Radio-wave heating of iron oxide nanoparticles can regulate plasma glucose in mice

Medical applications of nanotechnology typically focus on drug delivery and biosensors. Here, we combine nanotechnology and bioengineering to demonstrate that nanoparticles can be used to remotely regulate protein production in vivo. We decorated a modified temperature-sensitive channel, TRPV1, with antibody-coated iron oxide nanoparticles that are heated in a low-frequency magnetic field. When local temperature rises, TRPV1 gates calcium to stimulate synthesis and release of bioengineered insulin driven by a Ca(2+)-sensitive promoter. Studying tumor xenografts expressing the bioengineered insulin gene, we show that exposure to radio waves stimulates insulin release from the tumors and lowers blood glucose in mice. We further show that cells can be engineered to synthesize genetically encoded ferritin nanoparticles and inducibly release insulin. These approaches provide a platform for using nanotechnology to activate cells.     

Intracellular calcium release mediated by sphingosine derivatives generated in cells

Soluble and hydrophobic lipid breakdown products have a variety of important signaling roles in cells. Here sphingoid bases derived in cells from sphingolipid breakdown are shown to have a potent and direct effect in mediating calcium release from intracellular stores. Sphingosine must be enzymically converted within the cell to a product believed to be sphingosine-1-phosphate, which thereafter effects calcium release from a pool including the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium pool. The sensitivity, molecular specificity, and reversibility of the effect on calcium movements closely parallel sphingoid base-mediated inhibition of protein kinase C. Generation of sphingoid bases in cells may activate a dual signaling pathway involving regulation of calcium and protein kinase C, comparable perhaps to the phosphatidylinositol and calcium signaling pathway.     

草鱼模拟肠液的开发及其在仿生消化仪上的应用

[目的]研制草鱼模拟肠液配方。[方法]根据草鱼成鱼的肠道淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性,pH以及钠离子环境,研制了一套草鱼成鱼的模拟肠液配方,并研究其在仿生消化仪上的应用。[结果]利用配制的草鱼模拟肠液进行体外仿生消化试验,发现饲料中干物质和粗蛋白的消化率与真实值的绝对差值均在10%左右,达到仿生消化的目的与要求。此外,经过仿生消化,外源植酸酶能够显著提高干物质消化率、粗蛋白消化率和代谢能值,促进植酸磷的释放。[结论]该研究结果可为草鱼的体外模拟消化提供更可靠的试验数据,并为水产其他动物模拟肠液的开发提供参考。     

A cytosolic protein catalyzes the release of GDP from p21ras

The rate of release of guanine nucleotides from the ras proteins (Ras) is extremely slow in the presence of Mg2+. It seemed likely, therefore that a factor might exist to accelerate the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and hence the exchange of GDP for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Such a factor has now been discovered in rat brain cytosol. Brain cytosol was found to catalyze, by orders of magnitude, the release of guanine nucleotides from recombinant v-H-Ras protein bound with [alpha-32P]GDP. This effect occurred even in the presence of a large excess of Mg2+, but was destroyed by heat or by incubation of the cytosol for an hour at 37 degrees C in the absence of phosphatase inhibitors. The effect was observed with either v-H-Ras or c-H-Ras, but not with p25rab3A, a small G protein with about 30% similarity to Ras. The effect could not be mimicked by addition of recombinant Ras-GAP or purified GEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor involved in the regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis. By gel filtration chromatography, the factor appears to possess a molecular size between 100,000 and 160,000 daltons. This protein (Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factor, or Ras-GRF) may be involved in the activation of p21ras.     

大棚连作不同施肥处理对黄瓜生长发育及产量的影响

研究大棚连作不同施肥处理对黄瓜生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明，以二铵加根外追肥处理的黄瓜１５节内雌花雄花分化率高，平均单株结瓜数多，瓜条大，因此该处理小区产量最高，且瓜条匀称，Ｖｃ、叶绿素含量均高，风味好。适于今后进一步推广使用。     

A potential second messenger role for unsaturated fatty acids: activation of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase

Arachidonate and other unsaturated long-chain fatty acids were found to activate protein kinase C from human neutrophils. Kinase activation by arachidonate required calcium and was enhanced by diolein but did not require exogenous phosphatidylserine. Submaximal levels of arachidonate also enhanced the affinity of the kinase for calcium during activation by phosphatidylserine. Thus the release of arachidonate, which is triggered in many cell types by ligand-receptor interactions, could play a second messenger role in the regulation of cellular function by activation of protein kinase C.     

肉仔鸡氨基酸排泄量变化规律研究

36只体质量1.5kg的艾维茵肉公鸡,随机等分9个区组,重复4次强饲粗蛋白(CP)含量为8.0～296.9g·kg-1的9种半合成饲粮,收集48h全部排泄物,测定饲粮及排泄物中粗蛋白和氨基酸含量。回归分析表明,排泄物中粗蛋白,总氨基酸,Asp,Glu,Gly,Ile,Leu,Lys,Phe,Met,Tyr及Val含量与饲粮中粗蛋白含量呈显著的线性或曲线回归关系(P=0.0994～0.0006),排泄物中粗蛋白、总氨基酸、诸氨基酸的排泄量与饲粮中相应养分含量呈显著的线性回归关系(P=0～0.0429),表明可根据饲粮中氨基酸含量估测排泄物中相应氨基酸含量。     

苦荞重组自交系群体粒重、粒形与蛋白组分含量的变异

通过研究苦荞粒重、粒形与蛋白组分含量的遗传变异和相关性,探索影响苦荞蛋白组分含量的主要性状,筛选综合性状优良的株系.以小米荞×晋荞麦2号衍生的重组自交系(XJ-RILs)群体为试验材料,对粒重、粒形相关性状和籽粒蛋白组分含量和总蛋白含量进行变异分析、相关性分析和聚类分析.结果表明:除醇溶蛋白含量外,父本晋荞麦2号的千粒...     

The Production of Organic-Inorganic Compound Film-Coated Urea and the Characteristics of Its Nutrient Release

The effect of different concentrations of natural macromolecular compound on the characteristics of nutrient release in the membrane materials of organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea was discussed, and the optimal concentrations for better nutrient release was proposed. The characteristics of nutrient release of film-coated urea were evaluated by soil column leaching experiment. Organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea showed good characteristics of nutrient release, which could be well simulated by Logistic curve. The two parameters in this curve, a and r, can be used to present nutrient release of film-coated urea, and followed the order of B 〉 C 〉 A and C 〈 B 〈 A, respectively, indicating that the release was stronger with the increasing concentration of natural macromolecular compound in the membrane, which implied better controllability of nutrient release. The concentration of 5% of natural macromolecular compound showed better characteristic of nutrient release and can be utilized as a membrane material combined with inorganic mineral powders to develop film-coated slow-release fertilizer.     

塞内加谷病毒3C蛋白生物信息学分析及真核质粒构建表达

3C蛋白是塞内加谷病毒重要的非结构蛋白之一,在病毒入侵机制及影响宿主抗病毒天然免疫方面发挥重要作用。试验应用Oligo 7.0和Primer 6.0软件,用BLAST对比SVV世界参考株,设计一对特异性引物。以SVV-SN株病毒液抽提RNA为模板,将序列连接pMD19-T载体后测序,对正确片段作生物信息学分析可知SVV 3C可编码一个较稳定非分泌型蛋白,具有一个保守"催化三联体"。预测发现该蛋白具有16个磷酸化位点,证明其较高活性,预测其二级结构后得到再次证实。将pMD19-SVV-3C和真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)双酶切后连接,重组质粒经鉴定后命名为pcDNA3.1(+)-SVV-3C。将pcDNA3.1(+)-SVV-3C转染到BHK-21细胞24 h后制样作Western blotting,成功验证该重组质粒可在BHK-21中真核表达。相比其他同科病毒,当前SVV 3C蛋白研究存在空白。文章旨在为进一步研究SVV 3C蛋白结构提供理论依据,为后续探索SVV 3C蛋白对于宿主作用机制奠定基础。     

Mutations that increase the life span of C. elegans inhibit tumor growth

Mutations in gld-1 cause lethal germline tumors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that a wide variety of mutations that extend C. elegans' life span confer resistance to these tumors. The long life spans of daf-2/insulin-receptor mutants were not shortened at all by gld-1 mutations; we attribute this finding to decreased cell division and increased DAF-16/p53-dependent apoptosis within the tumors. Mutations that increase life span by restricting food intake or inhibiting respiration did not affect apoptosis but reduced tumor cell division. Unexpectedly, none of these longevity mutations affected mitosis in normal germlines; this finding suggests that cellular changes that lead to longevity preferentially antagonize tumor cell growth.     

Rapid response to selection for a nondiapausing gypsy moth

By genetic selection a gypsy moth strain was obtained within eight generations that could be reared continuously in the insectary without its normal "obligatory" diapause. This strain should be useful for making physiological and genetical comparisons with normal diapausing gypsy moths. It could also be used in a genetic control program. However, caution should be exercised, for its release could create a new environmental hazard.     

Distinct kinetic changes in neurotransmitter release after SNARE protein cleavage

Neurotransmitter release is triggered by calcium ions and depends critically on the correct function of three types of SNARE [soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor] proteins. With use of the large calyx of Held presynaptic terminal from rats, we found that cleavage of different SNARE proteins by clostridial neurotoxins caused distinct kinetic changes in neurotransmitter release. When elevating calcium ion concentration directly at the presynaptic terminal with the use of caged calcium, cleavage of SNAP-25 by botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) produced a strong reduction in the calcium sensitivity for release, whereas cleavage of syntaxin using BoNT/C1 and synaptobrevin using tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced an all-or-nothing block without changing the kinetics of remaining vesicles. When stimulating release by calcium influx through channels, a difference between BoNT/C1 and TeNT emerged, which suggests that cleavage of synaptobrevin modifies the coupling between channels and release-competent vesicles.     

A phosphatase associated with metastasis of colorectal cancer

To gain insights into the molecular basis for metastasis, we compared the global gene expression profile of metastatic colorectal cancer with that of primary cancers, benign colorectal tumors, and normal colorectal epithelium. Among the genes identified, the PRL-3 protein tyrosine phosphatase gene was of particular interest. It was expressed at high levels in each of 18 cancer metastases studied but at lower levels in nonmetastatic tumors and normal colorectal epithelium. In 3 of 12 metastases examined, multiple copies of the PRL-3 gene were found within a small amplicon located at chromosome 8q24.3. These data suggest that the PRL-3 gene is important for colorectal cancer metastasis and provide a new therapeutic target for these intractable lesions.     

强筋小麦产量和蛋白质含量的稳定性及其调控研究

【目的】研究氮肥对不同强筋小麦产量和蛋白质含量的调控效应，以及小麦蛋白质的稳定性。【方法】利用7个强筋小麦品种，按统一方案分别在6个省进行试验，成熟时按小区收获，测定籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量。【结果】在0～300 kg•ha-1施氮范围内，不同品种在各试验点均表现随施氮量增加产量逐渐提高，处理间达到显著差异水平，但每公顷施用300 kg氮素仅比施用225 kg的处理增产1.6%。随着施氮水平的提高，不同施氮处理在各试验点之间产量的变异系数逐渐降低，表明施氮和产量水平的提高可以缩小不同地区产量的差异。8901-1和豫麦34对氮肥较敏感，增施氮肥的增产效果明显；济麦20和皖麦38稳产性较好。各试验点间的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量变异系数的变化与产量变化趋势相同，表明适当施氮可以有效降低不同试验点间的品质差异。不同试验点间各品种蛋白质含量变异系数为2.04%～7.03%，变异系数较小的品种，蛋白质含量稳定性好，变异系数大的，其品质的栽培可塑性较强。不同施氮量处理间各品种的变异系数为5.43%～7.33%。有些供试品种在施氮150 kg•ha-1以下时，蛋白质含量不能达到强筋标准，如烟农19、济麦20和皖麦38。在施氮量超过225 kg•ha-1时，其籽粒蛋白质含量均达到国家强筋小麦标准。【结论】在实际生产中，从产量和品质两方面考虑，强筋小麦施氮水平应控制在225～300 kg•ha-1。试验中各种影响蛋白质含量变异的因素的效应表现为：栽培措施＞基因型＞生态环境（试验点）。     

Inflammation and herpes simplex virus: release of a chemotaxis-generating factor from infected cells

Infection of primary rabbit kidney cells with herpes simplex virus leads to the release of a cell factor or factors that upon incubation with serum results in the cleavage of the fifth component, C5, of complement. The product of this cleavage, C5a, is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and could be responsible for the accumulation of these cells at the site of herpetic lesions.     

大百合花序分化及生理生化特征

为探究大百合花序分化进程以及发育过程中内源激素和营养物质的生理生化变化,以大百合鳞茎为试材,采用扫描电镜对大百合花序分化过程中不同阶段的形态进行观察,同时通过选择性反应/多反应监测技术(SRM/MRM)质谱分析法测定不同分化时期内源激素及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量。结果显示:大百合花序分化过程可划分为6个阶段:花序未分化期、花序原基分化初期、苞片原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花被片分化期和花芽分化完成期;花序发育过程中,吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)和赤霉素(GAs)总体呈上升趋势,表明高水平IAA和GAs有利于花序以及花器官的分化;玉米素核苷(ZR)和水杨酸(SA)为先升后降的单峰变化,二者在分化中期起到较为积极的调控作用;1-氨基环丙烷羧酸(ACC)和茉莉酸(JA)总体呈下降趋势,推测是解除了对花序(芽)发育的抑制作用;高比值的IAA/GA₃与cZR/GA₃有利于大百合从营养生长向生殖生长转换;可溶性糖含量总体呈上升趋势,可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,二者变化趋势完全相反。总体看来,ZR对大百合苞片原基和小花原基等新器官的形成起重要作用,IAA和GAs在花芽分化后期形态建成作用更显著;较高的可溶性糖含量可以促进大百合花序(芽)的发育,高水平的蛋白质是分化前期花器官形态建成的需要;大百合花序分化过程中小花发育存在渐趋同步的特点。本研究结果为大百合开花机制研究以及花期调控提供了理论依据。     

有机酸对暗棕壤磷的持续释放效应及其动力学特征

模拟东北林区主要森林凋落物淋洗液中草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐浓度范围,配制0.5和2.0 mmol/L等不同浓度草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐溶液,分别用上述溶液以不同的浸提时间和次数浸提处理A1层暗棕壤,探讨不同浸提时间和次数处理时有机酸的磷释放效果,并确定最佳浸提时间。研究旨在探明草酸和柠檬酸对暗棕壤磷的持续活化效应,明确有机酸对暗棕壤磷素的活化程度和动力学特征。结果表明,用草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐浸提A1层暗棕壤时,随浸提时间延长磷释放量先增后减,有最佳浸提时间,大多数处理为12 h。从磷累积释放量上看,在1~72 h内,上述浸提剂对A1层暗棕壤的磷释放动力学能很好地用对数方程进行拟合。用草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐溶液连续10次和18次浸提A1层暗棕壤,第2次浸提的释磷量均大于第1次浸提,第3次后大体随浸提次数增加而下降,直到第10次或第18次时,较高浓度处理仍有一定的磷释放,特别是柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐处理;这说明,有机酸对暗棕壤中磷的释放具有累加效应。多次连续浸提时,随浸提次数增加,土壤磷的累积释放量增大,且草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐对A1层暗棕壤的磷累积释放量与浸提次数间都能很好地用对数方程进行拟合。      

气候变化后杉木人工林单木径向生长规律研究

以福建将乐1982年人工栽植的杉木成熟林为研究对象,用树木年轮学方法,比较不同年份区间各样地内杉木平均生长速率的差异,通过划分人工杉木林单木径向生长阶段,并判定生长释放过程,揭示杉木人工林单木径向生长规律.结果表明：在1992-1996年各样地内杉木年平均生长速率显著高于其他年份区间（p＜0.05）,且JL3样地显著低于其他样地（p＜0.05）;杉木的生长过程可划分为快速生长期（1～6 a）、慢速生长期（7～15a）、稳定生长期（16 a以上）3个阶段;杉木连年生长量平均为8.38 mm/a,在6a时达到峰值,22 a达到数量成熟,呈现连年生长量逐年增加的趋势,达到生长量峰值和数量成熟的年龄有所提前;杉木在快速生长期内（1986年左右）和1994年以及2005年前后出现生长突变,在1984-1986年杉木出现35％以上的中度释放,其与林窗的形成有关,而1994年和2005年前后杉木的生长释放与近年来降水变化趋势有一定关系.