 μg P ml^–1. The sporulation frequency and sporocarp number in this species in the soil culture also were not significantly affected by an increase in the dose of P from 10.7 to 21.4 or 21.4 to 32.1 mg pot^–1. Large variations in the degree of inhibition of sporulation due to the application of P (21.4 mg pot^–1) also occurred among the A. pinnata strains tested. Received: 20 October 1999     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis     

The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases     

Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different ecosystems in China

Understanding the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature change and its impacting factors is an important base for accurately evaluating the response of terrestrial carbon balance to future climatic change, and thus has received much recent attention. In this study, we synthesized 161 field measurement data from 52 published papers to quantify temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different Chinese ecosystems and its relationship with climate factors, such as temperature and precipitation. The results show that the observed Q₁₀ value (the factor by which respiration rates increase for a 10 °C increase in temperature) is strongly dependent on the soil temperature measurement depth. Generally, Q₁₀ significantly increased with the depth (0 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm) of soil temperature measuring point. Different ecosystem types also exhibit different Q₁₀ values. In response to soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm, alpine meadow and tundra has the largest Q₁₀ value with magnitude of 3.05 ± 1.06, while the Q₁₀ value of evergreen broadleaf forests is approximately half that amount (Q₁₀ = 1.81 ± 0.43). Spatial correlation analysis also shows that the Q₁₀ value of forest ecosystems is significantly and negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (R = −0.51, P < 0.001) and mean annual precipitation (R = −0.5, P < 0.001). This result not only implies that the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration will decline under continued global warming, but also suggests that such acclimation of soil respiration to warming should be taken into account in forecasting future terrestrial carbon cycle and its feedback to climate system.