A Review on Options for Management of Cowpea Pests: Experiences From Uganda

More than 100 field pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) can be found in most of the crop production agroecologies in Africa, but four of these – aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), flower thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom), the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fab. Syn. Maruca testulalis Geyer) and pod sucking bugs – are commonly encountered and are of economic importance in Uganda. The diverse cowpea pest complex dictates that a single control strategy is unlikely to produce satisfactory control.Earlier field studies done in eastern and northern parts of Uganda demonstrated that close spacing (30 × 20cm) effectively reduces aphid infestation (early season pest) but seems to promote thrips, legume pod borers and pod bugs infestation. The other option for management of early season pests and nematodes is seed dressing, especially with carbofuran (Furadan 5G). Late season pests are more effectively controlled by the use of foliar sprays, the type of pesticide depending on the pest profile. Intercropping also offers remedial control, but the crop combination must consider the pest profile, cowpea/sorghum intercrop being effective against aphids and thrips, and cowpea/greengram against legume pod borers and pod sucking bugs. Selected combinations of agronomic, chemical and cultural control measures (Integrated Pest Management), especially when combined with early planting, offer better management options than the use of sole treatments. The success of these packages is highly dependent on the degree and level of farmer involvement and to what extent they are tailored to meet his/her production goals.     

广东水稻品种对不同白叶枯病菌株的抗性反应

测定了46个水稻品种对60个菌株的抗性反应,可以将这些品种区分为Ⅰ、广谱性抗病,Ⅱ、非广谱性抗病及Ⅲ、无抗性等三种类型。Ⅰ类型品种大多数是外引品种及其杂交衍生品种(系)。Ⅱ类型品种中只有少数具有较好的抗性,大多数都是中等抗病与中等感染的。Ⅲ类型品种都是偏于感病的,但丰产性状较好。为育成更多的抗病新品种,我们认为选择具有广谱抗性的品种作为亲本与高产品种进行组配,另外选择1—2个强菌株作为抗源筛选或杂交组合子代的抗性鉴定菌株,以获得满意的结果。     

油菜品种抗蚜性动态的系统分析

作者系统研究了１２个油菜品种对３种油菜蚜虫的抗性动态，结果表明３种蚜虫在各品种上的累积存活率、平均发育历期和产仔动态均有明显差异；同时建立了品种抗性对３种蚜虫种群增长的干扰效应模型，分析了各品种的耐害补偿功能及自然感蚜特性。特别是本文提出的“累积存活率”指标，不仅能反映出品种抗性的动态变化过程，而且将种群的年龄结构与为害特性纳入其中，在衡量品种的抗虫性程度中更具有普遍的应用价值。     

Identification of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot of cowpea

Twelve selected cowpea cultivars were screened for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease caused by Pseudocercospora cruenta and Cercospora apii s. lat. under artificial epiphytotic conditions in a replicated field trial, with the objective of developing a quantitative measure of disease resistance. CLS incidence, leaf spotting score, lesion density, lesion size, proportion of nodes infected, diseased leaf area, conidia number mg⁻¹ and fascicle density were assessed in 12 cowpea genotypes at crop maturity. Proportion of nodes infected and leaf spotting score were best able to quantitatively differentiate between the levels of resistance, and allow the exploitation of quantitative resistance to the disease. Both lesion density and lesion size were important in determining the final leaf spotting score but the former was epidemiologically more important than the latter, indicated by its correlation to most of the CLS symptom measures. There was differential resistance to the P. cruenta and C. apii s. lat. among the cowpea varieties screened. Among the cowpea lines screened, resistance to P. cruenta was more common than resistance to C. apii s. lat. Nevertheless, P. cruenta was considered the more aggressive and epidemiologically more important than C. apii s. lat. on the varieties tested evidenced by the strong correlation of P. cruenta incidence with acropetal spread of CLS, intensity of leaf spotting, conidia number mg⁻¹ and fascicle density. The highly susceptible varieties namely VRB7, Los Banos Bush Sitao no.1 and CB27 were susceptible to both Cercospora pathogens. The cowpea variety VRB-10 was completely resistant to both pathogens and is a useful source of resistance in CLS breeding programmes.     

侵染苜蓿的豇豆花叶病毒的研究

 从新疆苜蓿矮缩花叶病株上分离到一种病毒分离物G-14,在测定的9科40种植物中,此分离物可侵染6科19种植物,易由汁液摩擦接种,桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)、棉黑蚜(A.atrata)和苜蓿无网长管蚜(Acyrthosiphon rondoi)等不传毒,可由首蓿叶象岬(Hypera variabilis)传毒;致死温度55~60℃,稀释限点10^-3~10^-4,体外保毒期21天;病毒粒体球状,直径约28nm。电镜观察病组织超薄切片,可见晶格状排列的病毒粒体。经琼脂双扩散血清学测定,该分离物与豇豆花叶病毒(CPMV)抗血清呈阳性反应。由此鉴定G-14为CPMV。提纯病毒经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定有3个蛋白组分。分子量分别为44800,24500,22400道尔顿;琼脂糖电泳测得有二个核酸组分。     

水稻品种抗性对白背稻虱羧酸酯酶和磷酸酶活力的影响

取食感虫品种的白背稻虱若虫体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、酸性磷酸酶(AcpE)和碱性磷酸酶(AkpE)的活力明显高于取食抗虫品种的;取食中抗和中感品种的介于取食感虫品种和抗虫品种之间。水稻不同抗性品种对白背稻虱成虫及第二代若虫上述三种酶活力的影响也有类似倾向。     

蚕豆蚜数量动态预测研究

为害蚕虫的主要蚜种Ａｐｈｉｓ ｃｒａｃｃｉｖｏｒａ Ｋｏｃｈ、Ａｃｙｒｔｈｏｓｉｐｈｏｎ ｐｉｓｕｍ （Ｈａｒｒｉｓ）、Ｍｅｇｏｕｒａ ｊａｐａｎｉｃａ Ｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ，在蚕豆生长的季节，其发生发展具有明显的阶段性，即迁入定居、数量波动、扩散蔓延及消退４个阶段。数量动态预测模型；     

南京地区豇豆蚜传花叶病毒的鉴定

 1982年5月,从南京郊区豇豆花叶病植株上分离到1株病毒分离物C-1,接种试验的结果证明,它可以侵染12种豆科和藜科植物。它在豇豆上引起系统花叶、叶片卷曲、明脉和畸形等症状。它在苋色藜、昆诺藜和蚕豆上表现为局部病斑。体外抗性测定,失毒温度55~60℃,稀释限点10^-3~10^-4,体外存活期1~2天。病毒极易摩擦接种传病。桃蚜、棉蚜和豆蚜都能传染这种病毒。人工接种的豇豆病株,在花器的各个部分、幼嫩的豆荚组织和末成熟的种子内都带有病毒。病株上采收的种子传毒率可达8.1%。病毒存在于种子的胚和子叶内,种皮内没有测到病毒。病毒粒体线条状,长700~750纤米。病株叶片表皮细胞内有纺锤状的内含体。免疫电镜和SDS~双扩散法测定,病毒分离物C-1与豇豆蚜传花叶病毒(CAMV)的抗血清呈阳性反应。根据以上这些性状,病毒分离物C-1可鉴定为属于马铃薯Y病毒组中的豇豆蚜传花叶病毒。用微量沉淀法测定,病毒粗提纯液制备的抗血清的效价为1:512。SDS-双扩散法测定,南京地区严重发生的豇豆花叶病中,85~86%是由豇豆蚜传花叶病毒引起的。从福建、山东、辽宁等省采集的样本中,也证实这种病毒在豇豆上普遍发生。     

棉花抗蚜的生理生化机制及其与棉蚜种群数量消长关系的研究

在分析棉花品种抗蚜性的生化机制的基础上,根据棉蚜与棉花的种间互作关系,研究了不同品种类型的棉苗因棉蚜为害而引起的生理应激反应及由此对抗蚜性表现及棉蚜种群数量消长所产生的影响。研究发现棉株在棉蚜为害条件下,体内抗蚜物质如单宁,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较大幅度上升,且其增长幅度,扰蚜品种明显高于感蚜品种,同时叶片颜色明显加深。讨论分析了这种生理反应即诱导抗蚜性对棉蚜种群动态可能产生的调节作用。     

内共生菌Buchnera协助蚜虫抑制寄主植物的防御反应

为明确蚜虫内共生细菌Buchnera能否协助蚜虫抑制植物的防御反应,采用混合抗生素除去瓜蚜Aphis gossypii体内的Buchnera,采用刺吸电位技术和生命表方法比较除菌瓜蚜和正常瓜蚜在黄瓜上的适合度,并测定被除菌瓜蚜和正常瓜蚜预侵染黄瓜叶片中H₂O₂、茉莉酸和水杨酸的含量变化以及抗蚜特性变化。结果表明,除菌瓜蚜体重较正常瓜蚜极显著下降了71.15%,净增殖率极显著下降了95.60%,但寿命延长了2.34倍;刺吸电位图谱显示除菌瓜蚜几乎不产生代表唾液分泌的E1波和韧皮部被动吸食的E2波。在黄瓜叶片中,除菌瓜蚜比正常瓜蚜能激发产生更高水平的H₂O₂;在为期14 d的侵染中,除菌瓜蚜侵染诱发总茉莉酸含量持续升高、总水杨酸含量持续下降,而正常瓜蚜侵染诱发总茉莉酸含量先升高后降低、总水杨酸含量先降低后升高。在被除菌瓜蚜预侵染黄瓜上,瓜蚜进入稳定取食的时间显著滞后于正常瓜蚜预侵染处理,且前3 d的产蚜量显著低于正常瓜蚜预侵染处理。表明Buchnera除了可为蚜虫提供必需的营养外,还有调控和抑制寄主植物防御反应的功能。