雷州山羊春季牧食行为的观测

对雷州山羊春季牧食行为进行 2 4 h的连续观测表明 ,雷州山羊昼夜采食时间为 41 5 .37± 2 6.81 min,放牧平均采食速度 35 .34± 3.5 2口 /min,游走时间 1 5 .65± 7.32 min;每日饮水 3次 ,每次饮水量 0 .83± 0 .31 kg;昼夜反刍时间 375 .7± 2 1 .73min,反刍与采食时间之比为 0 .91∶ 1 ,昼夜反刍周期数 9.0 1± 0 .38,反刍周期持续时间 42 .1 9± 6.74min,每个食团咀嚼时间 5 0 .2 9± 8.42 s,反刍咀嚼速度 1 .35± 0 .1 5次 /s,夜间反刍时间占昼夜总反刍时间的 75 .66% ;昼夜排粪排尿次数分别为 8.67± 1 .37和 6.88± 1 .0 4 ,且白昼显著多于夜间 ( P<0 .0 5 )。     

安哥拉山羊若干行为的观测

本试验通过对6只4岁健康空怀安哥拉母山羊进行昼夜24小时连续观测,结果表明,每天在舍饲的21小时内,采食时间为179.33分钟,食后反刍来临时间为93.05±66.31分钟,昼夜反刍时间为222.78±4.89分钟,反刍周期数为13.34±1.97个,反刍周期持续时间为17.56±4.96分钟,昼夜反刍食团总数为195.17±40.65个,咀嚼次数为8097.84±375.61次,咀嚼速度为1.08次/秒,采食与反刍时间的比值为1:1.24。昼夜排粪、尿次数分别为6.40±1.19和9.64±1.01次。除放牧外,站立和游走时间为7.08小时,躺卧时间为13.92小时。争斗次数为52.33±9.81次。蹬高次数为24.67±4.31次。抬头观望和搔痒次数分别为73.92±5.13和11.800±7.67次。以上结果可供安哥拉山羊引种、科学的饲养管理和疾病诊断参考。     

科尔沁牛冬季牧食行为

2002年冬季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了科尔沁牛牧食行为.结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为302.2±26.6 min,反刍时间为13.5±22.4 min,卧息时间为21.6±27.8 min,站立时间为14.1±9.5 min,游走时间为78.2±26.6 min.平均采食速度为47.9±15.7口/分钟,平均采食量为5.31千克/头·天.日反刍周期出现于午休时间,反刍行为主要在夜间进行,夜间的反刍时间、反刍周期数和反刍总食团数均增加.     

欧拉藏羊公羊引进后的行为习性观察

对4只舍饲欧拉藏羊连续120 h的行为习性进行了观察,结果表明:在舍饲条件下,欧拉藏羊每昼夜的反刍时间443.52 min±45.23 min,卧息时间380.61 min±39.78 min,采食时间359.70 min±41.56 min,站立时间185.43 min±31.62 min。每个食团的咀嚼次数57.43次±8.16次、咀嚼时间43.25 s±7.82 s。反刍、睡眠多在夜间,采食、排泄活动多在白天。欧拉藏羊有较好的适应性。     

小尾寒羊冬季牧食行为

采用跟群放牧全日观察法,研究了小尾寒羊的行为习性。结果表明,昼夜行为活动以卧息时间最长,其次为发刍和采食时间。昼夜采食时间为292.1min;昼夜反刍时间为367.1min,夜间的反刍周期数、反刍食团数、每个食团的咀嚼次数和时间均多于白天。     

科尔沁牛冬季牧食行为

2002年冬季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了科尔沁牛牧食行为。结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为302．2±26．6 min,反刍时间为13．5±22．4 min,卧息时间为21．6±27．8 min,站立时间为14．1±9．5 min,游走时间为 78．2±26．6 min。平均采食速度为47．9±15．7口/分钟,平均采食量为5．31千克/头·天。日反刍周期出现于午休时间,反刍行为主要在夜间进行,夜间的反刍时间、反刍周期数和反刍总食团数均增加。     

波尔山羊舍饲行为观测研究

对6只带羔健康成年母羊在春季舍饲条件下的行为进行了昼夜跟踪观测.结果表明,波尔山羊成年母羊昼夜采食202.00±8.49 min,反刍380.67±46.73 min,卧息474.17±87.16 min,站立285.20±43.71 min.采食和站立时间,排粪尿、游走、探究、争斗和嬉戏次数均为白昼大于夜间,而反刍和卧息时间则是夜间大于白昼.反刍与采食时间之比为1.88∶1.00,昼夜反刍总食团数354.25±3.35个.母性较强,少争斗.此外,波尔山羊还有啃吃异物、打喷嚏、咳嗽、瘙痒等异常行为.     

波尔山羊舍饲行为观测研究

对6只带羔健康成年母羊在春季舍饲条件下的行为进行了昼夜跟踪观测。结果表明,波尔山羊成年母羊昼夜采食202.00±8.49min,反刍380.67±46.73min,卧息474.17±87.16min,站立285.20±43.71min。采食和站立时间,排粪尿、游走、探究、争斗和嬉戏次数均为白昼大于夜间,而反刍和卧息时间则是夜间大于白昼。反刍与采食时间之比为1.88∶1.00,昼夜反刍总食团数354.25±3.35个。母性较强,少争斗。此外,波尔山羊还有啃吃异物、打喷嚏、咳嗽、瘙痒等异常行为。     

贵州黑山羊秋季牧食行为观察

在秋季全放牧条件下,对体况相近、健康无病的10只贵州黑山羊的放牧行为进行昼夜跟踪观察。结果表明:贵州黑山羊昼夜反刍时间最长,为445 min,占昼夜24 h的30.9%,其中夜间反刍时间占全天反刍时间的73.2%,而采食、运动、静立、睡眠的时间分别为297.25、325.17、63.22、244.59 min;采食时间、运动时间均为白天大于夜间,而反刍时间、卧息时间和静立时间则是夜间大于白天,反刍与采食时间比为1.5︰1,昼夜反刍总食团数为个293.04个;该品种羊耐粗饲,采食快,攀爬能力强,对各种气候条件有良好的适应能力。     

二郎山白山羊春季牧食行为的研究

1997年春季在内蒙古乌盟察右前旗测定了二郎山白山羊的牧食行为，包括昼夜行为活动节律，采食和饮水、反刍、排泄行为等。测定结果表明：二郎山白山羊的适应性较强，昼夜行为活动以卧息时间最长，其次为采食和反刍时间。采食量亩136公斤干草。昼夜反刍时间为276.22分，反刍周期数为19.50个，重天食团数为255个，每个食团咀嚼的平均次数和时间分别为46.83次和40.34秒，夜间的反刍周期数和反刍时间均多于白天，昼夜排粪次数为6.17次，排粪量0.80公斤，排尿次数为5.17次。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.