湿陷性黄土地区土壤洞穴侵蚀研究

土壤洞穴侵蚀是湿陷性黄土地区普遍发生的一种独特的土壤侵蚀方式，其危害具有多重性。目前土壤洞穴还缺乏统一的分类与命名，土壤洞穴侵蚀成因机制尚未形成统一的认识和定量的表述。在大量野外调查和前人研究成果的基础上，首先提出了一套统一的土壤洞穴分类命名方法，在总结目前关于土壤洞穴侵蚀成因观点的基础上结合各种现场与室内试验成果，对土壤洞穴侵蚀的成因机制进行了新的探讨，阐明了对土壤洞穴侵蚀的一些新的看法和观点，为土壤洞穴侵蚀的进一步深入研究提供了基础。     

湿陷性黄土地区土壤洞穴侵蚀模式研究

通过野外调查研究，认为土性、侵蚀通道、降雨以及黄土地区的地形地貌是形成土壤洞穴侵蚀不可或缺的四大要素。以水的作用途径、作用方式及其作用结果为主线，将土壤洞穴的形成模式概化为：冲蚀-贯通型模式、冲蚀-潜蚀-贯通型模式、湿陷-潜蚀-贯通型模式、冲蚀-潜蚀-湿陷-潜蚀-贯通型模式以及复合型模式等五大类型。     

中国黄土地区耕作侵蚀模拟

耕作侵蚀是国际上新近开展的一个研究领域。为了对中国黄土地区的耕作侵蚀规律进行定量描述,采用施放小立方块作为示踪材料进行耕作试验及测量来示踪和监测土壤运动,并通过相关分析与理论推导,对该地区的耕作侵蚀进行了模拟,获得了能够直接计算出坡面剖面任何一点净侵蚀模数的耕作侵蚀模型,结果表明,在采用当地由动物牵引的传统犁在坡面上自下而上进行往返横坡等高向下翻土耕作方式下:1)一次耕作导致的耕层土壤朝坡向方向平均水平运动距离随坡度的变化表现为线性相关;2)一次耕作导致的坡面剖面任何位置耕层断面的净侵蚀模数,受土壤容重、耕作深度、土壤与耕作条件决定的系数和地形曲率的影响。     

黄土地区耕作侵蚀过程中的土壤再分布规律研究

通过施放小立方块作为示踪材料进行耕作侵蚀试验及测量的方法 ,对黄土地区耕作侵蚀过程中的土壤再分布规律进行了研究。结果表明 ,土壤水平位移及垂直位移随坡度及深度的变化均可用二元线性方程描述 ;土壤耕作后的深度随其耕作前的深度及坡度的变化可用二元二次抛物面方程描述 ;耕层深度的 1/ 3左右是一个临界值 ,一次耕作前后 ,原耕层深度约 1/ 3处的土壤距地表深度基本不变 ,小于 1/ 3处的上层土壤距地表深度增大 ,大于 1/3处的下层土壤距地表深度减小。     

近100年植被破坏加速侵蚀下土壤养分和 酶活性动态变化研究

选取不同开垦年限的阳坡梁坡农地为研究对象,研究子午岭地区近100年植被破坏加速侵蚀下土壤养分和酶活性动态变化。结果表明,林地被开垦近100年来,阳坡梁坡农地0―20和20―40 cm土层中土壤的有机碳、全氮含量,碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性皆随开垦年限的延长呈明显的下降趋势。与对照林地相比,不同开垦年限的农地土壤剖面0―20 cm土层的土壤有机碳、全氮含量,碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性分别下降了26.6 %～84 .4%、17.6%～76.9 %,15.7%～73.8%和37.6%～68.6 %;20―40 cm土层分别下降了30.7 %～81.0%、8.3 %～71.9%,17.3 %～96.9%和51.1%～92.6%。土壤有机碳、全氮含量,碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性在开垦初期（4 a）年均下降速率最大;而后,随开垦年限延长年均下降速率减少。土壤有机碳和全氮含量在0―20和20―40 cm土层之间差异随着开垦年限的延长呈减少趋势。土壤脲酶活性随开垦年限的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,开垦9 a农地的土壤脲酶活性最高。受施用磷肥的影响,土壤速效磷含量随开垦年限延长,在0―20 cm土层呈波动变化,在20―40 cm土层呈微弱下降趋势。     

子午岭連家砭地区土壤物理性质与土壤抗侵蚀性能指标的初步研究

黄土地区,地形起伏,丘陵沟壑很多。由于长期耕作,植被破坏,致使土壤表层遭受侵触,引起土壤肥力及农业生产下降,故防止土壤侵触是当前增加农业生产的重要措施。     

土壤重力侵蚀灰色系统模型研究

介绍了黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤重力侵蚀灰色系统预测模型的构造原理和方法，并用灰色关联度的方法来反映模型的预测与土壤重力侵蚀观测值之间的关联性，用以分析模型的预测精度，同时为反映土壤重力侵蚀系统的动态变化规律，引入了残差辨识的理论和方法，以提高模型的预报水平，用模型对晋西离石王家沟流域的土壤重力侵蚀进行了试验研究，结果表明模型的预测精度较高，为土壤得力侵蚀研究提供了一条定量化分析的新途径。     

川中丘陵区土壤侵蚀对土壤特性和作物产量的影响

Roles of tillage erosion and water erosion in the development of within-field spatial variation of surface soil properties and soil degradation and their contributions to the reduction of crop yields were studied on three linear slopes in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Tillage erosion was found to be the dominant erosion process at upper slope positions of each linear slope and on the whole short slope (20 m). On the long slope (110 m) and medium slope (40 m), water erosion was the dominant erosion process. Soil organic matter and soil nutrients in the tillage layer were significantly related to slope length and ¹³⁷Cs inventories on the long slope; however, there was no significant correlation among them on the short slope, suggesting that water erosion lowered soil quality by transporting SOM and surface soil nutrients selectively from the upper to lower slope positions, while tillage erosion transported soil materials unselectively. On the medium slope, SOM, total N, and available N in the tillage layer were correlated with slope length and the other properties were distributed evenly on the slope, indicating that water erosion on this slope was still the dominant soil redistribution process. Similar patterns were found for the responses of grain yield, aboveground biomass, and harvest index for slopes. These results indicated that tillage erosion was a major cause for soil degradation and grain yield reduction on the linear slopes because it resulted in displacement of the tillage layer soil required for maintaining soil quality and plant growth.     

紫色丘陵区土壤侵蚀对土壤生物学肥力的影响

为更好地理解侵蚀土壤质量变化,该文利用137Cs技术探讨了川中丘陵区紫色土陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤生物学肥力的影响。结果表明,与无侵蚀的坡地相比,陡坡耕地土壤微生物量碳含量及碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性分别显著降低41%、44%、17%,土壤生物学肥力退化指数MFDI达-35%。陡坡耕地土壤蔗糖酶活性与137Cs浓度显著正相关（r=0.643,p=0.024）,表明蔗糖酶活性随土壤侵蚀强度增大而降低。耕作侵蚀造成的陡坡耕地上坡土壤损失导致土壤微生物量碳含量、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性最低,而耕作侵蚀造成的陡坡耕地坡底土壤堆积导致这4个微生物特性最高,结果陡坡耕地这些微生物特性的空间变异分别增大2.8、0.8、1.4、4.5倍。紫色土陡坡耕地土壤生物学肥力退化与空间变异性增大在今后的土地管理中应引起关注。     

A preliminary assessment of the potential for using Pbex measurement to estimate soil redistribution rates on cultivated slopes in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China

In order to assess its potential for estimating soil redistribution rates, the naturally occurring fallout radionuclide ²¹⁰Pb_ex has been used in parallel with ¹³⁷Cs, derived from the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapon testing in the 1950s to 1970s, to estimate rates of soil redistribution on a sloping field with traditional erosion control measures located near Jiajia Village, Jianyang County, in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China. The local ²¹⁰Pb_ex reference inventory of 12,860 Bq m^− 2 is higher than those reported for many other areas of the world and may reflect the influence of cloudy weather in preventing ²¹⁰Pb released to the atmosphere across the local region moving up into the upper troposphere, where is would be more widely dispersed. The mean ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs inventories measured in cores collected from the upper part of the field with an average slope of 10° were 8028 Bq m^− 2 and 993 Bq m^− 2, respectively, and the equivalent values for the lower part of the field, where the slopes are steeper (20°) were 11,388 Bq m^− 2 and 1299 Bq m^− 2. The pattern of post-fallout ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs redistribution on the sloping field reflects not only the effects of water erosion and redistribution by tillage, but also the local traditional practice of “Tiaoshamiantu”, whereby sediment trapped in the ditches is returned to the fields by the farmer. The estimates of annual rates of soil loss provided by the ²¹⁰Pb_ex measurement are closely comparable with those derived from the ¹³⁷Cs measurements and are consistent with existing knowledge for the study area. The results obtained from this study confirm the potential for using ²¹⁰Pb_ex measurement to estimate soil erosion rates over medium-term timescale of 50–100 years. By combining the estimates of erosion rates provided by the ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs measurements, the weighted mean net soil loss was estimated to be 48.7 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 from the upper subfield and 16.9 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 from the lower subfield. These rates are considerably lower than the erosion rates obtained from runoff plot measurements in the local area. It is suggested that the traditional erosion control practices and the practice of “Tiaoshamiantu” have a significant effect in reducing soil loss and conserving valuable cultivated soil on sloping fields in the Sichuan Hilly Basin.     

东北黑土坡耕地土壤化学计量特征变化对侵蚀的响应

[目的] 探究土壤侵蚀对土壤养分含量及其化学计量比的影响,对于加深认识黑土区坡耕地质量退化过程及防控具有重要意义。[方法] 选择典型黑土区克山县开垦100多年的直形坡和开垦50多年的凸形坡为研究对象,根据¹³⁷Cs示踪技术估算坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率,定量分析土壤侵蚀与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量及生态化学计量比的关系。[结果] (1)利用¹³⁷Cs示踪法得到坡面整体的年平均侵蚀速率为4 428.56 t/(km²·a),直形坡和凸形坡侵蚀速率平均值分别为3 284.53,5 884.59 t/(km²·a),侵蚀总量分别为3.21×10⁵,2.94×10⁵ t/km²。(2)坡面整体碳氮比(C/N)与SOC呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),碳磷比(C/P)与SOC呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),氮磷比(N/P)与TP呈极显著负相关(p＜0.01)。直形坡SOC、TN、C/N、C/P和N/P均极显著小于凸形坡养分含量和化学计量比值(p＜0.01),TP含量大于凸形坡TP含量(p＜0.01)。(3)坡面土壤侵蚀空间分布特征与土壤有机碳、全氮及全磷的空间分布具有一致性。坡面土壤侵蚀量与SOC、TN、TP、C/P均呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),与C/N呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与N/P呈负相关但相关性不显著(p>0.05)。[结论] 土壤侵蚀导致坡面土壤SOC、TN和TP在坡面再分布,影响土壤养分化学计量比,造成坡面养分流失严重。     

黑河流域保护性耕作对农田土壤微生物量碳、氮和有机质的调控

为了探讨黑河流域保护性耕作对土壤生产力的影响,设计20cm留茬(NS20),20cm留茬压倒(NPS20),40cm留茬(NS40),40cm留茬压倒(NPS40)和传统耕作(CT)5个处理,研究了黑河流域保护性耕作对农田土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C、土壤微生物量N以及作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作农田0—20cm土层土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C和N的含量均高于传统耕作,且其在剖面中的变化趋势基本一致,即随土层深度增加下降;土壤微生物量N有明显的"表聚现象";相关分析表明土壤有机质和土壤微生物量C之间显著正相关(r=0.85,p0.05),与土壤微生物量N之间无明显的相关关系(r=0.47,p0.05);保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量,NPS20和NPS40增产效果最好,较CT分别增产53.08%和46.59%,与CT之间差异达到极显著水平;保护性耕作提高了春小麦的水分利用效率(WUE),NPS20,NS40,NPS40,NS20分别较CT的WUE提高了58.02%,43.40%,47.27%,23.78%。     

川中丘陵区人工刨地耕作方式下紫色土坡耕地侵蚀速率的137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪法研究

Purple soils are widely distributed in the Sichuan Hilly Basin and are highly susceptible to erosion, especially on the cultivated slopes. Quantitative assessment of the erosion rates is, however, difficult due to small size of the plots of the manually-tilled land, the complex land use, and steep hillslopes. 137Cs and 210Pbex (excess 210Pb) tracing techniques were used to investigate the spatial pattern of soil erosion rates associated with slope-land under hoe tillage in Neijiang of the Sichuan Hilly Basin. The 137Cs and 210Pbex inventories at the top of the cultivated slope were extremely low, and the highest inventories were found at the bottom of the cultivated slope. By combining the erosion rates estimates provided by both 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements, the weighted mean net soil loss from the study slope was estimated to be 3100 t km-2 year-1, which was significantly less than 6930 t km-2 year-1 reported for runoff plots on a 10°cultivated slope at the Suining Station of soil Erosion. The spatial pattern of soil erosion rates on the steep agricultural land showed that hoe tillage played an important role in soil redistribution along the slope. Also, traditional farming practices had a significant role in reducing soil loss, leading to a lower net erosion rate for the field.     

中国土壤侵蚀的^137Cs法研究进展

土壤侵蚀研究的 13 7Cs法具有简单、快速、准确的优点 ,目前已广泛应用于土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源研究。中国土壤侵蚀的 13 7Cs法研究经历了 :模仿与个体探索、群体深入研究和国际合作研究、推广应用几个阶段。在世界上占据了应有的地位。中国 13 7Cs研究主要集中于 :13 7Cs本底值、土壤侵蚀量计算模型、土壤侵蚀速率和相对产沙量等几个方面。今后 13 7Cs与其他核素结合研究土壤侵蚀 ,将具有更加广阔的前景     

赣南红壤丘陵区137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀对土壤养分元素的影响

赣南红壤丘陵区是我国土壤侵蚀与土地退化比较严重的地区,以南丰县为例,应用137 Cs示踪技术探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀与养分元素的关系。结果表明:(1)湿地松林、桔园、水田3种土地利用方式作用下土壤中137 Cs与养分元素分布差异显著,在垂直剖面上,湿地松林137 Cs含量呈指数递减分布,水田与桔园137 Cs含量因人为干扰在耕层内均匀分布;有机质与137 Cs有相似的分布特征;全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均呈现一定表聚性。(2)位于坡地的2种土地利用方式中,湿地松林137 Cs、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量均表现为下坡>上坡>中坡;桔园137 Cs活度表现为中坡>下坡>上坡,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷表现为下坡>中坡>上坡,而速效钾、有机质最大值均出现在上坡。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤137 Cs与有机质、全氮、碱解氮显著正相关,表明小流域有机质、氮元素可能与137 Cs有相同的物理运移方式,pH与137 Cs显著负相关,速效磷、速效钾则与137 Cs不相关。(4)3种土地利用方式中位于小流域谷地的水田137 Cs、有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最高,坡地上桔园坡面137 Cs与土壤养分元素含量均高于湿地松林地,表明一定程度的坡改梯桔园种植模式能有效缓解土壤侵蚀与养分流失,改善区域生态环境。     

基于137Cs的青藏高原高寒草甸土壤侵蚀及碳流失估算

[目的] 定量分析青藏高原高寒草甸土壤侵蚀状况及其伴随的碳流失,为全面评估土壤侵蚀影响,实施有效水土保持措施提供参考。[方法] 结合¹³⁷Cs示踪技术与前人研究,对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤的整体侵蚀水平及其土壤有机碳流失进行了估算。[结果] 未受人为扰动的高寒草甸土壤自上而下表现出3个层次(A,B和C层)的理化性质特征,其¹³⁷Cs分布遵循显著指数递减模式。目前,高原草甸土壤年均侵蚀模数约为77~230 t/km²,推测其每年直接导致的土壤有机碳损失量平均不低于4.86 t/km²。[结论] 青藏高原高寒草甸土壤侵蚀水平整体较弱,但因土壤侵蚀流失的有机碳不容忽视。在未来气候变化背景下,升温导致的土壤湿度下降对植被生长的限制,以及人类活动的影响,较大可能成为诱使青藏高原草甸土壤退化和有机碳流失的潜在因素。     

中国亚热带地区土地退化的分布及评价－以福建省东溪流域为例

Some alternative mehods for estimating soil erosion rates rapily were used to elucidate the relationship between the land use types and land degradation.The ^137Cs content,magnetic susceptibility,aggregate stability,and soil properties were studied in the Dongxi River Basin, a mountainous area of ewstern Fujian, A plot of ^137Cs inventory(Y) against slope angle(X) shows a strong inverse log-log relationship(r=-0.83), indicating that muh more soil erosion occurs on steeper slopes.Average soil loss(in thickness of top soil per year) in the past 30 years for arable slope crest,arable slopes and tea plantation slopes are 1.6,10.4 and 8.0 mm year^-1 respectively,The surface layer enrichment factor of magnetic susceptibility(Y) in soil aslo shows an inverse log-log relationship (r=-0.63), indicating a similar tendency with the realtionship between the ^137Cs inventory(Y) against slope angle (X).The Physical and chemical properties of soils among different land use types show different degraded characteristics at different significant levles.