Effects of hemolysis on plasma electrolyte and chemistry values in the common green iguana (Iguana iguana).

Hemolysis of serum and plasma samples is a common problem in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. We measured the effects of hemolysis on nine plasma analytes in 10 clinically normal common green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Blood samples with moderate and marked hemolysis were produced from each iguana by freezing, centrifuging, and decanting plasma from a portion of each blood sample, and combining the nonhemolyzed plasma with different amounts of hemolyzed plasma from the same individual. Moderate hemolysis significantly increased plasma phosphorus levels. Marked hemolysis significantly increased plasma values of potassium, phosphorus, total protein, and aspartate aminotransferase. The severity of hemolysis must be considered when interpreting values for these analytes in iguana plasma.     

Comparison of biochemical values in serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma, and hemolyzed samples from orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica)

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, on the basis of sample type, storage condition, or hemolysis, differences in serum and plasma biochemical values have not been evaluated in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare values for biochemical analytes in serum vs plasma, fresh vs frozen plasma, and nonhemolyzed vs hemolyzed samples in orange-winged Amazon parrots. We also compared differences in serum and plasma yield from whole-blood aliquots. METHODS: Fifteen biochemical analytes were evaluated in paired serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma, nonhemolyzed and hemolyzed serum and plasma samples from orange-winged Amazon parrots (n = 10) using a wet reagent analyzer. Hemolysis was assessed qualitatively (visually) and quantitatively (hemoglobin [Hgb] measured spectrophotometrically). Serum and plasma yields from 500-microl whole-blood aliquots were determined from centrifuged samples. RESULTS: Analyte values significantly differed among sample groups, but were still within published reference intervals, with the exception of increases in potassium concentration in markedly hemolyzed serum and plasma samples. Clinically important changes in hemolyzed serum and plasma samples included increases in potassium, phosphorus, and albumin concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The degree of hemolysis assigned qualitatively did not correlate with quantitative Hgb concentration. A significantly greater yield of plasma (288 +/- 13 microL) than serum (241 +/- 44 microL) was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences may occur in different sample types, however, only changes in potassium, phosphorus, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase values in hemolyzed samples were considered clinically relevant. Lack of agreement between qualitative and quantitative Hgb concentration indicates the unreliability of visual estimation. Based on higher sample yield, and lack of clinically relevant differences from serum, plasma is a better sample choice for clinical chemistry analysis in birds.     

Effect of hemolysis on nonesterified fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in bovine blood.

Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) assays are used for evaluating dairy herds for negative energy balance and subclinical ketosis, respectively. Hemolysis is a common artifact in samples submitted to diagnostic laboratories. The effect of hemolysis on NEFA and BHB in bovine serum was determined. Hemolysis was introduced into 26 serum samples by adding serial dilutions of a red cell hemolysate, prepared by repeated freeze-thawing of EDTA-anticoagulated bovine blood. NEFA, BHB, and degree of hemolysis (hemolytic index) were measured by an automated chemistry analyzer. Two endpoint assays that differed by inclusion of a sample blank were used for NEFA measurement. A kinetic enzymatic assay with 2 reagent sources was used for BHB measurement. The assessed methods yielded similar NEFA or BHB results in baseline, nonhemolyzed samples (median NEFA: 0.25 mEq/L, median BHB: 3 mg/dL, median hemolytic index: 8 units). NEFA results were adversely affected by hemolysis, with values increasing significantly with higher degrees of hemolysis. Median values increased above a critical medical decision limit (0.40 mEq/L) at a hemolytic index of 506 units (marked hemolysis). This increase was prevented by inclusion of a sample blank. Result interpretation was affected in individual animals when samples were moderately hemolyzed (median hemolytic index: 258 units). In contrast, BHB results were unaffected by hemolysis with either reagent source. Thus, assays for measuring NEFAs should include a sample blank and NEFA results should not be interpreted in moderately to markedly hemolyzed bovine samples, because result accuracy cannot be assured.     

Effects of storage conditions and hemolysis on vitamin E concentrations in porcine serum and liver.

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is an antioxidant vitamin important in protecting unsaturated fatty acids in lipid membranes from peroxidation. Variation in collection, storage, and shipping conditions of samples can potentially lead to breakdown of vitamin E prior to analysis. Therefore, the purposes of this project were 1) to determine the stability of vitamin E in refrigerated and frozen porcine liver and serum and 2) to evaluate the effects of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis on porcine serum vitamin E concentrations. Porcine liver and nonhemolyzed serum were collected and stored refrigerated or frozen. Samples were analyzed for vitamin E immediately or on days 2, 3, 7, or 14. In addition, porcine RBCs were added to normal serum at concentrations from 1 x 10(6) to 1 X 10(9) RBC/ml and hemolyzed by freeze-thaw prior to analysis for vitamin E or products of lipid peroxidation.     

Hemolysis as a factor in clinical chemistry and hematology of the dog

Serum biochemical, hemostatic, and hematologic analytes were determined by four laboratories on dog serum or plasmas containing increasing amounts of hemolysate. From the results of testing, interferographs were prepared to aid in decision making and to enhance visualization of the effects of hemolysis on the determination of the analytes. Heniktsus consistently interfered with the analysis of creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, lipase, and albumin, all of which appeared to increase with increasing hemolysis. The results for the remainder of the biochemical, hemostatic, and hematologic analytes varied greatly among analyzers or methods, rarely in a predictable manner, indicating that each laboratory should evaluate the effects of hemolysis on each analyzer and for each method used, in order to make informed decisions on the use of hemolyzed but irreplaceable samples.     

Serum biochemical and hematologic values of normal and Mycobacterium bovis-infected American bison

Hematologic and serum biochemical tests were used to monitor the health of 3 groups of bison in an experimental study of tuberculosis. Bison were randomly assigned to Mycobacterium bovis-infected, M. bovis-sensitized, and uninfected control groups. Hematologic measurements included total and differential leukocyte counts, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), fibrinogen, and plasma proteins. Biochemical tests included serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) in any test values between groups of bison. The bison data were combined and compared to similar data of cattle. The mean values for PCV and Hb were higher than values (PCV 24-46%, Hb 8-15 g/dl) for cattle. Mycobacterium bovis-infected bison had a slight increase in the number of blood monocytes and lymphocytes when compared to the uninfected bison but were within the normal ranges for bison and cattle. Other hematologic parameters were within normal ranges reported for cattle. Creatinine levels in all bison were above the normal range (1.0-1.5 mg/dl) for cattle. Phosphorus levels for M. bovis-infected and M. bovis-sensitized bison exceeded the normal range (5.6-8.0 mg/dl) reported for cattle. The level for uninfected bison was near the upper limit of normal for cattle. Mean values for other serum biochemical tests were within the normal ranges reported for cattle.     

Copper and zinc levels in the blood of thoroughbreds in training in the United Kingdom

The concentration of copper and zinc in the blood and sera of over 300 Thoroughbreds in training was determined by atomic absorption between February 1979 and July 1981. The mean (+/- sd) concentration of copper in the serum of stabled Thoroughbreds (79 +/- 16 micrograms/dl) was significantly (P less than 0.0001) lower than that of those at grass (101 +/- 26 micrograms/dl), whereas the mean serum zinc concentration of stabled Thoroughbreds (170 +/- 54 micrograms/dl) was higher than that of those at grass (111 +/- 45 micrograms/dl). No such differences were observed in whole blood. There were marked differences in the mean serum copper and zinc concentrations in the blood of Thoroughbreds housed in different stables. Significant changes occurred throughout the year in the mean values from individual stables. However, there were no such changes in the mean values of the total population. The observed differences were probably caused by dietary variations. The results emphasise the need to establish reference values related to diet if copper and zinc levels in blood are to be used for interpretative purposes.     

Comparison of quantitative immunoturbidimetric and semiquantitative latex‐agglutination assays for D‐dimer measurement in canine plasma

Background: D‐dimer measurement in dogs is considered the most reliable test for detecting disseminated intravascular coagulation or thromboembolism. Objectives: The purposes of this study were to compare 2 D‐dimer assays, a quantitative immunoturbidimetric and a semiquantitative latex agglutination assay, and to assess the effect of hemolysis and storage conditions on D‐dimer concentration using the quantitative assay. Methods: The immunoturbidimetric assay was validated using canine citrated plasma samples containing different concentrations of D‐dimer. The effect of storage at various temperatures and times was assessed. Hemolysis was produced by adding lysed RBCs to the samples for a final hemoglobin concentration of 0.35 g/dL. Results: For clinically relevant values (>250 μg/L), intra‐assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.8% and 7.2%. The assay was linear (r²=1.00), and the tests had good agreement (κ=0.685, P<.001). Storage at 4 °C and ?20 °C and hemolysis had no significant effect on D‐dimer concentrations. In hemolyzed samples stored at room temperature for ≥48 hours, fine clots were noted and often resulted in falsely increased D‐dimer concentrations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the immunoturbidimetric assay validated in this study is reliable and accurate for the measurement of D‐dimer in canine plasma. Samples can be stored for up to 1 month at ?20 °C and moderate hemolysis does not significantly affect the D‐dimer concentration in frozen or refrigerated samples.     

Serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations as predictors of major intestinal injury associated with equine colic

To determine the reliability with which inorganic phosphorus (phosphate) concentrations can be used to predict major intestinal injury associated with equine colic, phosphate concentrations were measured in serum, peritoneal fluid, or both from 9 clinically normal adult horses (group A), 37 horses successfully managed medically for signs of abdominal pain (group B), 26 horses with signs of abdominal pain and undergoing exploratory laparotomy without intestinal resection (group C), and 26 horses undergoing intestinal resection or euthanasia for extensive intestinal lesions (group D). Peritoneal fluid phosphate concentration was significantly greater in horses in group D (mean, 4.58 +/- 0.34 mg/dl) than in horses in group A (mean, 2.78 +/- 0.21 mg/dl), group B (mean, 2.92 +/- 0.27 mg/dl), and group C (mean, 2.98 +/- 0.28 mg/dl; P less than or equal to 0.01). Serum phosphate concentration was significantly greater in horses in group D (mean, 3.87 +/- 0.30 mg/dl) than in horses in group A (mean, 2.73 +/- 0.22 mg/dl), group B (mean, 2.80 +/- 0.21 mg/dl), and group C (mean, 2.78 +/- 0.22 mg/dl); P less than or equal to 0.05). There was significant (P less than or equal to 0.001) correlation between serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations within each group and when pairs from all groups were pooled. When peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations exceeded 3.6 mg/dl, intestinal lesions requiring resection or euthanasia were predicted with sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 76%. When serum phosphate concentrations exceeded 3.3 mg/dl, such lesions were predicted with sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 73%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effect of three phlebotomy techniques on hematological and clinical chemical evaluation in sprague-dawley rats

The effects of three phlebotomy techniques - periorbital sinus puncture, tail vein incision and cardiac puncture - were determined on seven hematological parameters and seven clinical chemical parameters in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The mean erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit were reduced with cardiac puncture as compared to the other two techniques. There was a statistically significant increase in the variance of each of these parameters except the leukocyte count. The mean serum lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate animotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and creatinine were greater in samples collected by cardiac puncture than with the periorbital sinus and tail vein techniques. A statistically significant difference in variance was observed between the orbital sinus puncture and the cardiac puncture for each of these parameters. In all cases except lactate dehydrogenase, the values from the orbital sinus and tail vein techniques were comparable for both hematology and clinical chemistry. A large variance was found by all three techniques for both alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the rat. Over 60% of the serum samples were hemolyzed from the cardiac puncture technique while approximately 25% of the serum samples from tail vein incision were hemolyzed. In this laboratory the lack of hemolysis and the lower variance make the periorbital sinus venipuncture technique the method of choice for collection of blood samples from rats.     

Effect of size and temperature on the quantity of immunoglobulin in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Concentrations of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) were determined for 30 channel catfish from pond water at 10 degrees C. These values were compared to measurements of 15 channel catfish from pond water at 30 degrees C. Channel catfish from 10 degrees C pond water had no significant (P greater than 0.05) different Ig concentrations (mean, 398 mg/dl) than catfish from 30 degrees C pond water (mean, 367 mg/dl). Serum Ig concentrations appear not to be different in cold (10 degrees C) vs warm (30 degrees C) pond water for 37.5-45 cm catfish. Channel catfish, 7.5-15 cm (n = 24) had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower Ig levels (mean, 104 mg/dl) than catfish either 7.5-25.5 cm (n = 57, mean, 232 mg/dl) or 37.5-45 cm (n = 45, mean, 388 mg/dl). Also, catfish 17.5-25.5 cm had a significantly (P less than 0.05) less Ig than catfish 37.5-45 cm. The concentrations of serum Ig increase with size (P = 0.0001) of catfish. The mean Ig concentration for 7.5-45 cm catfish (n = 126) was 263 mg/dl. The Ig concentration range was 44 to 650 mg/dl of serum.     

Alleviation of reproductive toxicity of gossypol using selenium supplementation in rams

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of gossypol and the possible counteracting effect of selenium supplementation in rams. Twenty-five mature crossbred (Barki × Rahamni) rams were randomly divided into 5 equal groups. The first group served as a control (no gossypol in diet). The second and third groups received diets containing free gossypol of 9 and 14 mg·kg(-1) BW·d(-1)(low level and high level of gossypol), respectively. The fourth and fifth groups received the same diets given to the second and third groups, respectively, with an oral administration of 1 mg selenium (as sodium selenite) daily for each animal. Results showed reductions in ejaculate volume (P = 0.028), percentage of dead sperm (P = 0.003), total functional sperm fraction (P < 0.001), and blood serum concentration of testosterone (P < 0.001) in the presence of both levels of gossypol inclusion. Furthermore, high level of gossypol reduced forward motility (P < 0.001) and semen initial fructose concentration (P = 0.002) and increased abnormal-head sperm (P = 0.003) and blood serum concentration of triiodothyronine (P = 0.006). Regardless of selenium supplementation, increasing level of free gossypol in diet resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of forward motility (P = 0.037) and significant increases in the mean values of sperm concentration (P < 0.001), total sperm output (P = 0.002), percentage of total abnormal sperm (P = 0.058), and abnormal-head sperm (P = 0.016). On the other hand, regardless of levels of gossypol inclusion, selenium supplementation resulted in significant increases in libido (P < 0.001), mean values of ejaculate volume (P < 0.001), percentage of forward motility (P = 0.019), total sperm output (P < 0.001), total functional sperm fraction (P < 0.001), semen initial fructose concentration (P = 0.031), and blood serum concentrations of both testosterone and triiodothyronine (P < 0.001). In conclusion, free gossypol in diet induced adverse effects on semen quality in rams, but selenium supplementation successfully counteracts most of the hazardous effects of gossypol on semen characteristics.     

猪全血溶血对猪瘟抗体检测的影响

为研究猪全血溶血是否对猪瘟抗体效价产生影响,在明溪县某规模养殖场选择注射过2次猪瘟疫苗的肉猪20头,抽取全血各2份,共40份,相同条件保存,使其中1份溶血。将进行溶血处理和未处理的全血离心出的血清进行物理性状观察和ELISA检测,并对检测的OD值进行比较分析。结果发现,是否溶血对ELISA检测的OD值无统计学差异,表明短期内只要保存得当,是否溶血不会造成猪瘟抗体效价的显著降低。     

Effects of hemolysis on serum chemistry analytes in ratites

Since hemolysis has been a common problem in submitted ratite serum samples, a study was performed to determine interference by hemolysates. Nine chemistry analytes including glucose, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AS7), calcium (Ca), phosphorus, and uric acid were evaluated on a wet reagent analyzer (Ciba Corning Express 550) and on a dry slide reagent analyzer (VetTest 8008). In emus, increasing hemoglobin concentrations increased total protein, albumin, and CK for both analyzers. With increasing hemoglobin concentrations, the Ciba Corning 550 analyte values were increased for AST, Ca, and uric acid and decreased for glucose and phosphorus, the opposite effect was seen in values from the VetTest 8008. GGT levels were variable or sometimes undetectable. Changes in ostrich analytes with hemolysis were similar to emus using the same analyzer. The effects of serum hemolysis often differed in magnitude and direction between the two chemistry analyzers. Interferographs were constructed to aid in rapid assessment of the effects of hemolysis on submitted serum samples.     

The haematological examination of canine blood samples received by post: the influence of delay in examination on red cell parameters

The mean packed cell volume (PCV) for canine blood samples received by post was significantly higher than that for fresh samples, at each haemoglobin value over the range 9 to 19 g/dl. As a consequence the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) also differed. Apart from one Hb value there was no significant difference in the mean red blood cell (rbc) count over the Hb range 6 to 14 g/dl. It is suggested that the normal values for the PCV and MCV should be 3 to 5% and 5 to 7 f 1 higher respectively for postal samples as compared to fresh samples while the MCHC should be about 3 to 4 g/dl lower.     

Corpuscular oxidation in newborn crossbred calves naturally infected with Theileria annulata

Erythrocytic lipid peroxidation has been implicated as a cause of anemia in Theileria annulata infection in cattle. The present study aimed to evaluate oxidative damage of membrane lipids and proteins in addition to hemoglobin (Hb) as three criterions of erythrocyte oxidation and their relation to erythrocyte deformability and anemia of newborn crossbred calves (Friesian × Egyptian Balady breed) naturally infected with T. annulata. Twenty-five T. annulata-infected calves (aged 20-30 days) along with 15 age matched healthy controls were used. Percentage of parasitemia varied from 12% to 63% (34.76 ± 3.05%). In comparison to controls, infected calves showed increased levels (P<0.001) of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA, 52%) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls; PCs, 132%) in erythrocyte membrane as well as increased values of Hb oxidation (methemoglobin; MetHb, 186%), corpuscular osmotic fragility (15.1%) and hemolysis (free Hb; 195.5%). Parasitemia was positively correlated with MDA (r=0.41, P=0.039), PCs (r=0.45, P=0.023) and MetHb (r=0.40, P=0.042). Also, percent of erythrocytic deformability (echinocytosis) was positively correlated with MDA (r=0.49, P=0.013) and PCs (r=0.63, P<0.001). On the other hand, erythrocytic packed cell volume was negatively correlated with MDA (r=-0.44, P=0.028), PCs (r=-0.72, P<0.001) and MetHb (r=-0.42, P=0.037). In conclusion, T. annulata infection is associated with a parasitic burden-dependant oxidative damage to the erythrocyte membrane protein and lipid contents in addition to Hb. This oxidative damage is linked to the morphological changes of the erythrocyte and may act as mechanisms contribute to pathogenesis of anemia in T. annulata infection in newborn calves.     

Preliminary studies on the acid soluble glycoproteins in serum and their diagnostic value for acute inflammatory diseases in cattle

The concentration of acid soluble glycoproteins (ASG) in serum was determined by the Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 method as a means of assessing the amount of the acute phase protein in bovine serum. The mean (±SD) ASG concentration in sera from 30 normal dairy cows was 98.0 (±31.5) mg/dl (range 42.2–161.0 mg/dl). The mean serum ASG concentrations in cattle suffering from enzootic bovine leukosis and enzootic bovine leukosis associated with glomerulonephritis were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of normal cows. Elevated ASG concentrations were observed in cows with acute clinical mastitis. Higher (1.1–2.9 fold) ASG concentrations were observed in sera from cattle on the fifth day after surgery than in those taken at the preoperative stage. The measurement of ASG in serum could be used routinely in bovine clinical medicine as a useful indicator of inflammatory processes.     

Differences between Plasma and Serum Samples for the Evaluation of Blood Chemistry Values in Rainbow Trout,Channel Catfish,Hybrid Tilapias,and Hybrid Striped Bass

Abstract

Blood chemistry analytes are determined for fish from either serum or plasma samples. Serum and plasma are similar in that they both represent the fluid component of blood; however, plasma contains clotting factors that are not present in serum. This study was conducted to determine whether the type of sample—plasma or serum—had an effect on measured blood analytes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, hybrid tilapia Oreochromis spp., and hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis × white bass M. chrysops). Paired plasma and serum samples were analyzed for the following standard biochemical analytes: total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium magnesium, phosphorus, glucose, and cholesterol. For all four taxa, values for potassium were lower in the serum and magnesium and phosphorus values were higher in the serum. Glucose values were lower in the serum from rainbow trout, hybrid striped bass, and channel catfish; whereas cholesterol values were higher in the serum of rainbow trout, channel catfish, and hybrid tilapias. The differences observed between serum and plasma were distinct from changes occurring with hemolysis and, therefore, do not represent release of erythrocyte constituents. The differences most likely represent metabolic utilization of blood constituents while the blood was clotting. This work indicates that plasma should be used preferentially to serum for biochemical analysis because analyte levels determined from serum may not accurately reflect those found in circulating blood.     

Serum haptoglobin concentration in swine naturally or experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

Serum haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations were measured in swine that were naturally or experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In swine from a specific-pathogen-free herd, mean serum concentration of Hp (+/- SD) was 5.79 +/- 1.06 mg of cyanmethemoglobin-binding capacity (CHBC)/dl. Serum Hp concentrations in paired samples were measured at 7-day intervals in 40 swine randomly selected from a conventional herd that was experiencing an acute episode of pneumonia and deaths caused by A pleuropneumoniae serotype-5 infection. Day-0 and -7 serum Hp concentrations were 24.58 +/- 1.38 and 23.10 +/- 1.12 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, with no significant difference between these measurements. In a second conventional herd with a history of chronic infection with A pleuropneumoniae serotype 5, serum concentrations of Hp measured in paired samples obtained 6 days apart were 12.36 +/- 0.81 and 18.63 +/- 0.76 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different from each other. Twenty-nine 12-week-old conventional swine were challenged intranasally with A pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (n = 19) and serotype 5 (n = 10). Serum Hp concentration increased from prechallenge concentrations of 7.49 +/- 1.38 and 15.10 +/- 1.22 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, to 41.01 +/- 1.35 and 22.37 +/- 1.78 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, 72 hours after challenge. For these 29 swine, serum Hp concentration was positively correlated with rectal temperature (r = 0.34; P < 0.001) during the immediate postchallenge period.     

五味子、柠檬酸对断奶仔猪血清生化指标和免疫功能的影响

选择28日龄断奶二元杂交(长白×大约克)仔猪48头,断奶体重(7.4±0.6)kg,平均分为4个组,每组3个重复,每重复4头(公、母各半),研究日粮中添加五味子(SC)、柠檬酸(CA)对断奶仔猪血清生化指标以及免疫功能的影响。试验组分别添加1%CA、0.5%SC、1%CA+0.5%SC,对照组为玉米-豆粕型基础日粮。结果表明:与对照组相比,CA+SC组血清尿素氮(BUN)水平和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著降低(P<0.05),SC组血清BUN水平和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著降低(P<0.05),ALT活性极显著降低(P<0.01)。CA+SC组T3水平显著提高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,SC组血清中猪瘟抗体效价、IgG和IgA水平显著提高(P<0.05)。SC组、CA+SC组血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。