脱毒苗马铃薯晚疫病药剂防治试验初报

经方差分析和差异显著性测定 ,4 5 %薯瘟消 60 0倍液、 64%杀毒矾 10 0倍液、 64%双击矾 4 0 0倍液、 77%瑞扑 80 0倍液、 72 2 %普力克 60 0倍液分别喷雾 3次 ,均可有效防治马铃薯脱毒苗晚疫病。防治效果 68 4 7%～ 87 60 %。增产率 3 18%～ 35 4 3%。生产上大面积常用 4 5 %薯瘟消 60 0倍液 ,64%杀毒矾 10 0 0倍液 ,64%双击矾 4 0 0倍液分别喷雾 3次 ,可控制病害 ,获得高产。     

如何保持脱毒马铃薯在使用期内的优良性状

几年来 ,我们在脱毒薯的使用年限内的繁种、蚜虫重新染毒以及有关栽培技术上采取了严格的控制措施 ,使种薯的优良性状退化速度减慢 ,始终保持着繁种和推广的高产量、高效益 ,并重点在 4个方面进行了长期卓有成效的探索与研究。1　及时防治蚜虫危害传毒春秋两季繁种自出苗—收获前 ,每隔 15ｄ交替用 4 0 %乐果50 0倍液或 10 %大功臣 10 0 0倍液等内吸性药剂 ,连续用药 3～ 4次 ,杜绝蚜虫危害 ,杀死传毒媒介 ,避免重新传毒 ,始终保持各级脱毒种薯的高质量。2　施药预防病毒每次喷药结合防治蚜虫 ,分别混合病毒Ａ、菌毒清、植病灵及高锰酸钾等…     

马铃薯引进品种基本性状评价

对国内外 7个马铃薯品种在福建的生育期、抗病性、鲜薯产量及商品性进行鉴定。结果表明 ,参试品种的生育期介于 89～ 10 4d之间 ,其中生育期最长的为坝薯 10号 ;晚疫病的病情指数介于 0～ 3级之间 ,其中表现出高抗的是坝薯 10号 ;鲜薯产量介于 972 0 0～ 19777 5kg/hm2 之间 ,其中金山 2号的产量最高 ,它比对照克新 3号显著增产 ,商品性最好的为荷 14 ;干物质含量介于14 80 0 %～ 2 0 6 70 %之间 ,出粉率介于 8 885 %～ 14 90 3%之间 ,其中大西洋干物质含量和出粉率均为最高。     

马铃薯脱毒苗双株扦插生产微型薯

1　前　言马铃薯生产实践证明 ,脱毒种薯有十分显著的增产效果 ,一般可增产 30 %～ 80 % ,甚至成倍增长 ,但是生产脱毒种薯繁殖系数低 ,成本高昂 ,推广脱毒种薯受到制约。我们通过温室试管苗植株加快扦插繁殖速度 ,由过去的单株扦插改为双株扦插 ,效率提高了 1倍 ,此方法简单 ,便于操作 ,省工、省投资 ,实用性强 ,为生产脱毒微型薯创造出一条新途径 ,将为提高脱毒种薯的覆盖面起到积极作用2　材料与方法试验在本所防虫网室中进行 ,采用 6 0cm×2 4cm× 8cm的育苗盘 ,脱毒苗于 6月 11日扦插 ,8月 10日收获 ,生产周期为 6 0d。2 1　试验材料…     

云南马铃薯贮存损失的调查和评价

调查了云南马铃薯主产区 17个农户家庭贮存马铃薯的现状和损失。作为商品薯贮存失去商品价值的损失率达到 4 7 4 % ,其中发芽薯占 35 4 % ,损失最大 ,贮存时间 12 0d块茎发芽率仅1 5 % ,但 15 0d迅速增加到 5 6 88% ;破损块茎占 7 2 % ;病害烂薯占 4 8%。马铃薯种薯与商品薯同仓混贮 ,在同样无光照的条件下 ,造成种薯过早发芽 ,而且芽细弱 ,降低了种薯的质量。马铃薯疮痂病 (S .scabies)发生普遍 ,在一些地方发病率高达 10 0 % ,应当引起重视。讨论了马铃薯贮存中存在的问题 ,提出了马铃薯贮存技术发展的意见。     

网棚脱毒微型薯栽培技术及病虫害防治措施

微型种薯在生产中合理密植 ,科学施肥 ,及时浇水是高产稳产的首要条件 ,其次是防治晚疫病。根据我们在试验和生产中的经验 ,掌握的主要生产技术有如下几点 :1　选种催芽微型种薯必须要求渡过 90d以上的自然休眠期 ,微型种薯播前要进行选种催芽 ,药剂处理 ,70 %～ 80 %种薯发芽时播种 ,这样出苗整齐 ,促使产量提高 ,也有利于田间统一管理。2　播种要求微型种薯在本地区适宜播种的时间是 4月中旬至 5月中旬。播种的深度为 8～ 10cm为宜 ,过深、过浅都对产量有影响。微型种薯种植的最佳密度为6 30 0～ 6 5 0 0株 /6 6 7m2 ,株距 2 0～ 2 5cm ,…     

马铃薯脱毒种薯标准化生产技术研究——Ⅰ.不同密度栽培对块茎大小、单株结薯及产量的影响

试验利用高海拔地区的气候特点和土壤肥沃疏松条件 ,将“鄂马铃薯 3号”脱毒试管苗直接进入田间土床培育 ,在高密植栽培条件下 ,生产标准种薯。经 9个处理的试验结果表明 :随着种植密度的增加 ,单位面积上的块茎数、无效薯增加 ,大薯率降低。3～ 5 0 g结薯率最佳处理是F、H和C ,分别占83 5 0 %、83 81%和 84 5 0 % ;10 ～ 30 g结薯率最佳处理是E和F ,分别占总数的 4 3 96 %和 4 6 86 % ,产量最佳处理是E和F ,分别为 15 0 0kg/ 6 6 7m2 和 15 83kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,各处理间差异达极显著水平。单位面积结薯数与单位面积移栽株数呈极显著正相关 ,y =196 6 6 + 0 98x(r=0 98 ) ;单株结薯数与单位面积移栽株数呈极显著负相关 ,y=2 89- 0 0 0 2 2x(r =- 0 81 )。     

马铃薯脱毒种薯标准化生产技术研究——Ⅱ不同时期栽培对块茎大小、单株结薯及产量的影响

试验在海拔 190 0m处的自然条件下 ,将鄂马铃薯 3号脱毒试管苗直接进入大田土床培育、切顶扦插繁殖 ,以同一密度 ,不同时期将土培扦插苗移栽到试验区内 ,生产种薯。试验结果表明 ,从 5月 2 8日至 6月 2 6日移栽的土培扦插苗 ,5 g以上块茎重量占 94 %以上 ,其中 ,10 0～ 15 0 g块茎重量占 17 6 7%～ 19 5 5 % ,产量达 14 4 5～ 180 3kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,处理间差异极显著。 6月 6日移栽的单株结薯数平均 4 0 5个 /株 ,尔后随移栽时期的延迟 ,单株结薯个数呈缓慢下降趋势。     

鄂马铃薯3号的生产优势及原种繁殖经验

长期以来 ,由于马铃薯的退化现象 ,制约了我县马铃薯产量及生产技术的发展。 2 0 0 1年 ,我们引进了恩施天池山农科所选育出的优质脱毒马铃薯鄂马铃薯 3号 ,两年来建立了原种良种基地 ,取得了良的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。1　鄂马铃薯 3号的五大优势1 1　生长优势4～ 6月观察 ,脱毒种薯生长旺盛 ,普通种薯黄而枯萎 ;脱毒种薯茎秆比普通种薯的茎秆粗0 6 5cm ,分枝比普通种薯多 1 5个 ,株高比普通种薯高 10cm。1 2　抗性优势2 0 0 2年马铃薯播种期和出苗期遇到严重旱灾 ,4～ 6月又遇阴雨连绵、低温寡照天气 ,鄂马铃薯 3号表现出了…     

马铃薯茎尖培养脱毒与种质资源试管保存的研究

采用MA+BAP0. 1～0. 5毫克/升+GA0. 5毫克/升+NAA0. 01毫克/升培养基培养马铃著茎尖效果很好,生产出无PVX,PVY 等5种病毒10个品种的试管苗67株和脱毒种薯。此外还有500个品种(系)获得了试管苗。试管保存种质资源选用MS 培养基效果好。试管内装入15ml 培养基较适宜,培养基中加入脱落酸和甘露醇能抑制试管苗生长,对延长保存期有一定效果,其中以4%的甘露醇效果最佳,存放550天试管苟存活率仍在36%,比对照高1倍多。采用塑料薄膜封闭试管口,代替棉塞,也能延长保存期。总之:经上述几方面改进,在常温条件下,可使试管苗继代保存期由过去的1年转管3～4次,延长到1～1. 5年转管1次。     

内蒙古南部地区马铃薯病毒种类及其危害规律的研究

本文报道了内蒙古南部地区马铃薯传毒蚜虫的迁飞消长规律、病毒种类及其田间扩散,并以7个脱毒品种和7个未脱毒品种在自然条件下连续种植3年的感病情况和产量等性状的变化研究了该地病毒病对马铃薯的危害。结果表明,平均每年累积迁来有翅蚜3072头/百株,其中桃蚜为16.6%;7月上旬累积无翅蚜每百株7000多头。侵染马铃薯的病毒、类病毒和类菌原体等病源达10种之多;植株感病速度极快,且多被复合侵染,田间花叶、卷叶和束顶类型的病情指数在50%以上;7个脱毒品种亩产逐年递减448.3～1469.1公斤,同时还发现在其产量显降前有2年左右的潜伏期,随后急剧下降,最后保持在一个基本恒定的低水平。     

内蒙古西部区马铃薯脱毒种薯快速繁育的研究——Ⅱ.脱毒种薯生产技术及其良种繁育体系的研究

在内蒙古乌兰察布盟后山地区武川原种基地，对各级种薯生产技术及其良繁体系进行了系统的研究。现已明确：在开放条件下生产脱毒小薯（原原种），产量可达８０７３～９４６５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，种薯产量和质量不低于温、网室生产的脱毒小薯；不同薯重的脱毒小薯旱坡地直播效果，以１０ｇ和８～１０ｇ薯重的效果好，产量和商品率均高；１级种薯在不同旱地类型种植的增产效果，以旱滩地的产量最高，其次为旱坡地，分别比对照（未脱毒）增产７１．２８％、１７１．２８％；８月上旬为有翅桃蚜迁飞盛期，从７月上旬迁飞初期开始喷药防蚜，防治效果显著；在乌盟后山半农半牧地区以原原种、原种、１、２级种薯建立的３级脱毒良种繁育体系符合该地区的生产实际，能达到留种和保种的快速、优质、高产、低成本的效果。经过６年示范推广，现已在武川等３个旗县普及，累计各级种薯种植面积达到２．３２万ｈｍ２，平均单产３万ｋｇ／ｈｍ２左右，生产出各级种薯及商品薯６９８５万ｋｇ，累计创造社会财富７１５０万元。     

The effect of an alternate weed host,hairy nightshade,Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) on green peach aphid distribution and Potato leafroll virus incidence in potato fields of the Pacific Northwest

Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) is an annual solanaceous weed prevalent in potato farmlands of the Pacific Northwest. S. sarrachoides is also a reservoir for Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Green peach aphids prefer S. sarrachoides than potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.), and produce more nymphs on S. sarrachoides than on potato. Increased green peach aphid preference for S. sarrachoides and greater fecundity on this plant could lead to overcrowding and movement toward neighboring potato plants. To test our hypothesis, field trials were conducted at Kimberly, Idaho during the summers of 2003 and 2004. A row of S. sarrachoides seedlings was planted in the middle of potato plots and naturally occurring green peach aphid populations were monitored weekly on potato plots with and without S. sarrachoides. More aphids were consistently found on S sarrachoides plants than on potato plants. More aphids were found on potato plants in plots with S. sarrachoides plants than without S. sarrachoides. Targeted insecticide applications on S. sarrachoides rows alone reduced the number of aphids on potato plants in those plots, suggesting that insecticide sprays prevented aphid movement from S. sarrachoides to potato. Testing of potato tuber sprouts 90 days after harvest by double antibody sandwich ELISA indicated a greater PLRV infection rate on plots with S. sarrachoides than plots without S. sarrachoides. Therefore, the presence of S. sarrachoides in potato plots will likely increase aphid populations and PLRV incidence on neighboring potato plants.     

利用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)防治小豆蚜虫效果研究

[目的]探讨小豆蚜虫防治新技术,比较研究种衣剂拌种的防治效果。[方法]选用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)进行播前拌种试验,采用50 mL水分别加入高巧2、4、6、8 mL拌种1.0kg的处理方法,播种后比较其出苗率及幼苗的发育情况、蚜虫防治效果、小豆百粒重、产量及增产率。[结果]高巧拌种不会影响小豆出苗,可有效防治小豆蚜虫,但防效随时间延长而降低。防效保持在85%以上,可显著提高小豆百粒重和产量。[结论]该技术可在小豆生产中进行推广应用。     

Area control of the green peach aphid on peach and the reduction of potato leaf roll virus

Peach trees in a 500-mile² (1295 sq. K) area were sprayed during April and May each year from 1966 to 1969 to control the wingless fundatrix form ofMyzus persicae (Sulzer) after the overwintering eggs had hatched and before subsequent generations of the aphids had developed wings and migrated to summer host plants. The results were monitored from 1966 to 1971 by using about 60 yellow water trap pans each year to collect winged aphids in the control area. Also, aphids were counted weekly in about 30 potato fields each year. Samples of potato tubers collected from the 30 fields (and from 34 other fields in 1965) were indexed for net necrosis and then planted and indexed for chronic leaf roll. The early spraying reduced the populations of winged aphids collected in traps in May and early June 1966–1969 by about 60% compared with the post-spray years (1970–1971). The amount of net necrosis found in potato tubers from the control area was reduced from 11 % in 1965 to slightly more than 3% from 1967 through 1969 and the chronic leaf roll in plants was reduced from 43% in 1965 to about 10% for the same years. Only after two years of spraying was there evidence of a significant reduction in the spread of the virus; similarly, not until 2 years (1970 and 1971) following the end of the spray program did the virus increase significantly.     

How Long can Rogued Potato Plants Left in the Field Be a Source of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato Virus Y</Emphasis> for Aphids?

Removal of diseased plants (roguing) is commonly practiced in seed potato production. Diseased plants left to desiccate in fields could possibly serve as sources of Potato virus Y (PVY). PVY acquisition by three aphid species (Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphis fabae) was evaluated with leaflets from rogued plants for seven days. Results showed greater PVY acquisition rates in non-colonizing aphids species compared to colonizing ones. The proportion of aphids leaving leaflets increased with time (i.e. days after plants were uprooted) and some aphids were carrying PVY in their stylets on each of the seven days of the experiment, suggesting that aphids were able to probe and acquire PVY even when plants wilted. These results confirmed that diseased plants left in fields can serve as a source of PVY for aphids even after they wilted and emphasises that proper actions must be taken to efficiently remove diseased plants from fields.     

噻虫嗪种子包衣对燕麦蚜虫和红叶病的控制效果及农药残留分析

红叶病是由蚜虫传播黄矮病毒(BYDV)引起的燕麦上的重要病害,有效防治蚜虫可控制燕麦红叶病的发生。为了明确噻虫嗪种衣剂的应用效果和安全性,通过田间试验研究了噻虫嗪种子包衣对燕麦蚜虫和红叶病的防效及持效期,并采用高效液相色谱法测定了药物在植株和籽粒上的残留动态。结果表明,种子包衣处理后,燕麦单株蚜量和红叶病病情指数均低于对照,苗期至拔节期的蚜虫防效为77.71%～87.91%,红叶病防效为65.79%～82.89%;孕穗期至扬花期的蚜虫防效为58.45%～68.61%,红叶病防效为62.98%～64.14%,持效期长达90 d,可实现一次施药减轻蚜虫为害、控制红叶病的效果。残留分析表明,噻虫嗪种衣剂在燕麦植株中的残留动态符合一级动力学方程C=13.218e-0.0971t,半衰期为7.14 d,播种后60～100 d残留量为0.43～9.86 mg·kg-1,接近或超过了现有的草料MRLs值,此时不宜作为青饲料;播种110 d以后残留量≤0.06 mg·kg-1,可刈割青饲料或作为干草贮存使用。在燕麦籽粒中未检测到噻虫嗪。     

Volunteer potatoes as a source of potato leafroll virus and potato virus X

Volunteer potatoes were investigated as infection sources for potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus X (PVX) in a high elevation seed potato growing area of eastern Idaho. Population densities ofMyzus persicae were assessed. Percentage of PLRV and PVX infection of the volunteers and seed potato crops was determined, as well as density of volunteers and certain parameters of volunteer growth and reproduction. Volunteers apparently harbored no more PLRV than the potato crop from which they originated. But they were found to be an important reservoir of PVX with the infection increasing as much as 12.43% in one year. No aphids capable of transmitting PLRV were found although one species that can transmit potato virus Y was recorded. The mean density of volunteers varied from 0 to 84,880 stems/ha. The number of tubers remaining in the field after harvest and winter weather conditions appeared to be the only factors affecting volunteer density. Volunteer plants arising from seed pieces at an average depth of 6.1 cm were found to set an average of 2.1 new tubers per plant at an average depth of 4.0 cm. These results suggest that volunteer potatoes are a significant source of PVX infection in subsequent seed potato crops.     

45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦纹枯病和蚜虫的防治效果

为了解45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的防治效果及推广用量,室内试验以辽春10号为材料,研究了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对小麦生长发育的影响及对纹枯病的防效;田间试验以济麦22和中麦895为试验材料,探索了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC防治小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的推广剂量。结果发现,133~800g·100kg-1种子的45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号发芽率、株高、根长及鲜重无明显影响;400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对辽春10号小麦纹枯病有较好防效。400~800g·100kg-1种子45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪FSC对中麦869纹枯病防效为66.4%~86.7%,明显高于对照药剂;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为95.8~97.3%,防效与对照药剂无明显差异;对济麦22纹枯病防效为55.8~62.7%,与对照药剂无明显差异;对扬花末期蚜虫防效为80.2~90.1%,与对照药剂无明显差异。45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂对小麦蚜虫和纹枯病具有良好防治效果,推荐剂量为400~800g·100kg-1种子。     

18%喹螨醚悬浮剂防治咖啡小爪螨田间药效试验

茶园小区药效试验表明:18%喹螨醚悬浮剂防治咖啡小爪螨效果良好,且具有良好的速效性和持效性,其低剂量27.8 ml/667 m2的处理药后1~30 d的防效达88.28%~99.46%,可用于防治咖啡小爪螨轮换用药,推荐使用剂量为27.8 ml/667 m2(商品用量)