杉木人工林树冠表面积及体积模型的研究

以福建杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林为研究对象,基于15块样地的33株标准木的解析数据,探讨了树冠平均表面积、最大表面积、平均体积、最大体积4个复合指标的预测模型。结果表明:4个树冠复合指标与胸径、树高、冠长、冠幅之间呈显著相关,相应的增加变量可提高模型的拟合精度,但当模型变量增加到2个以上时,模型精度提高不大。模型检验结果表明,以冠幅和冠长为变量的树冠表面积模型为最优;树冠体积以冠幅、冠长和树高为变量的模型为最优。模型的预估精度P均大于70.3%,说明模型可以较好地预估杉木人工林的树冠表面积和体积。     

建立在树冠竞争因子上的建柏人工林密度管理

本文根据含树冠竞争因子和树干体积的福建柏的单木模型,模拟出树冠充分郁闭时的模式林分。并根据单木冠幅、冠长和树高之间相互关系的回归方程,探讨福建柏人工林密度管理的若干问题。     

基于机载LiDAR的单木结构参数及林分有效冠的提取

【目的】基于机载激光雷达(LiDAR)数据提取单木树冠三维结构参数(树冠顶点位置、树高、冠幅和冠长),并在此基础上对林分有效冠进行提取,为进一步研究林分尺度上的有效冠结构及其动态提供依据,以更好掌握并改进林业经营措施。【方法】采用一定规则下的局部最大值窗口搜索树冠顶点,进行单木树冠顶点探测和单木树高提取;以树冠顶点为标记,利用标记控制分水岭分割算法提取单木冠幅;采用垂直方向点云高程检测方法获取枝下高位置,提取冠长;在标记控制分水岭分割出的树冠边界,提取树冠接触高,取平均值作为该样地的林分有效冠高。【结果】树冠分割正确率为88.5%;结合样地实测参数对提取值进行相关性分析,树高R~2=0.886 2,冠幅R~2=0.786 4,冠长R~2=0.800 0,树高、冠幅和冠长精度分别为90.34%、86.80%和89.90%;同一林分内单木接触高相对比较稳定,对提取的林分有效冠高进行单因素方差分析,无显著差异。【结论】基于机载LiDAR数据,采用可变大小的动态窗口搜索局部最大值点,能提高单木结构参数的提取精度;利用树冠顶点标记控制分水岭算法,将高空间分辨率航片作为辅助数据,可完成较高精度的单木冠幅提取;垂直方向点云高程检测方法可提取单木冠长;LiDAR点云数据可对林分有效冠进行提取,在同一林分中,不同样本数量对接触高提取的变异性影响不大,有效冠高大致相同。机载LiDAR数据具有良好的单木树冠三维结构参数提取能力,能够满足现代林业调查对单木结构参数提取的需要,实现对林分有效冠的提取。     

辽东山区人工红松中龄林干形规律及与树冠结构的关联性研究

红松人工林是辽东山区重要的果材兼用林,在涵养水源及发展地方经济方面具有重要的作用。为准确模拟辽东山区人工红松的干形变化规律及其影响因素,该研究基于大边沟林场设置的人工红松中龄林固定样地的每木检尺数据,测量标准地所有树木的胸径、树高等,分析了不同林龄的单木干形变化规律及干形与树冠结构因子(冠长、冠幅)的关联机制。结果表明:人工红松中龄林的高径比为0.46～0.75,高径比与冠长具有一定的线性关系,其中54年生红松的高径比与冠长关系较为明显,而51年生、58年生的红松干形与冠长关系不明显。54年生红松林单木干形与冠幅存在较好的线性关系,决定系数最高达0.57,随着单木冠幅的增加,高径比呈减小的趋势。     

花榈木人工林主要测树因子回归模型的研究

根据花榈木人工林样木的胸径、树高、冠幅、冠长测定数据,应用多方程选优法建立以胸径为辅助因子的树高、冠幅、绝对幅长、相对冠长以及树冠系数等因子的回归预估模型,旨在为生产应用提供定量依据。研究表明:主要测树因子间存在不同程度的线性或非线性关系,视测树因子而定。以相关系数来看,胸径与主要测树因子相关紧密程度从大到小依次为:冠幅、树高、绝对冠长、树冠系数和相对冠长。     

基于UAV遥感的单木冠幅提取及胸径估算模型研究

在森林资源调查中冠幅和胸径是重要的测树因子,自动获取冠幅和胸径值可以提高森林资源调查效率。以云南松为研究对象,基于无人机影像自动提取单木冠幅参数,拟合不同密度等级样地的单木冠幅和树冠面积与胸径的关系以估测单株胸径。首先利用标记控制分水岭分割算法对样地冠层高度模型(CHM)中的单株树冠进行分割,获取最大、最小冠幅和树冠面积,并与实测数据进行精度评价,然后将提取冠幅与树冠面积与实测胸径进行拟合,建立不同密度等级样地的一元回归模型和二元回归模型。结果表明:单木树冠分割准确率为86.26%,冠幅相对误差平均值为6.04%,冠幅面积的相对误差平均值为11.23%;在拟合的模型中,冠幅树冠面积-胸径模型的拟合效果最好,决定系数均在0.7以上,该模型验证数据相对误差均不超过5%,符合A类森林资源调查胸径误差值低于5%的要求。提出的基于无人机影像提取冠幅及预测树木胸径的方法较为准确,可推动森林资源调查自动化发展。     

特呈岛3种生境条件下白骨壤天然林的生长与树冠特征

文章以广东省湛江特呈岛高潮带、中潮带、低潮带白骨壤纯林为研究对象,调查了其树高、地径、冠长、冠幅以及分枝角度等,揭示了其生长及树冠特征.结果表明:不同潮带间白骨壤冠幅及树冠面积差异不显著(P＞0.05),而树高、地径、冠长及树冠体积均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),中潮带、高潮带与低潮带的树冠体积分别达31.522,15...     

基于空间结构的杉木树冠生长可视化模拟

[目的]定量研究杉木林分中不同空间结构对林木冠形生长变化的影响,实现基于空间结构的杉木树冠生长可视化模拟。[方法]以湖南省攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,在林分中选择并划分空间结构单元,进行冠形和空间结构数据调查,将林木东南西北4个方向的活枝下高、冠高、冠幅作为林木冠形描述因子,将周围木影响距离、相对树高定义为水平空间结构参数Ph和垂直空间结构参数Pv,使用多元逐步回归的分析方法,分析冠形描述因子与年龄、水平、垂直空间结构参数的关系,建立不同空间结构下杉木冠形的生长变化模型。基于B样条曲线模拟杉木冠形,构建不同生长阶段的三维杉木模型,结合三维动态渲染技术,实现杉木树冠生长的可视化模拟。[结果]通过对年龄和水平、垂直空间结构参数的逐步回归分析,结果表明:林木活枝下高、冠高和年龄、垂直空间结构参数呈现显著相关关系,模型决定系数R~2分别为0.754和0.813;林木各向冠幅和年龄、水平空间结构参数呈现极显著相关关系,模型决定系数R~2为0.623。基于杉木树冠生长模型和三维动态渲染技术,实现了树冠在东南西北不同方向的生长可视化。[结论]通过划分空间结构单元的方法选择研究目标并进行数据调查,使用逐步回归的方法,分析杉木冠形数据和年龄与空间结构数据的关系,建立树冠各方向活枝下高、冠高、冠幅的生长模型,结合三维动态渲染技术,使用MOGRE三维渲染引擎作为工具,实现了基于空间结构的杉木树冠生长可视化模拟。     

基于竞争指数的杉木林分生长可视化模拟研究

以我国南方速生丰产林——杉木纯林为研究对象,采用改进过的Hegyi的简单竞争指数模型对杉木纯林间的竞争强度进行定量分析,并建立单木生长模型,再通过径阶模型将其应用于全林分,将单木生长模型研究扩展到全林分生长模型研究。同时,通过可视化模拟技术,为更加逼真的恢复和重建林分空间结构提供理论依据。     

基于树高和树冠因子的高山松天然林单木材积模型构建

在云南省迪庆州和丽江市的5个县(区、市)的天然高山松林中选取269株样木作为研究对象,分析立木材积与胸径、树高、冠幅、冠长之间的关系,构建基于胸径、树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型,引入传统的胸高一元、二元模型与之相比较,分析其拟合效果,并分别做独立性模型检验。结果表明,立木材积与胸径相关度最高,其次为树高;在树冠因子中,立木材积与冠幅相关性高于冠长。基于树高、树冠因子的材积模型构建中,一元模型中树高的拟合效果最佳,R²为0.803 254;二元模型中树高与冠幅的拟合效果最佳,R²为0.874 176;三元模型中分别与树高、冠长、冠幅次方的拟合效果最佳,R²为0.880 104。针对激光雷达技术的应用范围、树枝枯损和精度提高等方面进行了讨论。     

Competition and tree crowns: A neighborhood analysis of three boreal tree species

Competition for canopy space is a fundamental structuring feature of forest ecosystems and remains an enduring focus of research attention. We used a spatial neighborhood approach to quantify the influence of local competition on the size of individual tree crowns in north-central British Columbia, where forests are dominated by subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and interior spruce (Picea glauca × engelmanii). Using maximum likelihood methods, we quantified crown radius and length as functions of tree size and competition, estimated by the species identity and spatial arrangement of neighboring trees. Tree crown size depended on tree bole size in all species. Given low levels of competition, pine displayed the widest, shortest tree crowns compared to the relatively long and narrow crowns found in spruce and fir. Sensitivity to crowding by neighbors declined with increasing tree height in all but the pine crown radius model. Five of the six selected best models included separate competition coefficients for each neighboring tree species, evidence that species generally differ in their competitive effects on neighboring tree crowns. The selected crown radius model for lodgepole pine, a shade-intolerant species, treated all neighbors as equivalent competitors. In all species, competition from neighbors exerted an important influence on crown size. Per-capita effects of competition across different sizes and species of neighbors and target trees varied, but subalpine fir generally displayed the strongest competitive effects on neighbors. Results from this study provide evidence that species differ both in their response to competition and in their competitive influence on neighbors, factors that may contribute to maintaining coexistence.     

21年生杉木无性系生长与遗传评价

对来源于湖南省的38个杉木无性系在广西柳州市21年生试验林各生长性状进行了调查与分析,发现中林龄杉木无性系间的胸径、树高、单株材积及树冠指标生长量均存在显著或极显著的差异;无性系树高、胸径、材积、枝下高、冠长及冠幅等性状重复力为58.65%87.19%,均达50%以上,表现为中等以上重复力,说明杉木无性系生长性状及树冠性状具有较高的遗传稳定性;无性系生长性状胸径、树高及材积与树冠性状冠长、冠幅均呈显著或极显著正相关;从38个供试杉木无性系中筛选出88号、68号、300号等3个优良杉木无性系,单株材积分别达0.494 8、0.438 9、0.412 9 m3,较优良种源、改良代种子园种子及优良家系组成的5个实生对照平均值分别高出43.59%、27.37%和19.82%。     

参数化林木个体及林分场景可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以1块林分边界规整的典型杉木人工同龄纯林为研究对象,测定林木胸径、树高、冠幅、冠高与活枝下高等测树因子及林木位置信息。研究冠形曲线函数,利用Direct 3D技术,实现冠形控制下的参数化林木模拟。研究林木模型格式转换方法,为林分场景构建提供模型数据,结合MOGRE技术,研究林分场景模拟技术方法,实现林分场景可视化模拟。结果表明：参数化林木个体建模算法简单适用,测树因子信息可直接用于林木个体可视化模拟,所建模型可体现林木个体差异,形态逼真;利用MOGRE技术可快速、有效模拟林分场景,所建场景真实感较强。此方法所需数据易于获取,适用性强,可对林木个体及林分场景进行逼真模拟,可为研究林木竞争关系、林分生长、林分结构与林分经营提供新思路。     

杉木人工林单木断面积生长动态模拟

应用面板数据固定效应模型对杉木人工林单木断面积生长规律进行模拟,在模拟过程中,将胸径(DBH)和活冠比例(LCR)作为自变量,又分别加入密度因子和不同类型的竞争指数,同时引入立地条件和林龄效应来解释单木断面积生长过程中的异质性。结果表明:虽然密度因子与竞争指数有较强的相关性,但是在单木断面积生长中都具有不可忽略的重要影响。立地条件与林龄对单木断面积的拟合偏差在不同的林分密度下略有不同,随立地指数或者林龄增加,其对平均单木断面积拟合偏差的影响也增大。     

Crown plasticity in mixed forests—Quantifying asymmetry as a measure of competition using terrestrial laser scanning

Interspecific competition is a key process determining the dynamics of mixed forest stands and influencing the yield of multispecies tree plantations. Trees can respond to competitive pressure from neighbors by crown plasticity, thereby avoiding competition. We employed a high-resolution ground-based laser scanner to analyze the 3-dimensional extensions and shape of the tree crowns in a near-natural broad-leaved mixed forest in order to quantify the direction and degree of crown asymmetry of 15 trees (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus) in detail. We also scanned the direct neighbors and analyzed the distance of their crown centres and the crown shape with the aim to predict the crown asymmetry of the focal tree from competition-relevant attributes of its neighbors. It was found that the combination of two parameters, one summarizing the size of the neighbor (DBH) and one describing the distance to the neighbor tree (HD), was most suitable for characterizing the strength of the competitive interaction exerted on a target tree by a given neighbor. By summing up the virtual competitive pressure of all neighbors in a single competitive pressure vector, we were able to predict the direction of crown asymmetry of the focal tree with an accuracy of 96° on the full circle (360°).The competitive pressure model was equally applicable to beech, ash and hornbeam trees and may generate valuable insight into competitive interactions among tree crowns in mixed stands, provided that sufficiently precise data on the shape and position of the tree crowns is available. Multiple-aspect laser-scanning proved to be an accurate and practicable approach for analyzing the complex 3-dimensional shape of the tree crowns, needed to quantify the plasticity of growth processes in the canopy. We conclude that the laser-based analysis of crown plasticity offers the opportunity to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of canopy space exploration and also may produce valuable advice for the silvicultural management of mixed stands.     

基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型研究

[目的]由于激光雷达技术已经能准确测定立木树高及相关树冠因子,应用该技术建立基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型,为激光技术在森林蓄积估计中提供技术支撑.[方法]利用云杉、冷杉、栎树、桦树4个树种组的3 010株实测样木数据,分析了立木材积与胸径、树高、树冠因子之间的相关关系;并通过对数回归方法构建了基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型,用确定系数R²和平均预估误差MPE等6项指标对模型进行评价.[结果]表明,立木材积与单一因子之间的相关,以胸径最为紧密,其次是树高,再次是冠长和冠幅.基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积模型中,以树高和冠幅作为解释变量的二元模型效果较好,再增加冠长因子的三元模型改进不大.云杉、冷杉、栎树、桦树4个树种组基于树高冠幅的立木材积模型,其R²分别为0.81、0.80、0.76和0.77,MPE分别为4.7%、5.3%、5.4%和5.3%,模型预估精度均能达到95%左右.[结论]本文对材积与林木因子之间相关关系的定量分析,建立了云杉、冷杉、栎树、桦树4个树种的立木材积模型,模型预估精度高.为激光雷达技术定量估测森林参数提供了依据.     

Predicting mortality for five California conifers following wildfire

Fire injury was characterized and survival monitored for 5677 trees >25 cm DBH from five wildfires in California that occurred between 2000 and 2004. Logistic regression models for predicting the probability of mortality 5-years after fire were developed for incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin), white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi Balf.), and ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa C. Lawson). Differences in crown injury variables were also compared for Jeffrey and ponderosa pine. Most mortality (70–88% depending on species) occurred within 2 years post-wildfire and had stabilized by year 3. Crown length and crown volume injury variables predicted tree mortality equally well; however, the variables were not interchangeable. Crown injury and cambium kill rating was significant in predicting mortality in all models. DBH was only a significant predictor of mortality for white fir and the combined ponderosa and Jeffrey pine models developed from the McNally Fire; these models all predicted increasing mortality with increasing tree size. Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) was a significant predictor variable for sugar pine, ponderosa pine, and Jeffrey pine; ambrosia beetle (Trypodendron and Gnathotrichus spp.) was a significant predictor variable for white fir. The mortality models and post-fire tree survival characteristics provide improved prediction of 5-year post-wildfire tree mortality for several California conifers. The models confirm the overall importance of crown injury in predicting post-fire mortality compared to other injury variables for all species. Additional variables such as cambium kill, bark beetles, and tree size improved model accuracies, but likely not enough to justify the added expense of data collection.     

坡位对15年生杉木人工纯林生长的影响

通过对15 a生杉木人工纯林在不同坡位上的生长表现进行研究,结果表明:坡位对15 a生杉木人工纯林树高生长、胸径生长、冠幅生长均有显著影响;人工林林分的平均胸径、平均树高、平均冠幅等生长指标一致表现为下坡位>中坡位>上坡位。坡位间平均胸径生长和平均树高生长均表现为:上坡位与中坡位无显著差异,上坡位与下坡位差异极显著(p<0.01),中坡位与下坡位差异极显著(p<0.01);坡位间冠幅生长差异均为极显著(p<0.01)。     

Applicability of non-destructive substitutes for leaf area in different stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) focusing on traditional forest crown measures

Since individual tree leaf area is an important measure for productivity as well as for site occupancy, it is of high interest in many studies about forest growth. The exact determination of leaf area is nearly impossible. Thus, a common way to get information about leaf area is to use substitutes. These substitutes are often variables which are collected in a destructive way which is not feasible for long term studies. Therefore, this study aimed at testing the applicability of using substitutes for leaf area which could be collected in a non-destructive way, namely crown surface area and crown projection area. In 8 stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), divided into three age classes and two thinning treatments, a total of 156 trees were felled in order to test the relationship between leaf area and crown surface area and crown projection area, respectively. Individual tree leaf area of the felled sample trees was estimated by 3P-branch sampling with an accuracy of ±10%. Crown projection area and crown surface area were compared with other, more commonly used, but destructive predictors of leaf area, namely sapwood area at different heights on the bole. Our investigations confirmed findings of several studies that sapwood area is the most precise measure for leaf area because of the high correlation between sapwood area and the leaf area. But behind sapwood area at crown base and sapwood area at three tenth of the tree height the predictive ability of crown surface area was ranked third and even better than that of sapwood area at breast height (R² = 0.656 compared with 0.600). Within the stands leaf area is proportional to crown surface area. Using the pooled data of all stands a mixed model approach showed that additionally to crown surface area dominant height and diameter at breast height (dbh) improved the leaf area estimates. Thus, taking dominant height and dbh into account, crown surface area can be recommended for estimating the leaf area of individual trees. The resulting model was in line with many other findings on the leaf area and leaf mass relationships with crown size. From the additional influence of dominant height and dbh in the leaf area model we conclude that the used crown model could be improved by estimating the position of the maximum crown width and the crown width at the base of the crown depending on these two variables.