草甘膦对重金属污染土壤中铜、锌淋溶的研究

草甘膦分子结构中含有膦酸基、羧基和胺基等,具有强的络合重金属离子的能力,从而影响重金属在土壤中的环境化学行为.本文采用土柱淋溶方法,研究了不同浓度草甘膦溶液( 0、5 、20 和 50 mg/L)对污染土壤中重金属溶出的影响.草甘膦的存在降低了淋滤液的pH,增加了淋滤液中Cu和Zn的含量.逐层采样并分析了土壤中重金属的生物有效性含量,发现草甘膦的存在增加了土柱下层土壤重金属的生物有效性浓度.大量使用草甘膦会导致污染土壤中重金属的溶出,进而污染地下水.     

施用碱稳定固体的酸性土壤的Cu和Zn的形态分布

Fractionation of metals in a granite-derived acid sandy loam soil amended with alkaline-stabilised sewagesIudge biosolids was conducted in order to assess metal bioavailability and environmental mobility soil solution was extracted by a centrifugation and filtration technique. Metal speciation in the soil solution wasdetermined by a cation exchange resin method. Acetic acid and EDTA extracting solutions were used forextraction of metals in soil solid surfaces. Metal distribution in different fractions of soil solid phase was determined using a three-step sequential extraction scheme. The results show that the metals in the soilsolution existed in different fractions with variable lability and metals in the soil solid phase were also presentin various chemical forms with potentially different bioavail ability and environmental mobility Alkaline-stabilised biosolids could elevate solubility of Cu and proportion of Cu in organically complexed fractionsboth in soil liquid and solid phases, and may therefore increase Cu mobility. In contrast, the biosolids lowered the concentrations of water-soluble Zn (labile fraction) and exchangeable Zn and may hence decrease bioavailability and mobility of Zn. However, Fe and Mn oxides bound and organic matter bound fractions are likely to be Zn pools in the sludge-amended soil. These consequences possibly result from the liming effect and metal speciation of the sludge product and the difference in the chemistry between the metals in soil.     

Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils

We developed a semiempirical equation from metal complextion theory which relates the metal activity of soil solutions to the soil's pH, organic matter content (OM) and total metal content (MT). The equation has the general form: where pM is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the metal activity, and a, b and c are constants. The equation successfully predicted free Cu²⁺ activity in soils with a wide range of properties, including soils previously treated with sewage sludge. The significant correlation of pCu to these measured soil properties in long-contaminated soils suggests that copper activity is controlled by adsorption on organic matter under steady state conditions. An attempt was made from separate published data to correlate total soluble Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in soils to soil pH, organic matter content and total metal content. For Cu, the total Cu content of the soil was most highly correlated with total soluble Cu. Similarly, total soluble Zn and Cd were correlated with total metal content, but were more strongly related to soil pH than was soluble Cu. Smaller metal solubility in response to higher soil pH was most marked for Zn and Cd, metals that tend not to complex strongly with soluble organics. The organic matter content was often, but not always, a statistically significant variable in predicting metal solubility from soil properties. The solubility of Pb was less satisfactorily predicted from measured soil properties than solubility of the other metals. It seems that for Cu at least, solid organic matter limits free metal activity, whilst dissolved organic matter promotes metal solubility, in soils well-aged with respect to the metal pollutant. Although total metal content alone is not generally a good predictor of metal solubility or activity, it assumes great importance when comparing metal solubility in soils having similar pH and organic matter content.     

Assessment of the interactions of metals and nitrilotriacetic acid in soil/sludge mixtures

The solution phase forms of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in digested sewage sludge and a soil/sludge mixture were investigated. Gel filtration chromatographic analysis indicated that Cu and possibly Ni were maintained in solution by association with a soluble, high molecular weight organic fraction; Mn solubility was due to the presence of unbound inorganic species and soluble Zn was distributed equally between the two forms. Speciation of the metals in the solution phase of the soil/sludge mixture generally reflected that of the sludge. However, the total amount of soluble Mn in the soil/sludge mixture was approximately 25 times greater than in the sludge and was attributed to heavy metal induced release of indigenous soil Mn. Increases in the quantities of soluble Ni and Zn in both the sludge and the soil/sludge mixture following equilibration with 40 mg L^?1 NTA were due to conversion of solid phase forms to soluble metal-NTA complexes. The preferential complexation of NTA with Cu already present in soluble organic forms resulted in a change in speciation without a corresponding increase in solubility. The importance of changes in speciation with regard to potential metal mobility and bioavailability within sludge-amended soil is discussed.     

Changes in tolerance of soil microbial communities in Zn and Cd contaminated soils

Trace metals are present in the soil matrix in different forms, and this obscures the relationship between the amounts of metals, their biological availability and effects. Chemical methods have been devised to directly measure the biological available pools of trace metals, but such methods need to be validated against measured exposure of organisms in the soil. We studied acquired Zn- and Cd tolerance of the soil microbial community as a reporter of its exposure, and compared it with chemical determination of Zn and Cd in 10 soils differing in pH, organic matter content, texture, vegetation-/cultivation history and metal contamination. The tolerance was measured as LC₅₀ (i.e. the metal concentration which inhibits 50% of the activity) in suspensions of extracted soil bacteria, by measuring the incorporation rate of [³H] thymidine at different metal concentrations. Chemical determination of Cd and Zn in soils included total concentrations by aqua regia extractions (AR), and total concentrations in extracted pore water (PW). In addition was the ‘effective concentration’ (C_E) determined using the Diffusion Gradients in Thins films method (DGT). The LC₅₀ values correlated better with PW (r²=0.90 for Cd and r²=0.97 for Zn) and C_E (0.90 for Cd and 0.98 for Zn) compared to the correlation with AR (0.72 for Cd and 0.82 for Zn). After excluding a single extremely contaminated soil from the analysis, the correlation of LC₅₀ with AR was much poorer (r²=0.03 (ns) for Cd and r²=0.48 for Zn), whereas correlations remained significant for both PW (0.90 for Cd and 0.87 for Zn) and C_E (0.54 for Cd and 0.84 for Zn). In conclusion, PW fraction of Cd and Zn appear to be the best predictor of trace metal exposure of the soil microorganisms.     

甜菜牧草体系对土壤中种邻苯二甲酸酯的修复研究

通过室内盆栽试验,研究了甜菜与黑麦草、苜蓿、苏丹草分别间作及4种植物各自单作对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）和邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）二酯（DEHP）4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的植物修复效果。结果表明：与空白对照相比,种植植物的修复效果更好;苜蓿单作与间作都有较好的修复效果,其中甜菜/苜蓿间作PAEs的去除率最高,可达66.48%;植物单作与间作相比,间作的修复效果高于单作,间作增强土壤中过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性,从而促进了根际微生物对PAEs的降解;就单一污染物来说,DBP和DEHP在污染土壤和植物茎叶中的浓度较其他两种污染物高,两者在土壤中的去除率也较高,其中DEHP为最高,均可达50%以上,DBP的去除率也在40%以上;DEHP在植物茎叶中的生物富集系数明显较低,且单作低于间作,而DBP和BBP的生物富集系数较高。可选择苜蓿作为土壤中PAEs修复的一种高效修复植物,植物间作相对于单作有更好的修复效率,也可更高效地利用土地资源,因此可优先选择作为植物修复的一种种植模式。     

Mobilization of Cu and Pb from multi-metal contaminated soils by dissolved humic substances extracted from leonardite and factors affecting the process

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The aim of the research was to determine the potential of dissolved humic substances extracted from leonardite to mobilize Cu and Pb from multi-metal contaminated...     

Availability of Cu and Zn in an acidic sludge-amended soil as affected by zeolite application and liming

Purpose  

Acidic soils exhibit high trace element availability compared to neutral pH soils, and thus, when trace metals are added (e.g. due to sewage sludge application), measures should be taken to reduce their mobility. In this experiment, we tested two such methods, liming and zeolite addition. The aim was to measure the availability, in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) added to soil with sewage sludge in both acidic and limed soil.     

Bioavailability,fractionation of pb and Zn in the rhizosphere of sunflower in chelators-amended contaminated soil

Assisted phytoremediation procedures have been widely employed as soil removal instrument of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Rhizosphere processes have a major impact on pb and Zn availability and its fractions in soils. The present study evaluates the effects of EDTA, citric acid (CA) and poultry manure extract (PME) on bioavailability and fractionation of pb, Zn in both the rhizosphere of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bulk soil. EDTA and CA were added to soils at the rates of 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg^?1 soil and PME at 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg^?1 soil as factorial in a completely randomized pattern with three replicates in greenhouse condition. Results showed that chelator application had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on pb, Zn extraction by different extractants and its fractions in soils. The order of concentrations of pb, Zn present in different fractions in soil treated by chelators was: oxides-bounded fraction > residual fraction > OM-bounded fraction > carbonate-bounded fraction > exchangeable fraction. Biochemical soil characteristics in the sunflower rhizosphere change resulting from its roots contributing to pb, Zn decline in mobile soil fractions, and change in soil pb, Zn fractions that are generally regarded as more stable.     

The determination of Zn,Cd, Pb and Cu in soil extracts by anodic stripping voltammetry

This work describes simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in soil extract by d. c. anodic stripping voltammetry at the hanging mercury drop electrode. Soil samples were taken from six different areas characterized by different degrees of heavy metal pollution. The metals were extracted from the soil samples using 0.5 M HCI. The base electrolyte for ASV was 0.2 M acetic buffer at pH 5.0. These results are compared with those obtained by using atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The accuracy and precision of the presented method are satisfactory (relative standard deviation is 3.5 to 11%). Iron, Al and Ti contained in the extract in the concentration of 1120, 5400, and 480 µg g^?1, respectively, do not present measurement difficulties.[/p]     

Immobilization of Cu and Cd in a contaminated soil: one- and four-year field effects

Purpose

Many amendments have been applied to immobilize heavy metals in soil. However, little information is available on the changes of immobilization efficiencies of heavy metals in contaminated soils over time. This work investigated the immobilization efficiencies of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in contaminated soils in situ remediated with one-time application of three amendments for 1 year and 4 years.

Materials and methods

Apatite, lime, and charcoal were mixed with the topsoil of each plot with the amounts of 22.3, 4.45, and 66.8 t/ha, respectively. Soil chemical properties and fractions of Cu and Cd were examined after in situ remediation for 1 year and 4 years. Soil sorption and retention capacities and desorption proportions for Cu and Cd were investigated by batch experiments.

Results and discussion

The addition of amendments significantly increased soil pH, but decreased exchange acid and aluminum (Al). The amendments significantly decreased the CaCl₂ extractable Cu and Cd and transformed them from active to inactive fractions. After the application of amendments for 1 year, the maximum sorption capacities ranged from 35.6 to 38.8 mmol/kg for Cu and from 14.4 to 17.0 mmol/kg for Cd, which were markedly higher than those of the application of amendments for 4 years (Cu, 29.6–34.7 mmol/kg; Cd, 10.9–16.4 mmol/kg). Desorption proportions (D) of Cu and Cd using three extractants followed the order of \( {D}_{{\mathrm{NaNO}}_3}<{D}_{{\mathrm{CaCI}}_2}<{D}_{{\mathrm{MgCI}}_2} \) . Moreover, the retention capacities (R) of Cu and Cd both increased and followed the order of R _apatite?>?R _lime?>?R _charcoal, resulting in higher Cu and Cd in the amended soils than the untreated soil.

Conclusions

Apatite, lime, and charcoal increased the soil sorption and retention capacities of Cu and Cd and resulted in higher immobilization efficiencies in the amended soils than the untreated soil. However, the immobilization efficiencies of Cu and Cd decreased with the decrease of sorption capacities after 4 years. It was concluded that apatite had the best effect on the long-term stability of immobilized Cu and Cd and can be applied to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils.     

Pilot-scale counter-current acid leaching process for Cu,Pb, Sb,and Zn from small-arms shooting range soil

Purpose

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of a counter-current leaching process (CCLP) on 14 cycles with leachate treatment at the pilot scale for Pb, Cu, Sb, and Zn removal from the soil of a Canadian small-arms shooting range.

Materials and methods

The metal concentrations in the contaminated soil were 904?±?112 mg Cu kg^–1, 8,550?±?940 mg Pb kg^–1, 370?±?26 mg Sb kg^–1, and 169?±?14 mg Zn kg^–1. The CCLP includes three acid leaching steps (0.125 M H₂SO₄?+?4 M NaCl, pulp density (PD)?=?10 %, t?=?1 h, T?=?20 °C, total volume?=?20 L). The leachate treatment was performed using metal precipitation with a 5-M NaOH solution. The treated effluent was reused for the next metal leaching steps.

Results and discussion

The average metal removal yields were 80.9?±?2.3 % of Cu, 94.5?±?0.7 % of Pb, 51.1?±?4.8 % of Sb, and 43.9?±?3.9 % of Zn. Compared to a conventional leaching process, the CCLP allows a significant economy of water (24,500 L water per ton of soil), sulfuric acid (133 L H₂SO₄ t^–1), NaCl (6,310 kg NaCl t^–1), and NaOH (225 kg NaOH t^–1). This corresponds to 82 %, 65 %, 90 %, and 75 % of reduction, respectively. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure test, which was applied on the remediated soil, demonstrated a large decrease of the lead availability (0.8 mg Pb L^–1) in comparison to the untreated soil (142 mg Pb L^–1). The estimated total cost of this soil remediation process is 267 US$ t^–1.

Conclusions

The CCLP process allows high removal yields for Pb and Cu and a significant reduction in water and chemical consumption. Further work should examine the extraction of Sb from small-arms shooting range.     

氧化/磺化腐殖酸对潮土中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn有效性的影响

【目的】研究比较改性腐殖酸对潮土微量元素有效性的影响及其作用机理,以期为开发提高微量元素有效性的专用腐殖酸功能材料提供科学依据。【方法】采用土壤培养法,将腐殖酸 (HA)、氧化腐殖酸 (YHA) 和磺化腐殖酸 (SHA) 分别按30、100、300 mg/kg用量与干土混匀装入培养瓶中,调节含水量至田间持水量的60%,置于25℃人工气候箱中进行恒温培养,并保持土壤湿度恒定。分别在培养第3、7、15、30、60天取样,测定土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量。【结果】三种腐殖酸对土壤Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn有效性的影响大小依次为HA>YHA>SHA。施用30～300 mg/kg 腐殖酸 (HA) 可显著提高土壤有效铜含量,特别是在15～30天内,土壤有效铜含量提升幅度可达51.3%,明显优于氧化腐殖酸和磺化腐殖酸;施用三种腐殖酸30～300 mg/kg可在15天内增加土壤有效锌含量,其中以腐殖酸 (HA) 效果最好,土壤有效锌含量增幅可达11.8%～20.3%,优于氧化腐殖酸、磺化腐殖酸;30～100 mg/kg用量下,施用腐殖酸 (HA) 可在15天内使土壤有效锰含量提升5.6%,效果优于氧化腐殖酸和磺化腐殖酸,300 mg/kg用量下,磺化腐殖酸可使土壤有效锰含量提升13.6%;施用30～300 mg/kg的腐殖酸 (HA) 一周后,土壤有效铁含量提高4.3%～7.2%,磺化腐殖酸或氧化腐殖酸用量分别在30 mg/kg和300 mg/kg时可提高土壤铁有效性。【结论】施用腐殖酸可显著提升潮土铜的有效性,但对潮土锌、锰、铁有效性的影响呈现出阶段性变化,不同结构腐殖酸对潮土微量元素有效性的影响差异较大,以HA对元素有效性的影响最大。因此,腐殖酸应用于提升微量元素有效性时,需考虑腐殖酸本身性质及施用时期等因素。     

Micro/nanostructured hydroxyapatite structurally enhances the immobilization for Cu and Cd in contaminated soil

Purpose

The presence of high copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils around mining areas has raised serious health concerns. Improving hydroxyapatite (HAP) adsorption capacity for Cu and Cd is important if its application potential in heavily contaminated soils is to expand.

Materials and methods

The micro/nanostructured HAP (mnHAP) was synthesized using a template-induced method to improve the HAP immobilization of Cu and Cd in contaminated soils. Commercial and synthetic HAPs were evaluated as amendments in Cu and Cd remediation tests with 1.5 and 3.0 % addition level for 90 days, and soils without HAP materials (0.0 %) were designated as the controls; each treatment was repeated three times. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive spectra (EDS) and then quantitatively determined the Cu and Cd contents by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Results and discussion

The mnHAP was more effective in immobilizing Cu and Cd than the two commercial HAPs. After treatment with mnHAP at the 3.0 % addition level for 90 days, the contaminated soils showed 55.2 and 84.8 % reductions in Cu and Cd concentrations in the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching procedure, respectively. The experimental data indicated that the enhanced Cu and Cd immobilization by mnHAP was due to the increases of surface area and the improvement of structure and newly introduced carboxylate groups on its surface.

Conclusions

These findings show that regulating the structure and surface properties of HAP can enhance Cu and Cd immobilization in soils.

     

Complexing properties of nitrilotriacetic acid in the lake environment

At concentrations above 1 ppm NTA can react with sparingly soluble compounds to release the metal and associated anions through complexation. It also interacts with sediment to release certain metals depending on the abundance of the metals in the sediment. In situ and laboratory experiments have been carried out to study such interactions and also to follow the fate of these released metals after NTA has degraded. Degradation of certain NTA-metal complexes in lake water medium has also been studied. It was found that certain NTA complexes (Cu, Ni, Cd, Hg) are very resistent to degradation.     

Remediation of vanadium contaminated soil by nano-hydroxyapatite

Purpose

Vanadium (V) contamination in soil can cause diverse damage to soil ecosystem and has attracted research interests in exploring soil V stabilization methods, but only a few materials were proposed and studied. Here, a pot experiment was firstly conducted to estimate the efficiency of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) in stabilizing V in soil. To verify the impact of n-HAP on soil V bioavailability and phytotoxicity, cabbages (Brassica chinensis L.) were grown in V-spiked soils after n-HAP amendment.

Materials and methods

Soils were sampled from a farmland in China, and the n-HAP was prepared in the laboratory. In each pot of soil spiked with 0, 75, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg V, 2% n-HAP was amended for 30 days, while soils without n-HAP amendment were set as controls. The stabilization effect of n-HAP on V in soil was estimated by the water-extractable and bioavailable V concentrations in soils. Cabbages were grown in pots subsequently. The V(V/IV) concentrations in cabbage leaves and roots, the organic bound V concentrations in cabbage roots, and the chlorophyll concentrations in leaves were determined. Bioconcentration factor and translocation factor were calculated. The composition of organic bound V in leaf was characterized by fluorescence excitation–emission matrix.

Results and discussion

In soils spiked with 150 mg/kg V, n-HAP amendment yielded the highest stabilization rates of 51.0% and 42.4% for water-extractable and bioavailable V, respectively. In 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg V-spiked soil, the plant weight, plant height, and root length of cabbage after 60-day growing decreased 54.6%/89.6%, 30.9%/45.5%, and 41.5%/51.4% in groups with/without n-HAP, respectively. Cabbage leaf chlorophyll concentrations descend firstly then ascend with rising soil V concentration. Leaf V speciation analysis revealed that less leaf V was reduced to V(IV) in groups amended with n-HAP than groups without n-HAP amendment. In 150 and 300 mg/kg V-spiked soil, n-HAP effectively reduced the V content and the V bioconcentration factor of cabbage root. Tyrosine-like and humic acid-like analogues composed the principal part of V complex.

Conclusions

In general, n-HAP amendments are potential to decrease the mobility of V in soils, as well as inhibit the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of V to cabbage. In V-spiked soils, n-HAP amendment can alleviate the toxicity of V to the cabbage. Overall, 2% n-HAP is efficient for the amendment of slight V-polluted (150–300 mg/kg) soils to alleviate the soil V stress to cabbage.

     

Fractions of Cu, Cd, and enzyme activities in a contaminated soil as affected by applications of micro- and nanohydroxyapatite

Purpose

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, hydroxyapatite-based nanoparticles have been applied in wastewater and soil remediation. However, limited studies have been conducted on the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by microhydroxyapatite (MHA) and nanohydroxyapatite (NHA). Thus, we investigated the effects of MHA and NHA on soil pH values and fractions of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd). The changes of soil enzymes with application of MHA and NHA were also evaluated.

Materials and methods

Pots contained 200 g of the soil with MHA and NHA ranging from 1 % to 5 % incubated for 60 days under greenhouse condition, and maintained at 60 % of soil water holding capacity by adding deionized water. Soil pH, catalase, urease, and acid phosphatase were analyzed at incubation times of 7, 14, 30, and 60 days by chemical assays. The fractions of Cu and Cd were analyzed after 60 days by a sequential extraction procedure.

Results and discussion

Application of MHA and NHA significantly increased soil pH values. Especially, we found for the first time that soil pH values with 3 % (pH?>?7.90) and 5 % (pH?>?8.83) application rates of MHA were larger than that of MHA itself (pH?=?7.71). MHA was more effective than NHA in immobilizing Cu and Cd by significantly decreasing exchangeable fractions of Cu and Cd and transforming them from active to inactive fractions. Soil catalase and urease significantly increased, but acid phosphatase apparently decreased with increasing application rates of MHA. However, three enzymes activities changed slightly for NHA treatments.

Conclusions

MHA was more effective than NHA in immobilizing Cu and Cd. MHA had a more positive effect on soil catalase and urease activities than NHA. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that soil pH value was a key factor to influence the bioavailability of Cu and Cd and the activity of soil enzymes. The results of this study provided an efficient method for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.     

模拟酸雨对土壤重金属镉形态转化的影响

在模拟酸雨作用下,研究了酸雨对不同Cd污染程度下土壤重金属Cd释放和形态分布、转化规律的影响.结果表明,模拟酸雨浸泡土壤后,土壤pH值高于酸雨浸泡前的土壤pH值和模拟酸雨的pH值,表明土壤表面存在质子的消耗,这可能与硫酸根的专性吸附释放羟基和矿物表面的质子化有关.酸雨浸泡土壤能增加土壤活性态Cd的含量,酸雨酸度越大,土壤Cd含量越高,Cd的活化能力越大.当昆山土壤pH值平均由7.20下降到6.42时,Cd的活化率增加了0.34% ～ 3.29%,因此,在昆山土壤酸化严重的背景下,其土壤重金属Cd的活化趋势明显,由重金属Cd释放而对人类和生物造成的风险较大.     

Mobilization of aluminium in soil by acid deposition and its uptake by grass cut for hay – a Chemical Time Bomb

Abstract. Analyses of soil and hay samples collected from the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted during the last 137 years indicate slow but significant increases in KCl- and EDTA-extractable aluminium in soil and a sudden and very large recent increase in the concentration of aluminium in the herbage. The latter is associated with a sudden increase in the rate of acidification of the soil over the last 10–15 years and the mobilization of aluminium as the soil enters the aluminium buffer range -a Chemical Time Bomb. Such severe acidification from atmospheric inputs on a well-buffered soil illustrates how quickly an apparently stable situation can change as a result of acid deposition. It highlights the need to protect soils and plants from the effects of acidification by decreasing acid inputs or by liming.     

Effectiveness of different soil amendments to reduce the Pb and Zn extractability and plant uptake in soils contaminated by anticorrosion paints beneath pylons

Red lead (Pb₃O₄)‐ and ZnO‐containing anticorrosion paints in the past have been extensively applied to high‐voltage steel pylons which has led to heavy metal (HM) soil contaminations in their vicinity. Since pylons are commonly found on agricultural land, there is a potential risk of HM plant uptake. This is promoted by the fact that in contrast to the moderate total Pb contents (several 100 mg kg^–1) in three nutrient‐poor and acidic pylon soils the Pb amounts extractable with NH₄NO₃ were extremely high, reaching almost 20% of total Pb. A 18‐week field pot trial (three harvests in a six‐week interval) using Lolium multiflorum was conducted to study the HM plant uptake and the efficiency of the four soil additives, lime (LI), Novaphos (NP), water‐treatment sludge (WS), and ilmenite residue (IR) in reducing the plant uptake and NH₄NO₃‐extractability of Pb and Zn in the soils. Lead concentrations in L. multiflorum shoots grown in the untreated soils reached maximum values of 128 mg (kg dry weight)^–1. Novaphos was most efficient in decreasing shoot Pb (–90%) followed by LI (–78%) and WS (–73%). For Zn, too, LI (–82%), NP, and WS (both –66%) substantially reduced plant uptake. Ilmenite residue was generally only poorly efficient. The dry‐matter yield in the NP, LI, and WS treatments was significantly increased. While the relationship between Pb‐NH₄NO₃ and Pb‐plant was high when considering the three harvests separately (R > 0.93) a poor relationship (R = 0.63) exists over all harvests together. This was attributed to different transpiration rates affecting the HM flux into the plants, since the temperature regime changed greatly during the cultivation period. For Zn, no such close relationship between the NH₄NO₃‐extractable soil fraction and shoot Zn was found, most likely due to antagonistic effects from Mg which greatly varied in the three soils.