绵羊棉酚中毒的防治

棉籽饼中富含蛋白质和磷,是畜牧业中蛋白质的来源,但是棉籽饼中的有毒成分棉酚制约着它的利用率。文章报道了一起肉羊饲喂含棉籽饼的饲料引起的蓄积中毒的病例,介绍了发病后的症状及病理变化、诊断的过程、治疗的手段和体会。     

棉酚对罗非鱼（Oreochromisniloticus）离体精子毒性作用的研究

新鲜采取的尼罗罗非鱼精液在加入棉酚的精子保存液中28℃下培养。高达10mM 的乙酸棉酚也不影响精子在一小时内的存活率。罗非鱼精子的存活率在培养三小时后存活率显下降，而低浓度棉酚（25－100μM）显提高罗非鱼精子的 存活率。 本对上述实验结果进行了讨论。     

鲤鱼喹乙醇亚急性中毒的病理学研究

对鲤鱼进行了喹乙醇亚急性中毒的病理学研究。以1000mg/kg、2000mg/kg、3000mg/kg饲料的剂量进行了6周亚急性毒性试验，其发病率分别为35%、70%、92.5%；死亡率为27.5%、57.5%、82.5%。中毒鱼表现出特征性“应激性出血症”。     

虹鳟饲料添加棉仁粉的研究

虹鳟饲料中添加10％、20％和30％的棉仁粉,饲养77天,生长好于对照组,饲料成本降低。鱼肉中只含微量游离棉酚。     

转Bt-基因棉棉仁粉对鲤鱼毒性效应的评估

在进行转Ｂｔ－基因抗虫棉棉仁粉对鲤鱼营养学试验的基础上,纵贯喂养６周,在不同时期取鲤鱼血液,测定了血像、谷丙转氨酶、尿毒酶及血红细胞微核率这些反映毒性效应指标。并选取部分组织器官进行了组织病理学检查。对有关指标进行了统计学分析,各试验组和普通棉对照组之间均无显著性差异;鲤鱼肾、心脏、小肠及肝胰脏组织切片无明显病理性变化。由此表明转Ｂｔ－基因抗虫棉棉仁粉经脱酚处理后,对鲤鱼的毒性效应不明显。     

转Bt-基因棉棉仁粉对鲤鱼营养价值的研究

为评估转Ｂｔ－基因棉棉仁粉用作鱼饲料的有效性和安全性,将其配成试验饲料进行了１４周鲤鱼喂养,前８周着重就鲤钱垢增重率、特定生长率、铒料系数、鱼体化学成分含量等营养学指标进行了观察。上述各项指标经统计分析,在试验组和对照组之间均无显著性差异。表明转Ｂｔ－基因棉棉仁粉经脱棉酚处理后,与常规棉棉仁粉一样可作鱼用饲料的蛋白源。     

猪棉酚中毒的诊断和预防措施

棉酚又名棉毒素或棉籽醇，是棉属植物内形成的一种黄色的酚型物质。棉粕中的有毒成份有游离棉酚、棉酚紫和棉绿素3种色素，其毒性以棉绿素最强，游离棉酚次之。但游离棉酚的含量远比另2种色素高，因此棉粕的毒性决定于游离棉酚的含量。棉粕含粗蛋白36％-44％，粗纤维11％-15％，此外B族维生素、硫胺素和磷含量十分丰富，是一种很好的蛋白质饲料。我区是棉花主产区，棉粕产量很大，各猪场时常发生棉酚中毒，现就棉酚的毒性、危害、防治方法介绍如下：     

棉籽饼养虾的试验

对虾配合饲料研制中的主要问题之一是蛋白源不足。解决的途径除开拓新蛋白源外,充分利用现有蛋白源,是有现实意义的。我国年产棉籽饼300万吨以上,用作动物饲料的仅占16%。棉籽饼含粗蛋白质30～35%,棉仁饼含粗蛋白质约高5～10%。由于棉籽饼含游离棉酚和类环丙烯脂肪酸等有毒物质,可使畜禽慢性积累中毒,故多限量使用。近来有人研究棉籽饼脱毒的方法,以便扩大其饲用途径。棉籽饼在渔用饲料方面的应用与效果报道甚少。本文探索用棉籽饼作为对虾配饵主蛋白源养虾的效果和棉酚在虾体内的残留情况。     

棉酚毒性研究的回顾

棉酚是存在于棉属植物中的一种黄色多酚型毒素.就棉酚对人类、畜禽以及水产动物的毒性进行了概述,着重阐述了棉酚对鱼类的毒性及棉籽饼粕饲料在水产养殖中的利用问题.     

Toxic effects of indoxacarb on gill and kidney histopathology and biochemical indicators in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical and histopathological effects of indoxacarb on an economic fish species Cyprinus carpio. The fish were divided into four triplicated groups exposed to either of 0% (control), 5% (0.75 mg/L), 10% (1.5 mg/L) or 20% (3 mg/L) of the pesticide LC₅₀. Blood sampling was performed after 7, 14 and 21 days exposure. There were no changes in blood calcium levels at any times. In the indoxacarb‐treated fish, chloride levels decreased at the first and increased at the second sampling compared to the control. In 3 mg/L treatment, phosphorus increased significantly after 7 days compared to the control. Plasma glucose levels decreased significantly at the 7th and 14th days sampling; however, it increased at the 21st day. After 7 days, creatinine level in 3 mg/L treatment was significantly lower than the control; however, the creatinine levels of indoxacarb treatments were higher than the control at the 21st day. The indoxacarb‐treated fish had higher plasma urea levels compared to the control at the 7th day. At the 21st day, plasma urea level at 3 mg/L was significantly lower than the control treatment. Edema, Lamellar curling, hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and hyperaemia were observed in the indoxacarb‐treated fish gill. Tubular necrosis, hematopoietic necrosis, melanomacrophage aggregates, Bowman's capsule edema, glomerulus degeneration and hyperaemia were observed in the indoxacarb‐treated fish kidney. Generally, sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb cause stress, hydromineral imbalance, metabolism alteration and gill and kidney damages in common carp.     

6种常用渔药对福瑞鲤的急性毒性试验

在水温26.0～27.5℃的室内静水条件下,用平均体重(8.5±0.3)g/尾、平均体长(8.7±0.2)cm/尾的福瑞鲤(FFRC strain common carp,Cyprinus carpio)进行6种常用渔药的急性毒性试验。结果表明:硫酸铜、富氯、阿苯达唑、溴氯海因、敌百虫、灭孢灵的安全浓度分别为0.17、3.86、7.35、11.70、18.05、70.80 mg/L,6种渔药对福瑞鲤鱼种的毒性大小依次为:硫酸铜>富氯>阿苯达唑>溴氯海因>敌百虫>灭孢灵。富氯、溴氯海因、敌百虫和灭孢灵4种药物的安全浓度均显著高于目前生产使用的常用剂量,在福瑞鲤苗种培育和养殖过程中可以安全使用;硫酸铜的安全浓度显著低于生产使用的剂量,在养殖生产中应减少使用剂量;关于阿苯达唑药浴使用剂量的研究未见报道,试验结果可为今后其生产使用提供参考。     

丁香油对鲤鱼和罗非鱼的麻醉作用

本实验将丁香油按体积比加入水中制备成不同浓度梯度的麻醉剂,分别在不同水温下对两种大小规格的鲤鱼和罗非鱼进行麻醉试验.28℃水温时,随着丁香油浓度由0.05 mL·L-1到0.1mL·L-1、0.15mL·L-1增加,鲤鱼和罗非鱼麻醉时间均缩短.鲤鱼恢复时间增长,罗非鱼则缩短.在0.1mL·L-1浓度下,随着水温从21℃到24℃、26℃、28℃升高,鲤鱼和罗非鱼麻醉作用时间缩短.鲤鱼恢复时间增长而罗非鱼则缩短.28℃水温0.1mL·L-1浓度下,小鲤鱼麻醉时间比小罗非鱼短,而恢复时间比小罗非鱼长.结果显示,丁香油是一种高效、廉价的鱼类麻醉剂.     

Investigation of fat content in market common carp (Cyprinus carpio) flesh during the growing season

Effects of supplemental feeding with cereals (rye, triticale, maize and the unsupplemental control group) on fat content in flesh of 3‐year‐old common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were the subject of study carried out at four ponds (Czech Republic, Central Europe) during the growing season. The main result was that supplemental feeding with cereals to the same energetic level was associated with varying growth and fat content in the flesh of common carp. At the end of the experiment, the stock of fish supplementally fed with maize was found to have the highest fat content (112.7 ± 15.6 g kg^?1), while the lowest value of fat content was found in the control group (56.8 ± 9.4 g kg^?1). The carps supplementally fed with rye were found to have a higher fat content (90.1 ± 19.0) than those supplementally fed with triticale (84.3 ± 15.7 g kg^?1). Established average fat content values (except for maize) were at the level that indicate a high sensory quality of carp flesh during the whole growing season.     

镉对鲤血清促性腺激素和生长激素的影响

采用ＣｄＣｌ２浸没法处理鲤，研究镉对鲤血清促性腺激素（ＧｔＨ）和生长激素（ＧＨ）水平的影响，结果表明，较镐浓度镉（ＣｄＣｌ２９ｍｇ／Ｌ）处理引起血清ＧｔＨ水平降低，ＧＨ水平升高，提高水中钙浓度，能使由镉引起的ＧｔＨ水平的降低恢得取正常水平，并对镉引起的ＧＨ水平升高起延迟作用，镉处理使鲤对ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ刺激ＧｔＨ分泌的反应性下降，提高水中钙浓度也不能恢复正常，实验结果提示，镉引起的ＧｔＨ和ＧＨ的变化可     

High zinc in the erythrocyte plasma membranes of common carp Cyprinus carpio

ABSTRACT:   The distribution of zinc (Zn) concentration in the blood and erythrocytes of common carp, grass carp, silver carp and tilapia was studied. It was found that in whole blood, the average Zn concentrations in these four species of fish (approx. 6–14 μg/[ml whole blood]) were relatively similar to those in other species of fish and mammals. However, the mean Zn concentration in the erythrocytes of common carp is approximately two times higher than the other three species of fish (approx. 5 vs approx. 2 μg/[ml whole blood]). It was found that approximately 70% of the Zn in the common carp whole blood came from its erythrocytes. In addition, approximately 43% of the Zn in the erythrocytes of common carp was found to be located on its outer plasma membranes. When an antibody against a 43 kDa Zn-binding protein, isolated from the digestive tract tissue of common carp, was used, significant quantities of the protein were shown to be present on the erythrocyte plasma membranes of common carp by an indirect immunofluorescent staining. High Zn on the outer plasma membrane of the common carp erythrocyte most probably comes from the 43 kDa Zn-binding protein.     

Effect of supplemental phytase on growth, phosphorus digestibility and bone mineralization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)

The effect of dietary phytase on phosphorus (P) digestibility, growth, bone mineralization and plasma P of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. Five diets, D0, DP, PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4, were used. D0 contained no supplement. DP was supplemented with 2.6 g P (Na₂HPO₄× 2H₂O) kg⁻¹. PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4 comprised 1000, 2000 and 4000 U phytase [Ronozyme P (CT)] kg⁻¹. D0, PHYT1, PHYT2, PHYT4 had average of 7.95 g P kg⁻¹; DP contained 10.3 g P kg⁻¹. After 126 days of feeding, fish grew from 115 to 347 g (D0), 583.7 g (DP), 352.6 g (PHYT1), 393.3 g (PHYT2) and 406.4 g (PHYT4). Addition of phytase significantly increased daily feed intake, but only led to a marginal improvement in the weight gain, SGR and FCR of fish fed PHYT2 and PHYT4 compared with fish fed D0. Fish fed DP showed the best (P<0.05) growth performances. Fish fed DP and PHYT4 significantly digested dietary P more than the fish fed D0. Fish fed D0, PHYT1, PHYT2 and PHYT4 retained higher (P<0.05) Zn in their bones than fish fed DP. However, there was no further effect on bone mineralization. Plasma P scarcely improved by between 14% and 26% in fish fed PHYT2 and PHYT4 relative to fish fed D0. P concentration of the faeces was reduced by about 9–22% in fish fed PHYT1 and PHYT4 compared with fish fed D0.     

Glutamine precursor supplementation increases glutamine synthetase gene expression in intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

To evaluate if the addition of glutamine (Gln) precursors could enhance the utilization rate of plant protein on molecular level, the expressions of glutamine synthetase (GS) gene were analysed under supplementation of α‐ketoglutaric acid (AKG), ornithine‐α‐ketoglutaric acid (OKG), glutamic acid (Glu), and Gln. The relative quantification of GS gene expression in the plant meal (PM) group was significantly lower than the fish meal (FM) group. All the four additives increased the GS gene expression. The additive that most significantly increased the GS gene expression, Gln concentration and GS activity was glutamic acid. Supplementation of AKG in plant meal can improve the GS activity and Gln concentration. Effect of OKG on the activity of GS was not significant. The GS expression was up‐regulated by Gln, but had no significant effects on the Gln concentration and GS activity. In conclusion, substitution of plant protein for animal protein reduced the GS gene expression, and the supplementation of Gln precursors was capable of promoting the expression of GS gene in common carp.     

Increased stocking density influences the acute physiological stress response of common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.)

The physiological response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) to increased stocking density and an additional acute net confinement stressor was investigated. Stocking densities were increased from 28.4 to 56.8 or 113.6 kg m^?3 by the use of crowding screens and fish were sampled from the crowded groups after 15, 39 and 87 hours of crowding (hc). A transient elevation of plasma cortisol was found in the higher density group after 15 hc before values returned to control levels. Increased stocking density also increased plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and lactate during the experimental period. No effect was found on oxygen radical production in the blood, haemoglobin or haematocrit levels, but leucocrit values were lower after 39 hc in both groups. Net confinement resulted in a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels in all groups. However, after 15 hc, cortisol and FFA levels in both crowded plus confinement groups were higher than in the control and confined groups. Confinement resulted in increased oxygen radical production in the crowded plus confined groups at all times. Results indicate that although carp responded with a mild stress response to increased stocking density and adaptation occurred by 87 hc, the crowded fish were more sensitive to an additional acute stressor.     

Earthworm powder as an alternative protein source in diets for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The increasing need for aquafeed resources and the finite availability of conventional feed resources are making it necessary to search for alternative high‐protein resources that are not used as human food. The earthworm Perionyx excavatus was tested as a feed ingredient in diets for common carp. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of earthworm powder as a replacement for fishmeal. In a recirculation aquarium system, triplicate groups of five common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were fed a control feed (fishmeal based protein), or experimental diets in which 30% (EW30), 70% (EW70), or 100% (EW100) of fishmeal protein was replaced by earthworm protein. Fish growth, feed digestibility and feed utilization were monitored. Growth rate, protein efficiency and energy retention in fish were similar (EW30, EW100) or higher (EW70) for diets containing earthworm meal compared to the control diet. Protein digestibility in EW30, EW70 and EW100 was higher than in the control diet, but in (EW100), lipid conversion was lower. We conclude that earthworm is a suitable partial replacement for fishmeal in feeds for common carp.