牦牛MT-IV基因克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR方法,利用特异性引物YMT-IVSP1和YMT-IVSP2先克隆出牦牛Bos grunniens MT-IV的编码区序列全长,将其与人MT-IV基因全序列比对,设计2对引物分别克隆内含子1和内含子2,将获得序列拼接后得到了牦牛MT-IV外显子与内含子全长为2 099 bp（GenBank Accession No.:EU665491）,编码区序列长189 bp,编码62个氨基酸,20个半胱氨酸残基,不含芳香族氨基酸,2个内含子的长度分别为1 392和518 bp。将牦牛MT-IV基因编码区序列和氨基酸序列BLAST搜索结果表明,MT-IV在物种间高度保守。牦牛MT-IV氨基酸序列与牛、绵羊、山羊、狗、家鼠、人和马的比对表明,MT-IV包含有金属硫蛋白（MTs）特有的C-X-C、C-C-X-C-C、C-X-X-C 结构域,构建的系统发育树与比较生理学和形态学相同,表明牦牛MT-IV具有与其他哺乳动物相同的分子特性,有必要进行牦牛MT-IV在上皮细胞中表达量水平的研究。     

Basic characterization of 90 kDa heat shock protein genes HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1 and TRAP1 expressed in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

In the current study, we describe four novel members of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) family expressed in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica. The coding regions of the genes, CjHSP90AA1, CjHSP90AB1, CjHSP90B1 and CjTRAP1, exhibited more than 94% similarity to their related genes in chicken. The putative proteins encoded by these quail genes contained motifs considered essential for HSP90 gene function. In addition, the predicted proteins were more similar to HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1 and TRAP1 proteins expressed in vertebrates than they were to other members of the HSP90 family. Exon numbers of CjHSP90AA1 (11), CjHSP90AB1 (12) or CjTRAP1 (18) are the same as the chicken and mammalian orthologs. Furthermore, gene order in the regions surrounding CjHSP90AB1 and CjTRAP1 has been preserved, providing evidence that the genomic regions were orthologous to HSP90‐containing regions in the chicken genome. The promoter regions of the genes also contained conserved motifs identified in related genes of chicken. However, the nucleotide sequences of the 5′‐flanking region of these genes were highly polymorphic. We also found that CjHSP90AA1 exhibited a robust response to heat shock treatment. Taken together, the data suggest that CjHSP90AA1, CjHSP90AB1, CjHSP90B1 and CjTRAP1 encode orthologs of HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1 and TRAP1, respectively.     

牦牛及杂种后代犏牛的TSPY基因克隆分析

 克隆测序了牦牛、犏牛TSPY基因的编码区全序列,并用生物信息学软件分析了该基因的编码区序列、蛋白结构和进化关系。结果表明,牦牛和犏牛TSPY基因编码区序列长度均为954 bp,编码317个氨基酸,牦牛与普通牛TSPY基因序列的一致性分别为98.95%,犏牛与牦牛、普通牛TSPY基因序列的一致性分别为98.95%、99.79%,杂交后代犏牛与亲本序列差异表现在第113位核酸位点发生了改变（T→T→C）,导致第38位氨基酸发生变化（V→V→A）。牦牛和犏牛TSPY蛋白含有TSPY家族典型的SET/NAP保守结构域,与人、鼠TSPY蛋白结构域一致,推测牦牛和犏牛TSPY蛋白在雄性减数分裂过程中参与了精原细胞和初级精母细胞的调节。     

Molecular cloning and expression of the canine metallothionein-III gene.

We have isolated and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of canine metallothionein-III (MT-III) cDNA. The predicted amino acid sequence of the canine MT-III showed a high homology (93%, 87% identity) to that of human and mouse MT-III. The canine MT-III had 2 insertions relative to known mammalian MT-I and MT-II: a threonine after the 4th amino acid and a block of 6 amino acids near the carboxyl terminus. Expression of the canine MT-III mRNA was found exclusively in the central nervous system, where neurons in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebral cortex showed predominant signals.     

不同地方品种牦牛IGF-1基因的PCR-SSCP分析

为了检测高原地区4个不同地方牦牛品种IGF-1基因第1外显子和第2外显子的多态性,采用PCR-SSCP分析了牦牛IGF-1基因在天祝白牦牛、甘南牦牛、青海高原牦牛及培育品种大通牦牛4个品种中的遗传多态性。结果表明:牦牛IGF-1基因的第1外显子不存在遗传多态性;第2外显子在4个品种中检测到了AA、AB和BB基因型,而且A等位基因为4个牦牛群体的优势等位基因,分布较高。在4个品种中,天祝白牦牛AA基因型频率最高,达到0.8559,而大通牦牛、甘南牦牛和青海高原牦牛则相对较低,分别为0.8333、0.6970和0.5689。大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛,青海高原牦牛和甘南牦牛基因和基因型相近,其它牦牛群体之间基因和基因型存在差异。     

野牦牛及青海地方牦牛品种全线粒体基因组母系遗传多样性、分化及系统发育分析

旨在从分子水平上探究野牦牛及青海地方牦牛品种的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构、亲缘关系和遗传背景。本研究在测定青海省4个地方牦牛品种(即青海高原、环湖、雪多和玉树牦牛)22条全线粒体基因组(Mitogenome)序列的基础上,从GenBank下载了已公布的野牦牛及上述4个地方牦牛品种的142条相应序列,使用BioEdit 7.2.5、Arlequin 3.11和Network 10.1等软件对共计164条线粒体基因组序列进行综合分析。结果显示：1)根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了115种单倍型,其中野牦牛和青海地方牦牛品种分别拥有22种和93种单倍型;在野牦牛和青海高原、环湖、雪多、玉树牦牛中分别检测到22、26、18、23、19种特有的单倍型。遗传多样性分析显示,野牦牛单倍型多样度最高(0.992 8±0.014 4),且高于4个青海地方牦牛品种的单倍型多样度(0.973 1±0.007 7);4个青海地方牦牛品种单倍型多样度大小依次为：雪多牦牛(0.988 5±0.012 6)、玉树牦牛(0.975 8±0.018 7)、青海高原牦牛(0.973 0±0.016 6)和环湖牦牛(0.939 3±0.027 8)。2)野牦牛与环湖牦牛之间的固定分化指数值(F_ST值)最大(0.041 2),分化程度最高,而与玉树牦牛间的F_ST值最小(-0.008 8),分化程度最低。青海4个地方牦牛品种中,雪多牦牛与青海高原牦牛之间F_ST值最大(0.035 8),分化程度最高,而雪多牦牛与环湖牦牛间F_ST值最小(0.011 2),分化程度最低。3)聚类分析显示,4个青海地方牦牛品种各自为1类,存在明显的母系遗传差异。相比而言,环湖牦牛和雪多牦牛聚类较近,青海高原牦牛和玉树牦牛聚类较近,而野牦牛与玉树牦牛聚类关系更近,各品种(群体)间的聚类结果与其分化程度、地理分布一致。4)系统发育分析表明,115种单倍型分布在3个大的母系遗传分支(即Mt-Ⅰ、Mt-Ⅱ和Mt-Ⅲ),其中Mt-Ⅰ支系所占比例为72.17%,由A、B、E和F 4种单倍型组构成;Mt-Ⅱ支系包括C、D和H 3种单倍型组,占26.09%;而Mt-Ⅲ支系只包含G单倍型组,由雪多牦牛和野牦牛所拥有,所占比例为1.74%,提示牦牛有3个母系起源。综上所述,野牦牛和青海4个地方牦牛品种均具有丰富的母系遗传多样性,其多样性水平由高到低依次为野牦牛、雪多牦牛、玉树牦牛、青海高原牦牛和环湖牦牛。青海4个地方牦牛品种间及与野牦牛间的遗传分化程度均较弱,但各自拥有特有的母系遗传信息,存在明显的母系遗传差异。野牦牛和青海家牦牛品种由3个母系支系组成,推测牦牛有3个母系起源。     

Analyses of Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of mtDNA D-loop from Yak in Karakoram-Pamir Area

This experiment was conducted to clarify the genetic diversity,genetic differentiation and phylogenetic status of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area.The mtDNA D-loop region sequence was selected as a molecular marker,and the sequence and genetic diversity of the mtDNA D-loop region of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area were analyzed by PCR direct sequencing and bioinformatics methods.The yak sequence in GenBank was used.The maximum likelihood method was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and the intermediary network relationship.The results showed that the mtDNA D-loop sequence of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area was rich in A and T bases,with AT content of 61.2%,and there were 63 polymorphic loci,accounting for 7.04% of the total number of nucleotides.The results indicated that A and T bases were rich in the mtDNA D-loop sequences at 61.2%.There were 63 mutation sites,accounting for 7.04% of all nucleotides,The average haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.806,the average nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.01528,and the average nucleotide difference (K) was 13.509,indicating that the yak was rich in genetic diversity in Karakoram-Pamir area;Through phylogenetic analysis,there were two branches in yak in China,forming two branches and six small clades.The yak in Karakoram-Pamir area involved in this study had two different maternal origins.Additionally,yak in the Karakoram-Pamir area was less shared with other breeds of yak haplotypes.In the branch C,the yak group in the Karakoram-Pamir area accounts for a large proportion and was shared with wild yak.The yak population in Karakoram-Pamir area had a unique genetic background,which might be the result of early domestication of wild yaks.It was suggested to increase the identification of yak breeds and the formulation of breed standards in this area,and strengthen the protection of yak genetic resources in this area.According to the current situation of the population,wild blood yaks were introduced for purification and rejuvenation to prevent breed degeneration and decrease of genetic diversity.The introduction of foreign yak breeds and disorderly hybridization were reduced to ensure the characteristics of this breed of high-quality yak breed resources.     

Sequence comparison of pigeon circoviruses

The genome sequences of eight pigeon circoviruses (PiCV) were determined and compared with four previously published sequences. The viruses compared were from the USA, five European countries, China and Australia and included PiCVs from racing, feral, ornamental and meat pigeons and a Senegal dove (Streptopelia senegalensis). The 12 PiCV genomes, ranging from 2032 to 2040 nucleotides in length, displayed similar organizations. Pairwise comparisons showed that the genome nucleotide sequence identities ranged from 85.1% to 97.8% and that the amino acid identities of the putative replication associated (Rep) and putative capsid (Cap) proteins displayed ranges of 91.5-99.1% and 73.0-99.3%, respectively. Comparative analyses identified conserved nucleotide sequences within the Rep gene and 3' intergenic regions, which would be suitable for diagnostic PCR primers, and variable amino acid sequences within the capsid proteins, which should be considered when selecting virus isolates for vaccine development.     

麦洼牦牛SRY基因克隆及序列分析

SRY是Y染色体上具体决定生物雄性性别的基因片段,是多数哺乳动物性别决定基因之一。本试验采用克隆测序SRY基因并结合生物信息学对其序列进行分析,利用软件Codon W分析麦洼牦牛、普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、小鼠、鸡和人该基因编码区的密码子偏好性。克隆测序得到SRY基因序列含1个690 bp的开放阅读框,共编码229个氨基酸;其编码区核苷酸序列与普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、小鼠、鸡、人相应序列间的一致性分别为99.9%、93.9%、91.2%、76.5%、43.3%、21.4%、69.1%。经聚类分析,麦洼牦牛首先与普通牛聚在一起,绵羊与山羊聚为一类,这两类相聚后再依次与猪、人、小鼠相聚,最后与鸡聚为一类,其结果与以往的生物学分类结果一致。该基因编码的蛋白质分子式为C₁₁₅₅H₁₈₂₇N₃₅₁O₃₄₈S₁₁,相对分子质量为2655.0,理论等电点PI为9.55,亲水性平均数为-0.855。其密码子偏好性分析显示,T3_s为0.2905、C3_s为0.3240、A3_s为0.3728、G3_s为0.2963,第3位碱基中出现G和C占第3位碱基总量的48%,同义密码子数为61。上述数据表明麦洼牦牛SRY基因编码序列与普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、人具有较高的一致性,在物种进化过程中较为保守。该基因对含A的密码子有较高的偏爱性,尽量避开以G结尾的密码子,且其所编码的蛋白质为亲水性蛋白。     

牦牛PRDM9基因的CDS序列及其生物信息学分析

文章通过RT-PCR技术克隆了牦牛PRDM9基因的cDNA序列,利用DNAMAN、MAGA4、ExPASy等多个生物信息学软件进行了分析研究。结果表明:扩增出的牦牛PRDM9基因的编码区长1 533 bp,编码510个氨基酸。与普通牛、人和鼠相应基因核苷酸序列进行比对,其一致性分别为99%、76%和69%。预测的牦牛PRDM9蛋白二级和三级结构显示它是一个具有3种功能结构域的弱碱性螺旋状蛋白。这为今后的进一步研究提供了理论基础。     

牦牛IL-4基因的克隆及其遗传演化关系分析

克隆牦牛白细胞介素-4（IL～4）基因,并对其进行遗传演化分析。从刀豆素（ConA）和脂多糖（LPS）联合刺激培养的牦牛外周血淋巴细胞提取总RNA．利用RT—PCR方法扩增牦牛IL-4全长cDNA,将其克隆到pMD18～T载体上,测序后进行序列分析。成功克隆到牦牛IL-4基因全序列,序列分析表明,克隆的牦牛IL-4基因序列与GenBank所登录的牛IL-4核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分别这99．8％和100％,与人、猕猴、猪、山羊、马等物种的核苷酸及其推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别在44．4％～96．3％和27．4％～91．1％之间。在国内首次成功地从牦牛外周血淋巴细胞中克隆到IL-4的基因,其ORF为408bp,推导编码135个氨基酸。     

Study on Length Polymorphism of KAP1 Family Genes in Yak (Bos gurnniens)

This study was aimed to understand the characteristics of length polymorphism with repeat sequence of keratin associated protein 1 (KAP1) family genes in yak. KAP1 family genes of yak and cattle were sequenced, and compared with sheep KAP1 family gene sequences. The results showed that cattle KAP1 family genes were located in chromosome 19, according to location of sheep KAP1 family genes in the chromosome and similarity with cattle KAP1 family genes, renaming the cattle KAP1 family (according to the gene location of chromosome) B2D, B2A, KAP1-1 and B2C genes into KAP1-4, KAP1-1, KAP1-2 and KAP1-3 gene, respectively. KAP1 family genes in the 3'and 5' flank were highly conserved, the difference between family genes mainly in the the repeat sequence region, which yak KAP1 to KAP4 genes were found 30 bp length polymorphism. There were B(CCQTS)A₁(CCQPT) repeat sequence and a new repeat sequence C(SIQTS). The results indicated that the repeat sequence was the key of the polymorphism of KAP1 family genes, which might be relate to combination with keratin protein.     

牦牛KAP1家族基因长度多态研究

试验旨在研究牦牛角蛋白关联蛋白1（keratin associated protein 1,KAP1）家族基因长度多态与重复序列特点。研究对牦牛和黄牛KAP1家族基因进行测序,并与绵羊已知序列进行比较分析。结果发现,牛KAP1家族位于19号染色体,根据绵羊KAP1家族基因在染色体上的位置与相似性,重新命名了牛KAP1家族基因B2D、B2A、KAP1-1和B2C为KAP1-4、KAP1-1、KAP1-2、KAP1-3（按照染色体上的基因顺序）。KAP1家族基因之间在3'和5'端区域高度保守,中间有重复序列长度差异,其中牦牛KAP1-KAP4基因发现有30 bp的长度多态。研究其蛋白序列发现5个氨基酸为基序的重复序列B（CCQTS）A₁（CCQPT）,以及一个新的重复序列C（SIQTS）。本研究结果说明重复序列是KAP1家族基因间和基因内的主要差异区域,这可能与其角蛋白结合螺旋数相关。     

Comparative analysis of the putative amino acid sequences of chlamydial heat shock protein 60 and Escherichia coli GroEL

The nucleotide sequences of the gene encoding chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (cHSP60) of 7 Chlamydia psittaci strains were determined. Comparison of sequences of the cHSP60 gene among chlamydiae showed high identities of the nucleotide sequences by 81.0% or greater and of the deduced amino acid sequences by 92.2% or greater. Comparison of the amino acid sequences between chlamydia and the other bacterial HSP60s resulted in the finding of three highly conserved regions, suggesting that these regions play a role in some function. In addition, 26- or 27-functional residues in the Escherichia coli GroEL out of the 28-residues are conserved in the amino acid sequences of the cHSP60. The data suggest that the function of the cHSP60 may be the same as that of the E. coli GroEL.     

牦牛EPOR基因编码区序列的克隆及分析

以处于不同海拔高度的3个牦牛品种即巴州牦牛、大通牦牛、九龙牦牛为研究对象,对各牦牛品种的促红细胞生成素受体(EPOR)基因编码区进行PCR扩增和克隆测序.在对测序结果进行拼接得到牦牛EPOR基因编码区全序列基础上,利用生物信息学软件对其序列进行生物信息学及比较基因组学分析.结果表明:牦牛的EPOR基因编码区全长1 527 bp,编码508个氨基酸;EPOR信号肽由25个氨基酸组成,胞外域由225个氨基酸组成,跨膜区由22个氨基酸组成,胞浆域由236个氨基酸组成;EPOR基因编码区在牦牛品种间及其与普通牛间均存在一定的差异,这些差异是否与牦牛的适应性有关,值得进一步研究.     

野牦牛mtDNA Cytb基因全序列测定及系统进化关系

为从分子水平探究牦牛的分类地位和遗传多样性,试验测定了野牦牛细胞色素b基因全序列,并以绵羊为外群,构建野牦牛、家牦牛、大额牛、普通牛、瘤牛、水牛、非洲野牛、欧洲野牛、美洲野牛、非洲水牛等牛亚科种间系统进化树.结果表明:野牦牛细胞色素b基因全序列长1 140bp,序列间共有13个SNP多态位点,核苷酸变异类型包括转换和颠换,无插入和缺失,表明野牦牛具有较丰富的遗传多样性.研究结果支持将牦牛划分为牛亚科中一个独立属(即牦牛属)的观点.     

布莱凯特牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的序列测定及分析

根据GenBank发表的牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白(heart fatty acid-binding protein,H-FABP)基因的序列设计13对引物,分13段扩增出布莱凯特牛H-FABP基因,采用PCR产物直接测序的方式对各个片段进行测序,使用生物信息学软件对各个片段的测序结果进行拼接,得到布莱凯特牛H-FABP基因的全序列,并对其进行序列分析。结果表明,布莱凯特牛的H-FABP基因(GenBank登录号:FJ756345)是由4个外显子(73、173、102和54 bp)和3个内含子(3463、1892和1494 bp)组成;布莱凯特牛与牦牛、普通牛、山羊、猪、马、人、大鼠、小鼠和鸡等9个物种之间的核苷酸同源性大小依次为99.3%、99.0%、96.3%、92.5%、89.8%、88.3%、83.3%、82.8%、75.6%,其氨基酸的同源性为99.2%、99.2%、96.2%、93.2%、91.7%、88.7%、86.5%、86.5%、77.4%;系统发生树将这些物种总体上分成2支,鸡为独立的一支,布莱凯特牛、牦牛、普通牛、山羊、猪、马、人、大鼠、小鼠为另一独立的大分支。因此,渤海黑牛H-FABP基因具有很强的保守性,其进化树符合物种进化规律。     

牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体基因5′-侧翼区序列多态性研究

本研究旨在分析牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体(follicle-stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)基因的多态性,为从遗传角度上解决其繁殖产仔率低的问题提供参考,为筛选繁殖性状分子标记奠定理论基础。研究采用PCRSSCP和直接测序技术,对麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛、大通牦牛和犏牛共110头个体的FSHR基因5′-侧翼区进行遗传多态性分析,统计基因频率和基因型频率,进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检测,计算纯合度、杂合度、多态信息含量和有效等位基因数等遗传多态性指标。结果表明,麦洼牦牛、大通牦牛和九龙牦牛FSHR基因5′-侧翼区核苷酸序列具有多态性,犏牛无多态性;麦洼牦牛存在AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,九龙牦牛和大通牦牛均存在AA、AB 2种基因型,AB基因型在3个牦牛品种中占绝对优势,等位基因A为优势等位基因;麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛和大通牦牛的多态信息含量分别为0.3693、0.3565、0.3705,均达到了中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),表明各牦牛品种遗传变异较大。     

牦牛、犏牛、藏黄牛和普通牛HIOMT基因CDS序列的比较

褪黑激素（MLT）是调控动物季节性生殖等多种生物节律,具有复杂生理功能的一种吲哚类激素,羟基吲哚-氧-甲基转移酶（hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase,HIOMT）是决定MLT合成波动模式的重要酶之一。采用RT-PCR法克隆并分析了牦牛、犏牛和藏黄牛HIOMT基因的CDS序列。牦牛该基因序列连续缺失123bp,通过与普通牛基因组序列比对,该缺失片断位于HIOMT基因7个外显子中的第6外显子。由于克隆所得牦牛基因组DNA相应序列未缺失上述片断,推定所获得的牦牛HIOMT基因CDS序列属可变剪接体;克隆犏牛HIOMT基因获得长、短两条件序列,长序列与藏黄牛、普通牛该序列相似,短序列与牦牛相似,但尚不能确定这两条序列各自来自父本还是母本;与普通牛HIOMT基因比较,牦牛、犏牛和藏黄牛分别有11、13（长序列17）和11个变异位点,且位于密码子第1、2位点的变异分别为4、6（7）和4个,均为非同义突变,所有非同义突变只有1处由密码子第3位变异引起,这些突变可能通过影响蛋白结构进而影响其生物学功能。还预测了牦牛、犏牛、藏黄牛和普通牛HIOMT蛋白相对分子量、理论等电点、疏水性、跨膜区等。HIOMT的保守性较强,是系统进化研究较理想的分子标记。     

Cloning and Sequencing of cnf1 from Escherichia coli Incriminated in Mink and Bovine Colibacillosis

Colibacillosis is responsible for significant losses to the mink and cattle industries. Previous work in our laboratory and by others has suggested that possession of cnf1, the gene encoding cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF1), may contribute to the virulence of isolates of E. coli from mink and cattle. The cnf1 gene from E. coli isolated from a mink with colisepticaemia and a bovid with scours was amplified and cloned as a 3.5 kb fragment, and the fragment was sequenced. The cnf1 sequences from the mink and bovine isolates of E. coli were compared to each other and to cnf1 sequences of E. coli from urinary tract and diarrhoea-associated infections of humans. The difference was only 7 nucleotides between the cnf1 sequences of the mink and bovine isolates of E. coli, which translated into 7 differences in amino acids. The cnf1 sequence of the mink isolate of E. coli had 15 nucleotide differences from the cnf1 sequences of the human isolate of E. coli (GenBank X70670), which translated into 11 differences in amino acids between these proteins. The cnf1 sequence of the bovine isolate of E. coli had 14 nucleotide differences from the cnf1 sequence of the human isolate of E. coli (GenBank X70670), which translated into 10 differences in amino acids between these proteins. The highly conserved sequences of the amino acids of CNF1 proteins make them a promising target for detection and control of the CNF1-producing E. coli involved in disease among various host species.