Nutritional support of hospitalised dogs and cats

SUMMARY Nutritional support of hospitalised dogs and cats improves recovery from illness, reduces mortality, and improves responses to trauma and stress. The primary goal of nutritional support is to prevent use of tissue protein. This is accomplished by the provision of sufficient calories and dietary protein in optimal proportions. For nutritional support, calorie intake is adjusted according to the patient's metabolic rate so that the animal may be fed above or below its usual intake. Nutritional support should always be started gradually, no matter what the final calorie goal may be. For many sick dogs fed enterally, diets provide about 30% of calories from fat and at least 27% of calories from protein. Carbohydrates in nutritional support diets should not include maize, wheat or, especially, soy. Sick cats fed enterally should receive at least 30% of calories from both fat and protein.     

Nutritional support of hospitalized animals.

Nutritional support of hospitalized animals is new and encouraging, although it is in need of rigorous evaluation. Principles and procedures of established value in human patients appear to be readily applied to other species, with due regard to comparative physiologic properties and medicine.     

Nutritional support for patients

A good intake of fluids and essential nutrients in the first fourteen days is of vital importance to recuperating animals. Moreover, it is important to encourage cats and dogs to eat after illness or surgery, in order to promote optimal functioning of the gut and the immune system. Enteral nutrition is to be preferred to nasogastric feeding or parenteral nutrition. In the first stage of recovery, during the first 24 to 48 hours, it is important to feed the gut' with nutrients, and thereafter, in the second stage of recovery (after day 3), the calorie intake can be increased. Timely nutritional support with nutraceuticals, such as arginine, glutamine, taurine, long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, and prebiotic fibres, can considerably shorten the recovery period of cats and dogs after illness or surgery     

Nutritional support of hospitalized patients

Effective nutritional support requires sound knowledge of both basic and clinical nutrition of dogs and cats as well as familiarity with products and delivery systems. Case management includes assessment of nutritional status and estimation of fuel sources. Most starved or stressed patients use fatty acids for over 70 per cent kcalME and protein for over 20 per cent kcalME. Approximate kcal needs are calculated from maintenance energy equations. Most patients respond best to enteral nutrition. Meat-based pet foods, liquid enteral products, and nutrient modules are offered in slurries or are tube-fed. Management includes careful monitoring of patients and gradual transitions to diets with more complex nutrient sources.     

调控应激的营养途径

１能量适当提高日粮中的能量水平，以保证猪每日所需能量的绝对摄入量，可减缓应激（Nienaaber）。由于在日粮中提高了能量浓度，降低了热增耗。在应激畜禽中用油脂代替部分碳水化合物，可使动物获得较高的生产净能，同时改善饲料适口性，并不是应激状态下畜禽对脂肪的需要量增加。具体的方法有：①适当提高日粮的能量浓度；②日粮中添加脂肪。一般认为，在高温条件下，日粮添加２％～３％混合脂肪是提日粮能量水平、稳定猪增长速度的有效措施（JohnGoihl，１９８９），特别在日粮赖氨酸供应不足时，该效果明显；③日粮中添加乳糖、蔗糖。…     

Nutritional support for neonatal foals.

In recent years, equine neonatal medicine has made significant advances. The importance of nutritional support for the sick neonatal foal has been recognized, and methods of providing that sup-port have been developed. Today, the clinician has many options when designing a nutritional plan for the neonatal foal. When the foal's gut permits, enteral diets are an inexpensive source of nutrients. Under conditions where the gut requires rest, methods for delivering nutrients by the parenteral route have also been developed. In this article, the nutrition of the normal and sick foal is described. Guidelines for designing a nutritional plan are also reviewed.     

Nutritional considerations for animals with pulmonary disease.

Recent publications in the human and veterinary literature have indicated that patients with pulmonary disease require specific nutritional consideration to ensure that optimal benefit is derived with nutrition support. Although additional research is needed in this area, preliminary recommendations can be made using information from the scant studies performed thus far in veterinary medicine and from information extrapolated from the human literature. These recommendations are likely to provide significant clinical benefit to patients with pulmonary disease. This article aims to provide the reader with a summary of the available information and links to other relevant sources.     

Nutritional support in critical care patients.

Malnutrition in the form of insufficient nutrient intake to support tissue metabolism undermines appropriate medical or surgical therapeutic management of a case. The major consequences of malnutrition in all patients are decreased immunocompetence, decreased tissue synthesis and repair, and altered intermediary drug metabolism. A practical goal is to begin nutritional support within 24 hours of the injury, illness, or presentation. There are only two methods by which nutrients can be supplied to the body: enteral and parenteral. General guidelines are presented to help establish a foundation.     

Nutritional support of the foal during intensive care

Provision of adequate nutritional support to the sick neonatal foal is a vital part of intensive care; frequently, however, it is very difficult to accomplish. In this article, current recommendations concerning both enteral and parenteral nutrition are discussed.     

畜禽热应激的营养防制措施探讨

<正>夏季高温造成畜禽热应激给畜牧业生产带来巨大损失,降低环境温度是缓解热应激最有效的方法,但在实际生产中因不可行或成本太高而难以应用。因     

Nutritional support for treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a llama

A 3-year-old female llama that was 3 months into her first lactation and 10 weeks pregnant was evaluated for anorexia of 24 hours' duration. On physical examination, the llama was in lateral recumbency, bradycardic, tachypneic, and hyperthermic. Palpation per rectum confirmed the presence of a possible dry fecal mass in the spiral colon. A tissue biopsy specimen of the liver was obtained, and histologic examination revealed moderate diffuse lipid accumulation within the hepatocytes. Lactated Ringer's solution was administered for rehydration, and partial parenteral nutrition was then initiated. Hepatic lipidosis is a disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipid in the liver and is associated with high mortality in camelids. Anorexia associated with hepatic lipidosis promotes further lipid mobilization and fatty infiltration of the liver. Partial parenteral nutrition with enteral supplementation may be used to maintain adequate energy intake and minimize further lipid mobilization. The distinctive metabolism of camelids may require higher amino acid supplementation relative to nonprotein calories in parenteral solutions than those traditionally provided to other species. Treatment with insulin may be effective