日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比例对香猪钙磷代谢的影响

３６ 头香猪生长阶段去势公猪,通过３ ×３ 交叉分组设计,随机分配到９ 个处理中,每个处理４个重复,每个重复１ 头猪。试验两个因子中日粮磷３ 个水平分别为０ ．３ ％ 、０ ．６ ％ 和０ ．９ ％ ,日粮钙磷比的３ 个水平为１ １ 、１ ．２５ １ 和１ ．５ １ 。试验基础日粮由玉米、豆粕、血粉和苜蓿粉组成,各处理日粮磷水平和钙磷比用分析纯ＣａＣＯ３ 、Ｎａ２ＨＰＯ４ 和ＣａＨＰＯ４ 调配。两期钙磷代谢试验结果表明,提高日粮磷水平线性增加香猪钙磷采食量、粪钙磷和尿磷（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,０ ．６ ％ 的日粮磷水平在两期试验中表现出最高的磷存留量和磷表观利用率。随日粮钙磷比增加,钙的采食量、粪钙磷和尿钙逐渐增加（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,而尿磷逐渐减少（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。在体重７ｋｇ 时,当钙磷比为１ ．２５ １ 时,钙的表观消化率和表观利用率显著高于１ １组（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。在体重１７ｋｇ 时,钙磷的存留量、钙的表观利用率和磷的表观消化率在日粮钙磷比１ １ 时表现最大值（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,并且日粮磷和钙磷比互作效应显著影响粪钙磷、尿磷、钙磷存留量、磷的表观消化率和钙磷表观利用率（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１）     

不同磷水平日粮添加植酸酶对猪生产性能的影响

本试验选取５８头生长猪（１２５ｋｇ）随机分成３组,饲喂玉米—豆粕型日粮。对照组日粮中添加０８％磷酸氢钙（总磷０５６％,植酸磷０２６％）,试验组分别以２００ｇ／ｔ的植酸酶取代２／３和全部的磷酸氢钙（总磷分别为０４８％和０４２％,植酸磷均为０２６％）。５６ｄ试验结果表明,用植酸酶（２００ｇ／ｔ）取代２／３的磷酸氢钙,生长猪的日增重、饲料报酬和经济效益与对照组均无明显差异,但用２００ｇ／ｔ植酸酶取代全部的磷酸氢钙则上述指标明显下降,添加植酸酶后,粪中磷含量分别下降４００％和５１２％,对环境的污染明显下降。     

日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

162头生长肥育猪,通过2×3析因子安排分组,完全随机区组设计,随机分配到6处理组中,每个处理3个重复。两因子分别为日粮磷水平和钙磷比,磷的2个水平分别为生长期0.4%,0.5%;肥育期0.3%,0.4%。钙磷比分别为1∶1,1.3∶1,1.6∶1。试验结果表明,日粮中不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪的平均日增重、平均日耗料和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

不同氮、磷水平日粮对肥育猪生长性能及营养物质代谢的影响

选用48头54kg左右的三元杂交肥育猪，随机分为2组，分别饲喂高氮高磷日粮（16．8％和0．56％）和低氮低磷日粮（14．5％和0．46％），预试期为7d，正试期为22d。试验结束时，测定不同氮、磷日粮水平添加赖氨酸（Lys）、蛋氨酸（Met）和苏氨酸（Thr）等必需氨基酸对其生产性能、氮平衡和血液生化参数的影响。结果表明，将日粮粗蛋白含量降低2．3个百分点、磷降低0．1个百分点，补加适量赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸，肥育猪平均日采食量、日增重、料重比和摄入氮均没有显著变化（P〉0．05），但粪氮显著下降（P〈0．05）；与高氮高磷日粮组相比，能量、蛋白和磷的消化率差异不显著（P〉0．05），血清高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、总蛋白和白蛋白含量以及碱性磷酸酶活性差异也不显著（P〉0．05），但血清尿素氮含量显著下降（P〈0．05）。     

不同氮、磷水平日粮对肥育猪生长性能及营养物质代谢的影响

选用48头54kg左右的三元杂交肥育猪，随机分为2组，分别饲喂高氮高磷日粮（16．8％和0．56％）和低氮低磷日粮（14．5％和0．46％），预试期为7d，正试期为22d。试验结束时，测定不同氮、磷日粮水平添加赖氨酸（Lys）、蛋氨酸（Met）和苏氨酸（Thr）等必需氨基酸对其生产性能、氮平衡和血液生化参数的影响。结果表明，将日粮粗蛋白含量降低2．3个百分点、磷降低0．1个百分点，补加适量赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸，肥育猪平均日采食量、日增重、料重比和摄入氮均没有显著变化（P〉0．05），但粪氮显著下降（P〈0．05）；与高氮高磷日粮组相比，能量、蛋白和磷的消化率差异不显著（P〉0．05），血清高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、总蛋白和白蛋白含量以及碱性磷酸酶活性差异也不显著（P〉0．05），但血清尿素氮含量显著下降（P〈0．05）。     

猪的钙磷需要

一、饲养标准里的钙磷需要量《养猪》杂志1990年第4期在“猪对常量无机元素的需要”一文中,已介绍了美、英、德、苏四国最新钙磷需要量(占饲粮％)。日本(1987)规定量与美国基本相同,仅生长猪划分20—35,35—70,70—110千克三级。以美、日为最低。对比美国科委(NRC)颁布的1973、1979与1988年三个版本。     

日粮磷和钙磷比例对小型猪(香猪)血清、肠、骨碱性磷酸酶及血清钙磷的影响

36头生长阶段香猪去势公猪 ,通过3×3析因安排分组 ,完全随机区组设计 ,随机分配到9个处理中 ,每个处理4个重复 ,每个重复1头猪。试验两个因子中日粮磷的3个水平分别为0.3 %、0.6 %和0.9 % ;日粮钙磷比例的3个水平为1 :1、1.25 :1和1.5 :1。试验基础日粮由玉米、豆粕、血粉和苜蓿粉组成 ,各处理日粮磷水平和钙磷比例用CaCO3、Na2HPO4 和CaHPO4 调配。从试验开始到结束 ,每隔两周颈静脉采血一次测血清AKP活性和钙、磷 ,并于试验结束时屠宰全部试验猪取小肠和肋骨样测AKP活性。试验结果表明 ,血清AKP活性和第六肋骨AKP活性随日粮磷从0.3 %增加至0.9 %显著下降(P<0.05) ,但十二指肠AKP活性不受日粮磷水平影响。日粮钙磷比例不影响血清、第六肋骨和十二指肠AKP活性(P>0.05)。血清磷随日粮磷增加而增加 ,随日粮钙磷比例增加而下降。血清钙不受日粮磷水平影响 ,但在日粮钙磷比例为1.25 :1时最高     

日粮添加植酸酶及不同钙磷水平对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响

利用饲养试验和代谢试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,研究磷水平、钙磷比对猪生产性能的影响及磷水平×钙磷比互作效应,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重为20~60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60~100kg。将试验猪随机分配到6个处理中,每个处理设3个重复(3个栏),每个重复9头猪,公母各半。日粮磷水平在前期为0.4%和0.5%,后期为0.3%和0.4%;钙磷比例全程均为1∶1、1.3∶1和1.6∶1。试验基础日粮由玉米、豆粕、鱼粉、米糠组成,预混料中添加了植酸酶(活性为5000U,添加量为100g/d)。结果表明添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对猪生长期和肥育期的平均日增重和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

不同钙水平日粮对鹅肉品质的影响

选用8周龄农安仔鹅120只,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮(Ca0.6%),其余3组为试验组,在基础日粮的基础上将钙含量分别提高到0.9%、1.2%和1.5%。预饲期7d,试验期28d。分别于试验期的第7、14、21、28d进行屠宰,研究不同钙水平日粮对鹅胸肌和腿肌的肉色、pH值、失水率和剪切力值的影响。结果表明:不同钙水平日粮及不同屠宰时间对肉色、pH值、失水率影响不显著(P0.05);不同屠宰时间对胸肌、腿肌剪切力值有极显著的影响(P0.01);不同钙水平日粮对鹅胸肌、腿肌剪切力值影响不显著(P0.05),但有随钙水平的提高而降低的趋势。     

不同磷水平日粮对崂山奶山羊氮消化代谢的影响

选择9只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的崂山奶山羊,采用单因子随机分组试验设计,试验分为3组,即低磷日粮组(LPD组,0.29%)、中磷日粮组(MPD组,0.41%)和高磷日粮组(HPD组,0.59%),每组3只。3组日粮粗蛋白水平相同(CP=11.6%,DM)均配制成全混合颗粒料型饲喂,采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明,LPD组的干物质采食量、进食氮、乳氮、可消化氮、沉积氮和沉积氮/代谢体质量显著高于MPD组,尿氮显著高于HPD组,排出氮显著高于MPD组和HPD组,LPD组尿中尿素氮含量显著低于MPD组和HPD组;其他指标各组间差异不显著。在不同时间点LPD组、MPD组和HPD组间崂山奶山羊瘤胃液磷、尿素氮含量和pH差异不显著,但随试验羊采食时间的延长有逐渐下降的趋势。在满足动物磷需要量的条件下,氮消化代谢与其摄入量和来源有关,不受日粮磷源和磷水平的影响。     

微电流对骨折山羊钙磷代谢的影响

为了分析微电流 (2 0微安 )对骨折山羊血液中钙磷代谢的影响 ,探讨微电流促进动物骨折愈合的可能机制 ,将 2 0只健康山羊随机分为试验组 (骨折处通入 2 0微安电流 )和对照组 ,人工造成非开放性全骨折 ,于骨折前后 7次测定血钙和血磷。结果 ,两组山羊在骨折后均呈现血钙下降、血磷上升的趋势 (P <0 0 1)。推断骨折后 2 0d ,两组之间血磷差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。微电流能够影响山羊钙磷代谢。     

Response of young horses in training to varying concentrations of dietary calcium and phosphorus

This experiment was conducted to determine if additional mineral supplementation during early training would increase mineral retention and improve the strength of bone as indicated by the mineral content of the third metacarpal. Twelve previously untrained Quarter Horse geldings were randomly divided into two groups, broke to ride, trained to gallop on the track and maintained in training for four 28-day periods. One group of four horses served as controls and was fed a ration averaging 28.3 g of Ca/day and 21.9 g P/day while in training. Eight other horses were fed a ration averaging 34.9 g Ca/day and 26.4 g P/day while in training. Feed, feces and urine were analyzed to determine mineral balance. Radiographs were taken of the left front leg to examine bone density as indicated by radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE). The high mineral treatment group retained more Ca than controls (P<.05) at days 56 and 84. An increase in Ca retention would prove beneficial in facilitating the bone remodeling process and overall skeletal growth. Additionally, the high mineral group had a greater increase in total RBAE (P<.05) when compared to the control group. Hence, it appears that benefit was derived from feeding the greater amount of Ca to the young racehorse at the onset of training.     

Growth and calcium metabolism in horses fed varying levels of protein

The effect of level of protein intake on growth and calcium metabolism was studied in 24 foals. Starting at four months old, the foals were fed one of three diets containing all nutrients, with the exception of protein, at levels recommended by the United States National Research Council Subcommittee on Horse Nutrition for a 12 month period. The protein levels in the three diets were 9 per cent (low protein) 14 per cent (NRC recommended level) and 20 per cent (high protein). The foals fed the low protein diet were changed to the high protein diet after 140 days when they were nine months old. There were no significant differences in the rates of growth in weight, height, cannon circumference or in hoof growth and feed utilisation of the horses fed the 14 or the 20 per cent protein diets. However, growth, feed intake and feed utilisation by the foals fed the low (9 per cent) protein diet were significantly depressed. The average daily gains for the first 140 days for the 9, 14 and 20 per cent protein treatment groups were 64, 631 and 687 g in weight, 0.57, 0.83 and 0.87 mm in height and 0.04, 0.13 and 0.14 m in forecannon circumference, respectively. The average daily feed intakes for the 140 day period for the three groups were 2.7, 4.4 and 4.7 kg, respectively. After the change to the high protein diet the foals that had been fed the low protein diet maintained a higher rate of gain in bodyweight, height and cannon circumference, and utilised feed more efficiently than the other two groups throughout the second 140 days of the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dietary calcium and phosphorus for lactating swine at high and average production levels

An experiment utilizing 198 first-and 77 second-litter sows evaluated the effects of five dietary Ca:P levels at two litter sizes (six to seven or 11 to 12 pigs/litter) over a 21-d lactation period for two parities. Lactation dietary P levels ranged from .50 to .90% in .10% increments with Ca concurrently increased in a 1.3:1 ratio using dicalcium phosphate and limestone as the inorganic mineral sources. A 14% protein, corn-soybean meal diet was formulated with .80% Ca and .60% P for gestation while lactation diets varied in their Ca and P contents. Randomly selected sows from each treatment group and parity were slaughtered with various bones collected for analyses. A counterpart set of nongravid gilts remained on trial and were slaughtered at the end of the two-parity period with bones collected. Sow dietary mineral level did not affect sow or pig performance, nor was there an interaction between dietary mineral level, parity or litter size nursed. Serum and milk Ca, P or Mg were unaffected by dietary Ca:P at 7 or 21 d of lactation, but milk Ca and P increased from parity I to II. Percent rib and vertebra bone ash decreased from parity I to II for sows nursing the larger litters; other bones were unresponsive to dietary mineral level. Femur thickness decreased from parity I to II but was not influenced by dietary Ca:P level. Bone-bending moment of the ribs, metacarpals and metatarsals were not influenced by diet, but a lower metacarpal bending moment was observed for sows nursing larger litters. All bones from nongravid females had higher percentage of bone ash, bending moment and shaft thickness when compared with reproducing sows. These results suggest that reproductive state (i.e., reproducing vs non-reproducing), litter size and parity affected sow Ca:P mineral skeletal reserves more than dietary Ca:P levels.     

Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on metabolism and production in laying hens

1. The effects of different dietary concentrations of calcium (24 to 56.9 g/kg) and phosphorus (4.5 to 14.2 g/kg) on production and some aspects of metabolism were studied in laying hens.

2. Treatments did not affect egg numbers, food consumption, conversion efficiency of food to egg, bodyweight gain or mortality.

3. Increasing dietary calcium (Ca) significantly increased plasma Ca and inorganic phosphorus (P), breaking strength at the radius and egg specific gravity and significantly decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase and egg weight.

4. Increasing dietary phosphorus increased plasma P and decreased egg specific gravity significantly.

5. Plasma Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase and radius breaking strength were suitable indices of the Ca status of the hens.     

Phosphorus in swine. VI. Utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus and reproductive performance of gravid gilts fed two dietary phosphorus levels for five parities

Sixty-two gilts were paired at breeding and assigned randomly to one of the following dietary treatments: (1) low P or (2) high P during gestation and lactation. Two sets of diets (A and B) were formulated; each set to provide a low (10 g) and high (15 g) daily P intake (equal Ca daily intake, 15 g) when fed at 1.82 and 2.27 kg daily, respectively for sets A and B. Females were fed 1.82 kg daily of set A diets during the first 11 wk of gestation, 2.27 kg daily of set B diets for the next 3 wk and 3.34 kg of the appropriate set B diets containing 20% wheat bran until farrowing, at which time the bran was gradually removed from set B diets and the feed level increased to 4 kg daily until weaning. The proportions of defluorinated phosphate and limestone were varied to provide the appropriate level of Ca and P (low and high). At approximately 5 wk before farrowing at each parity, up to 12 females from each group were used in Ca, P and N balance trials that lasted about 2 wk. Dietary P intake did not affect the apparent absorption and retention of N and Ca; 88% of the consumed N was absorbed and one-half of the absorbed was retained, and 37% of the Ca was absorbed and 94% of the absorbed was retained. Females fed the higher P intake, although excreting higher levels of P in the feces and urine, absorbed and retained a larger amount of P; but the low P-fed sows were more efficient in the retention of P when expressed as a percentage of intake or as a percentage of the absorbed P. With the exception of average total litter weight at birth that favored high P-fed sows, live, dead and total pigs at birth, average birth weight and breeding performance were not statistically different between P levels. Except for the first parity, most characteristics favored sows fed the higher P intake. Serum Ca and P levels and hair P concentration were similar between P levels. Hair Ca concentration, however, was higher for the high P-fed sows. Sows fed the higher daily P intake retained more P and there was a trend for better farrowing performance. However, breeding performance, serum Ca and P levels, hair P concentrations and Ca and N balance were similar between dietary P intakes. These results would support current National Research Council-suggested Ca and P levels for sows.     

日粮阴阳离子差对母猪钙代谢及相关指标的影响

选用58头2～7胎的大白母猪,随机分成对照组(30头)和试验组(28头)两个处理.对照组为玉米-豆粕型日粮,试验组日粮在对照组日粮的基础上,添加了阴离子盐添加剂.研究日粮的阴阳离子差(dietary cation-aniondifference,DCAD)对母猪钙代谢及相关血液及尿液指标的影响,对照组日粮和试验组日粮的阴阳离子差分别为85.1mEq/kg和-136.5 mEq/kg.结果表明,各阶段试验组母猪血浆钙浓度在数值上高于对照组:试验组血磷浓度在妊娠100 d和分娩后第2天显著高于对照组(P<0.10);各阶段血镬浓度试验组显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.10或P<0.01);在妊娠86 d到分娩后第2天,试验组的母猪血液甲状旁腺素增加量显著高于对照组(P<0.10).试验组母猪尿液pH值极显著降低(P<0.01);在妊娠86 d和100 d,试验组母猪尿液钙含量均极显著高于对照组母猪(P<0.01);尿液镁含量极显著或显著高于对照组母猪(P<0.01或P<0.10);分娩前的试验组母猪尿液磷含量极显著或显著高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.10).这表明日粮阴阳离子差可以调节妊娠后期和分娩期母猪的血钙及其他电解质的平衡.