不同油茶无性系苗期光合特性比较

为了油茶(Camellia oleifera)的科学引种和稳产高产,对油茶的5个无性系幼苗的光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,油茶5个无性系的净光合速率日变化均呈"双峰"曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象,为非气孔限制型。蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和净光合速率(Pn)的变化规律趋于一致,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与Pn负相关。用直角双曲线修正模型进行光响应拟合,其拟合程度较高,油茶5个无性系的最大净光合速率在3.8~7.2μmol/(m~2·s)之间,光补偿点(LCP)在7.57~11.56μmol/(m~2·s)之间光饱和点(LSP)在752.55~833.33μmol/(m~2·s)之间。不同油茶无性系的光合能力对环境条件有不同的适应性,湘林97号的光合能力最强,湘林1号和湘林7号其次,湘林81号和湘林82号最弱。     

不同强度修剪对幼龄期油茶无性系生长及结实的影响

2004年冬在江西中部新余市设置两片油茶幼林修剪试验林。结果表明,在生长势良好林分中,修剪处理对次年春梢的抽生长度、次年新梢数量以及次年产量均具有显著或极显著影响,但对全年新梢长度及粗度,以及次年的花芽数影响不显著。修剪虽然对无性系间的新梢长度和粗度影响不大,但对无性系间的新梢数量、花芽数量及产量却有显著影响。修剪对亚林4号和亚林56号无性系有较好的促进作用,而对亚林27号无性系有较明显的抑制作用。其新梢数量分别比对照增加87.20%和6.47%,而亚林27号无性系则比对照低49.33%;次年结果数则分别比对照增加153.72%和5.49%,而亚林27号无性系则比对照低44.39%。在生长势一般的林分中,强度修剪明显抑制了幼林的生长。因此,油茶幼林修剪需要考虑无性系和长势因素。     

5个苦楝无性系光合特性的初步研究

为深入了解苦楝无性系光合生理特性,比较不同无性系叶片光合参数的差异。本文以5个苦楝优良无性系为参试对象,用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci),并进行分析比较。结果表明:参试苦楝无性系胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和生理水分利用率(WUE)存在极显著差异;叶片净光合速率(Pn)和叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)存在显著差异;气孔导度(Gs)差异不显著。苏楝J104、苏楝J7和苏楝J61净光合速率(Pn)较大,其中苏楝J61生理水分利用率(WUE)较高。     

5个油茶优良无性系光合及叶片解剖特征比较分析

为给进一步筛选高光效、优良的油茶无性系提供参考依据,选择5个油茶优良无性系(‘湘林’系列XL210、XL82、XL190、XL81、XL14)9年生植株,于2013年7月观测了其光合参数及叶片解剖特征。结果表明:净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线,XL14呈"单峰型",其他无性系均为"双峰型",不同无性系峰值出现的时间及峰值大小不完全相同,各无性系的Pn日均值从大到小依次为XL14XL81XL82XL210XL190,各无性系的单位面积产油量均值都随Pn值的增大而增大,Pn与叶绿素a、叶绿素(a+b)和叶绿素a/b之间均存在显著的正相关关系;5个无性系的叶片解剖特征值之间差异明显,栅栏组织/叶片厚度、栅栏组织/海绵组织的比值与Pn及单位面积产油量间均呈显著正相关。     

施肥对油茶幼林营养生长的影响

对长林系列油茶无性系分别施有机肥、复合肥、尿素,环状沟施或散施处理,观测各无性系树高、冠幅、地径、新梢长度的生长量指标并进行分析,结果表明:不同追肥处理对油茶幼林树高、冠幅等营养生长性状有显著影响:3种肥料对油茶幼林营养生长的促进作用有机肥＞复合肥＞尿素;不同施肥对油茶幼林营养生长的促进作用冠幅＞树高＞新梢长＞地径;沟施效果好于散施.     

油茶树冠不同部位的果实性状差异及综合评价

以10个油茶无性系为试验对象,研究了树冠不同部位的果实性状,并运用主成分分析法进行了综合评价。结果表明,不同无性系的树冠内、外部的果实鲜果含水率、单果鲜重、鲜出籽率、干出籽率、干籽出仁率、种仁含油率、皮厚和单位面积产量等性状存在显著差异,其中长林3号、长林4号、长林18号、长林23号、长林53号、鄂油81号和鄂油151号的树冠内部果实的出籽率和出仁率显著大于树冠外部果实,长林40号和鄂油102号则相反;长林4号、长林53号和鄂油102号树冠外部的果实单位面积产量显著大于树冠内部果实;长林4号和长林23号树冠内部果实的不饱和脂肪酸显著大于树冠外部果实;综合评价表明10个无性系的树冠内、外果实性状综合排名基本相近。     

油茶无性系嫁接苗在湘西南地区的生长表现

以长林系列和湘林系列10个油茶优良无性系为试材,进行油茶芽苗砧嫁接苗田间移栽对比试验,并对不同无性系嫁接苗苗期生长性状进行观察和测定。结果表明:10个无性系嫁接苗平均成活率和平均抽梢率均表现良好,分别为81.3%和84.5%,其中长林53号成活率最高为92.7%,长林27号抽梢率最高为96.1%;各无性系苗木长势好,苗木高度、地径和根系、叶片生长都较茁壮,虽有不同程度的差异,但变异幅度不大,成活率和抽梢率变异幅度分别为32.2%和35.2%,苗高、地径、高径比、根深和根幅,变异幅度为17.2%～44.4%,叶片生长数变异幅度稍大为50.8%。说明各无性系生长整齐、均匀,群体生长优势明显,适于湘西南地区推广栽培。     

枝系构型中的化感塑造作用

同一种树木，长在密林中和长在林外，树形非常不同。通过理论分析提出树冠枝系构型的化感塑造作用，认为枝叶释放挥发性化感物质，抑制叶芽萌发，压弯树干和冠底层侧枝，从而清理树冠内膛、自然修剪侧枝，改善树冠形态，适应林内林外生境，对树冠所在光照空间的利用达到最大化。     

油茶不同品种树冠内外果实性状差异及综合评价

以油茶长林系列和鄂油系列10个品种为对象,研究了10个品种树形指数差异及树冠内外果实性状差异,并运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法进行综合评价。结果表明：长林40号和鄂油102号为直立形,树形指数较大,为1.11～1.12,直立形品种树体外部果实性状大于内部,树冠内外单位面积果实产量和果实品质差异不显著;鄂油63号为开张形,树形指数较小,为0.71,开张形品种树冠外部果实出籽率大于内部,内部果实种仁含油率大于外部,单位面积果实产量和果实品质差异不显著;其他7个品种为球形,树形指数为0.89～1.03,球形品种树冠内部果实性状大于外部,树冠内外果实种仁含油率因品种不同存在差异,单位面积果实产量和果实品质差异不显著。同一品种树冠内外果实综合性状存在一定差异,但综合评价排名基本都相近,这与对品种总体进行综合评价结果一致。聚类分析结果将10个品种分为长林53号大果高产高油质品种、鄂油151号低产高油皮薄品种和中优型3类。     

3个油茶优良无性系光合特性研究

采用LCPRO+ 便携式光合测定仪测定油茶无性系岑软3号、赣190和湘林11在果实油脂转化期光合作用日变化,结果表明:岑软3号净光合速率(Pn)日变化为单峰型,无明显"午休"现象,湘林11和赣190呈双峰型,有光合"午休".蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化岑软3号和湘林11为单峰型,赣190呈双峰型.净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率日均值为岑软3号＞湘林11＞赣190.岑软3号、湘林11、赣190最大净光合速率依次为14.84、13.64、12.45 μmol/(m2·s).相关性分析表明:岑软3号、赣190和湘林11气孔导度(Gs)与其净光合速率均呈显著正相关,且赣190和湘林11达极显著水平;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与其净光合速率均为显著负相关.     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.     

Ungulate herbivory of regenerating conifers in relation to foliar nutrition and terpenoid production

Ungulate browsing greatly influences regeneration dynamics of some forest ecosystems, yet the relationship between browse susceptibility and foliar chemistry of forest tree seedlings is not well understood. We applied field fertilization (15N-9P-10K controlled-release fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, and 60 g per seedling) and investigated how subsequent changes in terpenoid production and foliar nutrition influence ungulate browse preference for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings across four sites in northwestern Oregon, USA. Fertilization increased foliar N concentration of all three species, but above-ground growth of only Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Foliar monoterpene concentrations for western hemlock and western redcedar also increased at higher fertilization rates, while Douglas-fir monoterpene production was not affected by fertilization. Regardless of monoterpene levels, ungulate browse preference was greater for fertilized western hemlock seedlings. The opposite response, however, was observed for western redcedar at two of the four study sites where the likelihood of browse was greater for non-fertilized than fertilized seedlings. Differences in browse preference among species may depend on the type and amount of individual monoterpenes manufactured in response to fertilization. Western redcedar produce α- and β-thujone, oxygenated monoterpenes known to promote gastroenteritis and possibly inhibit microbial rumen activity, which were absent from Douglas-fir or western hemlock. Higher concentrations of α- and β-thujone associated with increasing fertilizer rate provide a plausible explanation as to why ungulates preferred non-fertilized western redcedar. Our results illustrate species-specific adaptation in browse avoidance and selective ungulate browsing behavior of individual trees as linked to foliar chemistry.     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.