5个不同腰果品系对腰果细蛾抗虫性研究

在田间自然发生条件下,研究了5个不同腰果品系对腰果细蛾的抗虫性。结果表明,5个不同腰果品系的抗虫能力为HL2-21>GA63>DF2>HL2-13>FL30。HL2-21对腰果细蛾的抗虫能力最强,其蛾害指数为12.30%(抗),显著低于其他腰果品系。GA63也有较强的抗虫能力,其蛾害指数为21.80%(中抗),显著低于DF2、HL2-13和FL30。DF2和HL2-13的抗虫能力较弱,其蛾害指数分别为28.40%(中抗)和31.30%(感虫);FL30的抗虫能力最弱,其蛾害指数为40.80%(高感),显著高于其他腰果品系。     

东亚异蚤蝇及其携带白僵菌防治松墨天牛的研究

［目的］ 明确利用蚤蝇携带白僵菌防治松墨天牛（Monochamus alternatus）的效果。［方法］ 采用室内饲养结合室外释放的方法研究蚤蝇的生活史和生物学特性,并进行种类鉴定。采用蚤蝇携菌法、直接撒粉法等不同方法比较球孢白僵菌MA0813菌株对松墨天牛幼虫的防治效果。［结果］经形态学鉴定确认寄生松墨天牛的蚤蝇为东亚异蚤蝇（Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz）。该虫人工饲养、繁殖十分容易,活动能力强,飞行扩散超过400 m,在宁波全年发生10代,以蛹越冬。球孢白僵菌MA0813菌株滴涂法防治松墨天牛4～5龄幼虫,LD50为（0.145 5±0.110 5）×104孢子/头。菌蝇法防治松树内松墨天牛1～2龄幼虫,室内校正僵死虫率为46.4%;7月上中旬在山林中试验每隔100 m放菌蝇2次,校正僵死率达35%,优于其他防治方法。［结论］ 菌蝇法能明显提高对松墨天牛的防治效果。     

肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛防治效果的初步研究

目前,已有多个研究证明肿腿蜂可有效防治天牛类蛀干类害虫,但还未见利用肿腿蜂防治云杉花墨天牛试验。为了验证肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛防治效果,尽快筛选出控制云杉花墨天牛的有效肿腿蜂种类,本文在室内将云杉花墨天牛幼虫接入红松木段来模拟天牛生长的自然条件,设置了不同的益害比（4:1、2:1、1:1和1:2）来释放肿腿蜂,测定了3种肿腿蜂（管氏肿腿蜂、松褐天牛肿腿蜂和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂）对云杉花墨天牛的寄生效果。同时利用以上3种肿腿蜂中全国应用最广泛的管氏肿腿蜂对该天牛开展了野外防治试验。结果表明：室内条件下相同益害比的三种肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛寄生率差异不显著;当三种肿腿蜂的益害比为4:1时,云杉花墨天牛的校正死亡率最高;其中管氏肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛的平均校正死亡率为95.65%,松褐天牛肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛的平均校正死亡率为71.43%,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛的平均校正死亡率为61.90%;林间释放管氏肿腿蜂的益害比为2:1时,云杉花墨天牛的校正死亡率最高,平均为39.20%。根据结果可知管氏肿腿蜂是三种肿腿蜂中防治效果较好的蜂种,可尝试用于野外防治实践;建议在野外释放以益害比为2:1为佳,可达...     

来源于砂梨和桃的苹果褪绿叶斑病毒分离物部分CP基因和3′端非翻译区的序列分析

 苹果褪绿叶斑病毒（Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV）是引起果树病害的一种重要病毒。ACLSV寄主范围广、发生较普遍,可侵染苹果、梨等仁果类果树和桃、扁桃、李、樱桃、杏等核果类果树,据报道我国梨产区感染ACLSV达80%以上。ACLSV引起植物症状的类型与寄主种类、病毒株系有关。ACLSV为线形病毒科（Betaflexiviridae）、纤毛病毒属（Trichovirus）的代表成员^［1］。ACLSV的CP相对比较保守,研究表明不同的ACLSV分离物的CP基因具有序列多样性,存在分子变异^［2～5］,CP基因分子特性的研究可为ACLSV株系划分提供依据。来源于欧洲、亚洲和北美的桃、李等核果类果树,以及苹果寄主上的ACLSV分离物的分子变异报道较多^［2,3,5］,来源于梨寄主上的ACLSV分子变异研究较少^［4,5］。     

花绒寄甲松褐天牛生物型对云杉花墨天牛的寄生效果

云杉花墨天牛是我国中温带地区携带松材线虫的主要传播媒介,研究其生物防治技术对于我国中温带地区松材线虫病的治理有重要意义。目前花绒寄甲是防治我国南方地区松材线虫传播媒介松褐天牛的有效天敌,但还未见用于防治云杉花墨天牛,为探讨该天敌防治云杉花墨天牛的可能性,本研究分别在室内和林间测定了花绒寄甲对云杉花墨天牛的控制效果。在室内利用直接接种的方式将花绒寄甲幼虫接到不同虫态的云杉花墨天牛上,并模拟自然情况,以不同的益害比将该天敌的卵释放在含有云杉花墨天牛的木段上,观察该天敌的最佳寄生时期并明确最佳益害比。在林间全自然条件下设置了不同益害比,将花绒寄甲卵释放到有云杉花墨天牛为害的木段上,观察其自然控制情况。结果发现：室内直接接种试验,花绒寄甲幼虫在云杉花墨天牛蛹上平均寄生数量为3.10头/天牛蛹,平均寄生率为86.00%,平均存活率为57.79%。在幼虫上平均寄生数量为0.54头/天牛幼虫,平均寄生率为30.00%,平均存活率为13.92%。在室内将花绒寄甲卵释放到被云杉花墨天牛侵入的木段上,益害比为10：1时,平均寄生率最高为42.59%,校正死亡率最高为40.71%。在林间将花绒寄甲卵卡释放到木段上时,益害比为4：1时平均寄生率最高为47.68%,与益害比为2：1时（45.51%）差异不显著;当益害比为10：1时天牛平均校正死亡率最高为74.15%,高于益害比为2：1时（43.79%）,但差异不显著,且寄甲平均寄生率为33.38%,低于益害比为2：1时。结果证实,花绒寄甲松褐天牛生物型幼虫对云杉花墨天牛蛹的寄生效果优于对天牛幼虫的寄生效果,因此蛹期是最佳防治时期;室内和野外防治试验均显示花绒寄甲可用于云杉花墨天牛防治;在野外利用花绒寄甲卵防治时,选择益害比为2：1时效果和经济性最佳。     

松褐天牛在湿地松树干上分布规律研究

应用聚集度指标法对湿地松上松褐天牛的分布进行调查分析。结果表明：在湿地松上松褐天牛幼虫、成虫分布型都为聚集分布。松褐天牛蛀入孔、羽化孔分布与树高有关,在（5．1±2-3）m的树干上松褐天牛幼虫蛀入孔数最多,羽化数量最多的部位在（5．3±2．3）m。     

两种昆虫病原线虫防治核桃云斑天牛田间效果评价

云斑天牛Batocera lineolata Chevrolat是核桃树的严重蛀干害虫,隐蔽性强,化学、物理防治方法难以奏效,昆虫病原线虫可以主动寻找寄主并在蛀道内建立种群,省工长效。本研究评价了不同剂量（250、500、1000、2000和4000 IJs/mL）的2种昆虫病原线虫（小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae和嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora）对核桃云斑天牛卵和幼虫的防治效果。结果表明,2种线虫对天牛卵和幼虫的最终防控效果随施用剂量增大而增强。施用剂量为4000 IJs/mL的小卷蛾斯氏线虫和嗜菌异小杆线虫对该天牛卵的校正防治效率分别达65.0%和39.5%,对幼虫的最终校正防治效率分别达93.8%和82.4%;2种线虫在2000 IJs/mL剂量下对天牛卵的校正防治效率分别达48.8%和32.3%,对幼虫的校正防治效率分别达85.9%和83.4%。从而说明,适宜剂量的昆虫病原线虫对云斑天牛幼虫的田间防控效果好于对卵的效果,可以作为云斑天牛的有效防治技术。     

四种寄生性天敌昆虫对山杨楔天牛的室内寄生效果

山杨楔天牛（Saperda carcharias）近年来在新疆塔城市额敏县暴发成灾,造成大量杨树受害死亡,对当地防护林建设、林业生产造成了严重威胁。为筛选出生物防治山杨楔天牛的有效天敌,选择4种寄生性天敌昆虫对该天牛幼虫在室内进行了防治试验。结果表明,这4种天敌均有一定的寄生效果（寄生率最高为46.33%,最低为19.27%）,其寄生效果按从大到小的排列顺序是：花绒寄甲（光肩星天牛生物型Dastarcus helophoroides）＞白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂（Sclerodermus pupariae）＞苹小吉丁肿腿蜂（Sclerodermus sp.1）＝落叶松吉丁肿腿蜂（Sclerodermus sp.2）。由于花绒寄甲只寄生天牛中老龄幼虫和蛹,而肿腿蜂只寄生天牛1~3龄小幼虫,因此花绒寄甲和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂可分别作为生物防治山杨楔天牛中老龄幼虫和幼龄幼虫的首选天敌昆虫;由于山杨楔天牛在自然界世代重叠现象明显,不同龄期的幼虫在林间同时发生,因而建议在生产防治中同时释放这两种天敌昆虫,以提高防治效果。     

抗除草剂转基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟田间自然种群的影响

［目的］明确抗除草剂转基因水稻对非目标生物的影响。［方法］以稻纵卷叶螟为指示物种,调查其在抗除草剂转基因籼稻‘Bar68 1’稻田与非转基因亲本对照‘D68’稻田的种群密度、发育进度以及水稻的受害程度。［结果］在转基因和非转基因稻田中,除2007年水稻乳熟期外,稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的发生密度无显著差异;稻纵卷叶螟不同龄期幼虫比例（%）在转基因稻田与非转基因稻田之间表现出较高的一致性;除2007年分蘖末期外,处理与对照间的单株受害叶片数和卷叶率（%）差异均不显著;转基因水稻与对照植株的卷叶指数（%）表现基本一致。［结论］转基因抗除草剂水稻‘Bar68 1’对非目标物种稻纵卷叶螟不造成影响。     

影响降解菌W2修复异噁草酮污染土壤的三种因子的优化

［目的］ 确定降解菌W2对土壤中异噁草酮的最优生物修复条件。［方法］ 采用3因素5水平正交旋转组合设计,室外盆栽生物测定方法,研究降解菌W2接种量、土壤含水量和肥料添加量3种田间可控因子对降解菌W2修复异噁草酮污染土壤效果的影响。［结果］ 确定修复条件的优化数学回归模型为:y=62.363 9+5.872 8×C1-4.494 1×C2C3-1.262 1×C21-4.076 7×C22,不同因子对土壤修复影响大小顺序依次为土壤含水量、肥料添加量、降解菌W2接种量。［结论］ 降解菌W2对土壤中异噁草酮的最优生物修复条件为：降解菌W2接种量8.19～11.81 mL/kg（A650=0.4）,土壤含水量18.6%～20.84%,肥料添加量1.83～2.52 g/kg。在此范围内降解菌W2对异噁草酮有效成分浓度为500 μg/kg的风干土壤30 d后的降解率可达60%以上,可接近该修复天数的理论极值65.56%。     

四川盆地部分地区土壤中苏云金芽胞杆菌分离与cry基因鉴定*

［目的］ 对四川盆地土壤中Bt资源进行研究,了解其分布特点,为我国苏云金芽胞杆菌的储备奠定基础。［方法］ 从四川盆地5个地区采集土样,分离苏云金芽胞杆菌野生菌株。利用PCR RFLP及SDS PAGE方法对Bt分离株进行基因型鉴定和蛋白分析,并对其室内杀虫活性进行初步测定。［结果］ 从207份土样中获得26株苏云金芽胞杆菌野生菌株,出菌率为12.56%。油镜观察可看到球形、方形、菱形及不规则形的伴胞晶体。在21株Bt分离株中检测到cry1、cry1I、cry2、cry9四类基因,且多数菌株都是同时含有多个基因类型,有5株Bt分离株未发现已知基因;SDS-PAGE显示有9株菌株只表达了130 ku的蛋白, 2株只表达了124 ku的蛋白,2株只表达了45 ku的蛋白,6株同时表达了130 ku和60 ku的蛋白, 4株同时表达了124 ku和60 ku的蛋白, 2株同时表达了135 ku和60 ku的蛋白, 1株同时表达了130、90 ku及75 ku的蛋白。毒力测定结果表明：9株菌株对小菜蛾具有高毒力,2株对大猿叶虫有一定的杀虫活性。［结论］四川盆地土壤中Bt资源多样性丰富,其中有2株有一定的研究前景。     

食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育诱导的影响

［目的］ 探求食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育的影响。［方法］ 在室内一定的温湿度条件下,观察比较大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群、泰安种群和龙南种群取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种不同食料的滞育反应。［结果］ 食料对哈尔滨种群的滞育诱导作用不依赖于光周期,而对泰安种群和龙南种群的滞育诱导作用依赖于光周期。取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种食料,大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群在25 ℃的滞育率为89.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为76.9%~100%;泰安种群在25 ℃的滞育率为21.7%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为4.5%~90.1%;龙南种群在25 ℃的滞育率为2.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为1.1%~90.9%。哈尔滨种群和泰安种群在25 ℃和28 ℃取食独行菜滞育率较低;龙南种群在25 ℃取食萝卜滞育率较低;在28 ℃取食白菜滞育率较低。［结论］ 食料对不同地理种群的大猿叶虫滞育诱导的影响显著。     

Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in field populations of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoid insecticides were first used commercially for Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] control in the United States in 1995, and since then have been critical for management of this pest. Field populations from the northeastern and midwestern United States were tested from 1998 to 2010 for susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam using standard topical dose assays with adults. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2001, imidacloprid resistance was present in only a few locations in the eastern United States. By 2003, imidacloprid resistance was common in the northeastern Unites States. In 2004, imidacloprid resistance in Colorado potato beetle was detected for the first time in the midwestern United States. In 2003, the first case of resistance to thiamethoxam was found in a population from Massachusetts. Neonicotinoid resistance in summer‐generation adults was higher than in overwintered adults from the same locations. By 2009, 95% of the populations tested from the northeastern and midwestern United States had significantly higher LD₅₀ values for imidacloprid than the susceptible population. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides raises concerns for the continued effective management of Colorado potato beetles in potatoes and highlights the need for more rigorous practice of integrated pest management methods. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative analysis of powdery mildew development on leaves, seedlings and flower panicles of different genotypes of cashew

Resistance of cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ) genotypes to powdery mildew ( Oidium anacardii ) was assessed on detached leaves, seedlings and flower panicles. Leaves were more susceptible before the development of a waxy cuticle, which confers a dull appearance. Differences in susceptibility/resistance were observed on detached leaves inoculated in the laboratory. Some genotypes supported dense growth of mildew, whereas on others only slight infection was observed under comparable conditions. Mature leaves were immune to colonization. In the field the rate of mildew infection, as estimated from disease progress curves on both seedlings and flower panicles, varied significantly between genotypes allowing their categorization into susceptible and partially resistant clones. A similar rank order for degree of susceptibility/resistance was determined from studies on detached leaves, seedlings and flower panicles. Brazilian introductions of A. occidentale and the AZA2 and AC6 genotypes proved to be partially resistant, while AM6, ATA19 and AIN62 were highly susceptible. The relationship between leaf and flower mildew infection showed positive and highly significant correlations. It is concluded that each of the three approaches to the assessment of disease susceptibility can be used to screen genotypes against mildew attack. Screening in the laboratory provides a rapid indication of potential resistance providing that leaves are compared at the same stages of maturity.     

Insecticide-resistant pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus F) found in Danish oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) fields

The pollen beetle is the most important pest in Danish oilseed rape fields. In 2001, we screened a broad range of pollen beetle populations for pyrethroid and dimethoate resistance. A standard dip-test was used to test insecticide resistance in 18 populations collected from oilseed winter and spring rape fields. The beetles were treated with four different insecticides: the pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate, lambda-cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate, and the organophosphate dimethoate. The results show that up to 99% of the pollen beetles survived Danish standard doses of pyrethroids and up to 36% of the beetles survived standard doses of dimethoate.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂抗药性研究进展

新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类新开发的杀虫剂。研究表明，害虫野外种群对其敏感性差弄较大，现已有多种害虫对吡虫啉和啶虫脒产生了抗性。初步研究显示，马铃薯叶甲对吡虫啉抗性以不完全隐性的常染色体遗传；抗性似不稳定，交互抗性谱随虫种而变化，抗性形成可能与多功能氧化酶和酯酶有关。合理轮用和高剂量杀死策略是治理其抗性的有效措施。     

啄木鸟对森林害虫生态控制作用浅析

啄木鸟Picidae是杨树蛀干天牛Cerambycidae的重要天敌之一,在控制天牛危害方面具有显著优势,同时对其他森林害虫也有较好的控制作用。本文在对啄木鸟生活习性和特征的观察、对杨树蛀干天牛及其他森林害虫生态控制作用的研究的基础上,阐明了用啄木鸟对杨树蛀干天牛及其他森林害虫实施生态控制,是杨树蛀干天牛工程治理和其他森林害虫防治的有效途径之一,具有广泛的发展前景。     

Relationship between incidence and severity of cashew gummosis in semiarid north-eastern Brazil

The incidence–severity relationship for cashew gummosis, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae , was studied to determine the feasibility of using disease incidence to estimate indirectly disease severity in order to establish the potential damage caused by this disease in semiarid north-eastern Brazil. Epidemics were monitored in two cashew orchards, from 1995 to 1998 in an experimental field composed of 28 dwarf clones, and from 2000 to 2002 in a commercial orchard of a single clone. The two sites were located 10 km from each other. Logarithmic transformation achieved the best linear adjustment of incidence and severity data as determined by coefficients of determination for place, age and pooled data. A very high correlation between incidence and severity was found in both fields, with different disease pressures, different cashew genotypes, different ages and at several epidemic stages. Thus, the easily assessed gummosis incidence could be used to estimate gummosis severity levels.     

Transgenic potato plants expressing the potato virus X (PVX) coat protein gene developed resistance to the viral infection

The gene coding for potato virus X (PVX) coat protein (CP) was expressed in transgenic potato plants obtained byAgrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. One hundred independent clones were analyzed in challenge experiments for resistance to PVX infection under greenhouse conditions as a preliminary test. From this test, 16 clones with the best resistance results were selected for a small-scale field trial. Clones 54, 60, 73 and 91 demonstrated the best values of resistance to PVX in the field. Statistical analysis of the field trial showed significant differences between means of optical density obtained in ELISA from transgenic clones and non-transformed plants (P<0.05). There was correspondence between resistance to virus infection and expression of the CP gene of PVX virus in the analyzed clones. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 21, 2002. Corresponding author [e-mail: vivian.doreste@cigb.edu.cu].