蜂蜜中氯霉素残留来源与变化研究

研究模拟大田养蜂生产,在花期蜂蜜生产过程中通过对照实验,跟踪检测使用氯霉素的生产蜂群的蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量变化趋势,揭示以氯霉素为代表的抗生素残留在蜂群中残留量的变化规律,评估了不同管理水平下氯霉素残留量衰减率,以发现有效消除蜂群氯霉素残留的方法。研究证明,在养蜂生产中一次氯霉素的使用会对蜂蜜品质造成长期影响,同时取蜜次数、蜂群群势及用药剂量均与蜂蜜氯霉素残留量变化相关。生产中取蜜次数与氯霉素残留量负相关,强群势蜂群有助于加快蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量递减速度,但当蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量降至1.5μg/kg后,增加取蜜次数对蜂蜜氯霉素残留量影响不明显。大用药剂量将导致蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量激增,降解时间延长。使用清洁蜂箱和巢脾能有效消除蜂蜜生产中氯霉素的残留。     

中国出口蜂蜜残留情况与改进措施——在国际蜂联大会上的发言（摘录）

(一)我国蜂蜜中氯霉素残留情况及其发生的原因 包括蜂蜜在内的动物源食品药物残留问题困惑着世界各国。我国检验检疫部门对出口蜂蜜中氯霉素残留加强了检测工作。从检测情况来看,我国部分蜂蜜中确有微量氯霉素残留存在。根据调查,我国蜂蜜产生氯霉素污染的原因主要是:     

中国出口蜂蜜残留情况及改进措施—在国际蜂联大会上的发言（摘录）

1　我国蜂蜜中氯霉素残留情况及其发生的原因包括蜂蜜在内的动物源食品药物残留问题困惑着世界各国。我国检验检疫部门对出口蜂蜜中氯霉素残留加强了检测工作并进行了调查。从检测情况来看 ,我国部分蜂蜜中确有微量氯霉素残留存在的情况。根据调查我国蜂蜜产生氯霉素污染的原因主要是 :ａ .虽然农业部已发布禁止使用氯霉素的决定 ,但有少数蜂农不了解氯霉素被禁用的情况 ,同时 ,由于氯霉素价格低廉 ,且对腐臭病、白垩病等细菌性疾病疗效明显 ,原来存有的氯霉素仍有可能被用来防治蜂病。ｂ .蜂蜜收购流通环节造成污染扩大化。目前我国还存在…     

辐照对蜂蜜中羟甲基糠醛和其它品质指标的影响研究

以不同剂量60Co-γ射线照射蜂蜜,比较辐射后蜂蜜中5-HMF含量及其它品质指标的变化情况。结果表明:辐照后蜂蜜中羟甲基糠醛(HMF)含量下降迅速,可达10 mg/kg以下,降解率达到90%以上;辐照后蜂蜜中各种糖含量、酶活性基本不变,还保留了原有的外观、颜色和风味。     

蜂蜜原料中氯霉素和四环素族的快速检测技巧

蜂蜜中的氯霉素和四环素族残留超标是较常见的问题,检测蜂蜜原料中的这两项指标多数是用氯霉素和四环素残留免疫胶体金快速检测试剂条,该试剂条检测快速高效,但是检测成本过高。通过改进取样技巧,采用购货单位分组和蜂蜜的感官性状分组两步骤法,能够节约检测成本,又能简单快速地检测出氯霉素和四环素族残留超标蜂蜜。     

市售蜂蜜产品中抗生素残留问题

通过对部分地区市场销售的蜂蜜产品进行氯霉素、氟喹诺酮类药物残留的调查,结果显示目前市场上蜂蜜产品药物残留问题还是比较突出。检出的药物残留样品占总抽样数的50%左右。说明目前蜂蜜产品的质量安全监测有待加强,国家相关法规政策有待完善。     

辐照乳饼对昆明种小鼠生长发育和繁殖性能的影响

乳饼经真空包装后用60Co分别进行8 kGy和16kGy剂量辐照,分别在小鼠基础饲料中按10%和20%添加未辐照乳饼、8 kGy、16 kGy辐照乳饼作为对照组和剂量组,进行昆明种小鼠生长发育和繁殖实验。结果表明,乳饼经8 kGy,16 kGy辐照后并未对小鼠的生长发育和繁殖性能产生不良影响。     

高效液相色谱法测定蜂蜜中氯霉素残留

实验研究建立了高效液相色谱法测定蜂蜜中氯霉素的残留量的方法。首先用水将蜂蜜溶解,制作成蜂蜜的水溶液,然后用乙酸乙酯来萃取蜂蜜水溶液中的氯霉素,接着用氮气吹干,最后用水溶解样品的残渣。对样品中氯霉素的提取过程进行优化简化,最终确定了最佳的前处理方案,其中蜂蜜和水的比例为2.1,乙酸乙酯和蜂蜜水的量的比为2.1。通过考查流动相组成及pH值、流速和柱温对氯霉素保留和分离的影响,获取色谱条件为:0.2%的甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液为流动相,甲醇和磷酸盐的比例为40.60,流速为0.8 ml/min,柱温40℃,紫外线检测波长为278 nm。采用本方法进行检测时,氯霉素的检出限为0.001 mg/kg,在0.1~10.0μg/ml浓度范围内氯霉素测定呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.999 5),加标回收率为86%~93%,本实验方法能够满足残留分析的要求。     

2006年我国蜂蜜出口市场分析及2007年展望

2006年,全球蜂蜜贸易仍呈买方市场态势,虽然日本、美国和欧盟市场均程度不同地发生了对进口我国蜂蜜氯霉素、硝基呋喃、沙星类和磺胺类残留通报事件,但未出现因抗生素残留超标造成的贸易事端和因品质问题造成的禁运事件.     

蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量检测方法研究概况

综述了近几年来国内外蜂蜜中氯霉素残留检测方法.着重介绍了高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、酶联免疫法、色/质联用分析法以及生物传感器法,并分别综述了各种方法的优势与不足,最后展望了蜂蜜中氯霉素残留检测的发展趋势.     

不同辐照剂量和氛围下 60 Co-γ射线辐照蚕丝的电子自旋共振分析

在不同辐照剂量、不同辐照氛围下用60Co-γ射线辐照蚕丝纤维,通过电子自旋共振波谱(ESR)检测蚕丝纤维产生的自由基浓度,分析不同辐照条件对蚕丝纤维性能的影响。结果表明:在0~250 kGy剂量范围内,随辐照剂量的增加,60Co-γ射线辐照蚕丝产生的自由基浓度增加,但辐照剂量过大会使蚕丝纤维发生裂解而影响其性能,故辐照剂量应不超过50 kGy;与同剂量空气下辐照蚕丝纤维产生的自由基相比,在真空下辐照蚕丝纤维产生的自由基浓度增加,且主要为氨基己酸自由基,但随着辐照剂量的增加,真空和空气下辐照蚕丝纤维产生的自由基浓度差异变小。     

The use of 60Co-gamma ray-sterilized calf serum in cell culture

The use of 60Co-gamma-radiation-sterilised calf sera in cell culturing is reported in this paper. Evidence was produced to the effect that 60Co-gamma-irradiation, using a dosage of 3 kGy and a dose rate of 8 kGy/h, of fetal calf serum, neonatal calf serum, and calf serum did not substantially alter the growth-stimulating properties of those sera during 42-day tests. With almost all cell lines and sera used, for all practical purposes, they were identical with the properties of control sera. The following cell lines were used in the experimental programme: one human mammary tumor, MaTu, one human embryonic cell line--E VI, one bat lung cell line--Tb1-Lu, and one human rhabdomyosarcoma--A 204. Growth stimulation was twelve percent below the control value only with Tb1-Lu on Eagle-MEM culturing medium with 3-kGy-irradiation of neonatal calf serum. On the other hand, cell growth was stimulated by 28 percent in A 204 on RPMI 1640 culturing medium, again with 3-kGy-irradiation of neonatal calf serum. Loss of activity by up to 30 percent, depending on the serum used, must be expected from irradiation doses of 10 kGy and 20 kGy which are capable of causing drastic reduction or even complete elimination of serum-borne microorganisms (Bender et al., 1989). Sera irradiated that way would be only conditionally applicable, when it comes to highly vulnerable cell strains.     

Thiamphenicol pharmacokinetics in sheep

Abdennebi, E.H., Khales, N., Sawchuk, R.J., Stowe, CM. Thiamphenicol pharmacokinetics in sheep. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 17, 12–16.
The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol were investigated after intravenous (i-v.). intramuscular (i.m.) and oral (p.o.) administration to sheep. It was found that the drug is almost completely absorbed following intramuscular injection, with a bioavailability of about 8 7.5%. Thiamphenicol appears to be widely distributed into extravascular compartments, yielding a volume of distribution [V(b)] of approximately 1 1/Kg. Elimination from the blood is relatively rapid, with a biological half-life of about 1.5 h. Oral treatment showed that thiamphenicol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract yielding very low plasma concentrations which were maintained for at least 24 h. Although only 30% of the oral dose was systemically available, in contrast to chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol is truly absorbed when given orally to adult sheep. One possible reason for this observation is that rumen flora do not biotransform this drug as they do for chloramphenicol. Metabolism investigations are, however, needed to confirm this finding.     

辐照技术对宠物食品冻干鸡肉丁品质的影响

试验旨在研究60Coγ射线与电子束辐照对冻干鸡肉丁品质的影响.试验分别进行不辐照、60Coγ-2 kGy、60Co γ-4 kGy、电子束-2 kGy、电子束-4 kGy处理,恒温37℃进行贮存加速试验,测定细菌总数、过氧化值、酸价、碘值、感官、蛋白质和水分.结果 表明:冻干鸡肉丁经辐照后细菌总数≤20 CFU/g;6...     

Micronucleus test in mice fed on an irradiated diet

A mutagenicity study was carried out in mice fed on a gamma-irradiated diet. As an indicator of mutagenic activity, we observed an incidence of micronuclei in erythrocytes. The average body weight of the mice fed on the diet irradiated to dose range of 400-1,000 kGy decreased, and the mice fed on the 800-1,000 kGy-irradiated diet died during the period from 8 to 14 days after the start of feeding. On the other hand, when the mutagenic activity of the irradiated diet was tested by observing occurrence of micronucleus in erythrocytes, no significant increase was recognized. These results indicated that the irradiated diet had no mutagenic activity, even though it possessed a toxic effect on the growth of mice.     

Effect of ingesta on systemic availability of chloramphenicol from two oral preparations in cats

On five separate occasions, five adult cats were dosed orally with 100 mg chloramphenicol tablets or chloramphenicol palmitate suspension. Each preparation was given once when the cats were fasted and once when fed ad lib. In addition, fasted cats were given the tablet preparation on one occasion with 10 ml water orally immediately afterwards. Chloramphenicol concentrations were determined at intervals after dosing, and all urine passed in 24 h after dosing was collected for chloramphenicol assay. The initial plasma antibiotic concentrations were lower with chloramphenicol palmitate suspension than with chloramphenicol tablets, and the bioavailability of chloramphenicol from the palmitate ester was especially poor in starved cats. Chloramphenicol palmitate may thus be undesirable for antimicrobial therapy in inappetent cats. Food and fluid did not appear to influence the availability of chloramphenicol from the tablet preparation, although effects on plasma drug concentrations within 1.5 h of dosing would have been missed in this study. A relatively large proportion of an oral dose of chloramphenicol is excreted unchanged in feline urine. Because of the potential toxicity of the drug, chloramphenicol dose rates should be restricted in cats with renal insufficiency or another antibiotic used.     

C18-磁性纳米颗粒萃取虾肉中氯霉素残留

建立了一种用C18键合磁珠固相萃取虾肉中氯霉素残留的方法。在Fe3O4超顺磁性纳米颗粒的表面键合C18基团,制备双功能反相萃取颗粒。用该颗粒对样品中的氯霉素残留进行固相萃取,对结合时间、温度、磁珠用量等因素进行了优化,建立磁珠法兽药残留固相萃取方法。用标准方法(SN/T 1864-2007)对萃取所得产物进行检测。经过优化,C18键合磁珠的最佳萃取条件为50℃结合5 min,用1 mL甲醇洗脱3次。检测结果显示该方法具有良好的精密度和回收率。在0.1～10μg/kg之间具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9941,检出限为0.1μg/kg。该方法灵敏度高、重现性好、准确度高,可满足虾肉中氯霉素残留检测的需要。     

Serum chloramphenicol levels and the intramuscular bioavailability of several parenteral formulations of chloramphenicol in ruminants

Summary Serum chloramphenicol concentrations were determined by microbiological and chemical assay methods in cows, ewes, and goats treated parenterally with seven different veterinary parenteral chloramphenicol products, including the water soluble sodium succinate ester of chloramphenicol and solutions of 20%, 25% and 50% of chloramphenicol base in various organic solvents. Serum drug concentrations were analyzed for the effect of product formulation differences, dosage, whether the drug was administered i.m. at a single body site or to two sites, and the method of assay, on the absorption from the injection site, peak drug levels, and the persistence in serum of effective concentrations of the drug i.e. 5 to 10 ug / ml. Although differences were observed among the 6 products containing chloramphenicol base in respect to absorption rate and peak serum drug levels, and although these differences significantly influenced the persistence of microbiologically-active serum drug concentrations at the level of ≥ 10 μg / ml, they did not at the level of ≥ 5 μg / ml. In the animal species examined, injections given at 2 sites appeared to influence the duration of predetermined serum drug levels more than the differences among the products in respect of the absorption and elimination rates from serum, the peak serum concentrations, and the dose. The shapes of the concentration-to-time curves in cows and ewes injected with the same dose of a given product were essentially the same, but they were different in goats. Serum chloramphenicol concentrations measured chemically after treatment with chloramphenicol base were 20% to 46% higher than those measured microbiologically. For 60 minutes after the sodium succinate ester had been administered i.v. and i.m. to ewes, the chemically determined chloramphenicol levels were more than twice as high as the respective concentrations determined by microbiological assay, but thereafter, the magnitude of those differences was not greater than observed after treatment with chloramphenicol base. Intramuscular bioavailability of the products containing chloramphenicol base injected at 2 sites was rather poor (51% to 80.5%ofthe dose) and even lower values were calculated after injection at a single site. Results are briefly discussed of the effect of dosage form on the persistence of microbiologically effective serum drug levels. A dose of at least 50 mg / kg to be administered i.m. at two sites are essential prerequisits for chloramphenicol therapy in ruminants.     

Serum chloramphenicol concentrations in preruminant calves: a comparison of two formulations dosed orally

Serum concentrations of chloramphenicol were determined after oral doses (55 mg/kg body weight) were administered to 7–9 day old Holstein-Friesian calves. Chloramphenicol in an oral solution produced greater serum concentrations than did an equivalent dose of chloramphenicol in capsules ( P <0.005). A second dose of each formulation administered 12 h after the first dose elevated serum chloramphenicol concentrations significantly ( P <0.001). The average serum chloramphenicol concentration exceeded 5 μg/ml of serum 1 h after administration of the solution compared with 4 h for the capsules. Average serum chloramphenicol concentration was greater than 5 μg/ml for at least 12 h after the dose was administered for both formulations. Of the eight calves receiving repeat doses of chloramphenicol, seven (87.5%) developed diarrhea in 76 ± 8.6 h. Six of the eight calves (75%) died during or shortly after the period of chloramphenicol administration.