不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响

选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。     

养殖废水灌溉下施用生物质炭和果胶对土壤养分和重金属迁移的影响

【目的】 养殖废水中含有丰富的养分,但也含有一定的重金属。本文研究了生物质炭和果胶对养殖废水灌溉下的土壤–植物系统养分和重金属迁移规律的影响,以利用养殖废水中的养分,并对其重金属进行调控。 【方法】 选取新乡市郊区农田土壤为供试土壤,采用根箱试验方法种植玉米。设置根箱土壤中添加1%的生物质炭和果胶,分别灌溉蒸馏水和养殖废水发酵产生的沼液。测定了土壤中养分和重金属的含量,探讨了其在土壤–植物系统的迁移规律。 【结果】 沼液灌溉的植株地上部生长与蒸馏水灌溉无显著差异。果胶相比于生物质炭可以促进植株生长。沼液灌溉时,果胶处理的根系和地上部生物量分别比对照增加了25.38%和31.21%。沼液灌溉普遍降低了根际和非根际土壤的pH,生物质炭处理和果胶处理与对照根际和非根际土壤的pH均无显著差异。沼液灌溉增加了非根际土壤的电导,生物质炭相比于果胶增加了土壤的电导。沼液灌溉增加了土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量。果胶根际土壤的全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、有效Fe、有效Mn均高于生物质炭处理,生物质炭处理根际和非根际土壤的全钾和速效钾含量均高于果胶处理。沼液灌溉相比于蒸馏水灌溉,增加了植株根、茎中N含量和Ca含量。生物质炭处理植株根茎叶N含量、根茎P含量、茎K含量、根茎叶Ca含量、根茎Mg含量高于果胶处理,但果胶处理养分的转运系数较高。养殖废水灌溉增加了根际和非根际土壤中有效Cu和Zn尤其是Zn的含量。与对照相比,生物质炭降低了根际土壤Cu、Pb、Ni的含量,而果胶增加了它们的含量。沼液灌溉增加了植株根茎叶中Cu、Zn、Pb含量,果胶处理植株根系Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni含量最高,但向地上部转运较少。 【结论】 在北方碱性土壤灌溉养殖废水发酵产生的沼液时,施用生物质炭和果胶可以提高土壤肥力和植株养分含量,生物质炭通过减少土壤中有效态重金属含量以减少重金属在植物体内累积,果胶虽然增加土壤有效态重金属含量,但可以降低其向地上部的转运,避免了重金属在植物体内的累积。      

钼对苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗硝态氮吸收、转化及分配的影响

【目的】氮肥利用率低是制约果树产业可持续发展的重要因素之一。过量施用氮肥以及不当的农业措施造成当前多数苹果果园发生不同程度的土壤酸化,而钼在酸性土壤中有效含量的降低会影响氮素吸收利用效率。本试验旨在探索能提高氮肥吸收利用效率的适宜钼用量,了解钼对苹果砧木平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)幼苗硝态氮吸收、转化和分配利用特性的影响,为苹果生产中钼肥与氮肥的合理施用提供科学数据。【方法】以平邑甜茶幼苗为试验材料,采用全硝态氮霍格兰营养液进行培养。试验设置5个供钼水平:营养液不含钼(CK);营养液含0.25μmol/L钼酸(M1);营养液含0.5μmol/L钼酸(M2);营养液含1.5μmol/L钼酸(M3);叶片喷0.04%钼酸,营养液不含钼(M4)。运用15N同位素示踪技术,研究不同供钼水平对幼苗15N吸收量、全氮量、分配率和利用率的影响,同时测定钼对不同时期幼苗叶片和根系硝酸还原酶活性的影响。【结果】供钼处理幼苗的根系活力不同程度地高于不施钼处理(对照),其中营养液含0.5μmol/L钼酸的处理(M2)效果最佳。培养8 d内M2处理的平邑甜茶幼苗的根系硝酸还原酶活性一直高于其他处理,且与对照差异显著;培养4 d时各种处理的叶片硝酸还原酶活性上升至最高值,随后下降,8 d后又出现上升和下降的趋势,但上升幅度明显小于培养4 d。M1、M2、M3和M4处理的植株总干重分别比CK提高3.88%、21.12%、12.38%和19.90%。与对照相比,0.5μmol/L钼酸处理幼苗的15N吸收量增加的比例最大,全氮量表现出相同的趋势。供钼处理的氮肥利用率均明显高于对照,其中以0.5μmol/L钼酸处理的效果最显著,利用率为13.97%,比对照高48.92%。施钼处理对幼苗的15N分配率有一定的影响,0.5μmol/L钼酸处理(M2)和叶片喷施0.04%钼酸处理(M4)的茎和叶片的15N分配率明显高于对照,对照根系中15N分配率最高。0.5μmol/L钼酸处理叶片、茎和根的Ndff均达到最高,分别为对照同一部位的1.59倍、1.56倍和1.33倍。以上结果表明适量供钼可促进幼苗对肥料15N的吸收征调利用。【结论】供钼可以提高苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系活力、15N吸收量、全氮量和15N利用率,其中经过0.5μmol/L钼酸处理(M2),其对平邑甜茶幼苗生长及硝态氮吸收、转化和分配利用的影响最显著。     

Shoot and root growth of rice seedlings as affected by soil and foliar zinc applications

Abstract

The present study investigated how foliar zinc (Zn) application affects seedling growth and Zn concentration of rice grown in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil with different soil Zn treatments. Seeds were sown in soil with five rates of Zn (0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 5.0?mg kg^?1 soil) with and without foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO₄. Seedlings were harvested at 35?days and separated into (i) the youngest leaves, (ii) the remaining shoot parts and (iii) roots. In soil with no Zn supply, shoot and root dry weight of the rice seedlings were significantly increased by foliar and soil Zn treatments. Plant growth was not clearly increased in low soil Zn treatments, while at each soil Zn treatment, foliar Zn application promoted growth of plants. Plants with adequate Zn supply had the highest Zn concentrations in the youngest leaf. Foliar Zn spray improved Zn concentration of the new growth formed after foliar spraying which shows that Zn is phloem mobile and moved from treated leaves into youngest new leaves. The results indicate clearly in rice seedlings that shoot growth shows more responsive to low Zn than the root growth. The results obtained in the present study are of great interest for proper rice growth in Zn-deficient calcareous soils but needs to be confirmed in other rice genotypes.     

不同供锌水平对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累及分配的影响

采用盆栽砂培试验,研究了低、中、高3个供锌水平(Zn 0.013、0.254和5.070 mg/L)对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累、分配动态的影响。结果表明,锌的过量及缺乏均对果树的生长及养分吸收产生影响。生长初期,苹果幼树根系活动较晚,枝叶的快速生长主要利用根茎中的养分,锌的积累量呈快速增加趋势,处理间差异显著;低锌处理,除根系明显增加外,其他器官变化较小,根系的锌分配比例明显高于中锌、高锌处理。说明生长后期,低锌、高锌抑制了树体的生长,且低锌处理的树体锌主要分布于地下,上运明显受阻;而中锌、高锌处理,地上部锌含量要高于根系。     

Lithium toxicity in plants

Abstract

The toxicity of Li to three plant species was studied to determine if there were interactions with other elements and to determine if a chelating agent modified Li toxicity. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarls L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen), grown in solution culture, were sensitive to 0.5 X10^‐3Li which resulted in 10 μg/g in leaves, 48 in stems, and 24 in roots. Higher concentrations of Li produced marked reductions in plant yield accompanied by increased Li concentrations in leaf, stem, and root tissues. For most treatments, root concentrations of Li were lower than those in shoots, but those in stems were higher than those in leaves. Higher levels of Li decreased Zn in leaves, increased Ca in stems, and generally increased Fe and Mn in all plant tissues. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) resulted in slightly increased Ii levels in leaves, stems, and roots. Bush bean plants were injured slightly with 25 μg Li/g of Yolo loam soil applied as LiCl; 50 μg Li/g soil caused more severe injury. Leaf concentrations of about 200 μg Li/g resulted in significant yield reduction and around 600 μg//g of leaves resulted in severe toxicity. There were some interactions of Li with other elements which resulted in an increase of them in both leaf and stem tissues. Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. C.V. Atlas 57) were severely stunted when grown with 500 and 1000 μg Li/g soil as Li oxalate. Increasing the soil pH even further with lime and decreasing it with S had no influence on the toxicity. Shoot concentrations of Li ranged from 800 to over 2000 in the various treatments resulting in severe disruption of the Ca and K balance. Leaf concentrations of Li were higher than those for stems in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. C.V. Acala 442). Cotton was tolerant of a leaf concentration of 587 μg Li/g. High levels of Li increased concentrations of several elements in cotton leaves and in stems. Cotton leaves accumulated more Li than did bush beans.     

向日葵幼苗对Pb、Cu富集能力与耐受性研究

采用室内培养技术研究了向日葵幼苗对Cu、Pb的富集能力与耐受性。结果表明:向日葵幼苗对Pb、Cu具有很强的富集能力,根是主要的富集器官,Cu由根向茎叶运输能力大于Pb。低浓度Pb、Cu刺激了幼苗营养生长;在高浓度条件下,除Pb组外,其它处理均抑制向日葵幼苗的营养生长。Pb、Cu抑制了幼苗根系活力,刺激了幼苗茎叶脯氨酸的生成,改变幼苗茎叶、根蛋白质含量分配水平。Pb与Cu交互作用对幼苗营养生长和生理生化反应具有协同作用。向日葵属于重金属富集植物,对Pb具有很强的耐受性,可以用于修复被Pb污染的土壤。     

The effect of paclobutrazol on mineral nutrition of apple seedlings 1

Greenhouse grown ‘Golden Delicious’ apple seedlings were treated with soil drenches of paclobutrazol (PP333) at rates equivalent to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 kg of active ingredient (a.i.) ha.^‐1 Eleven weeks after treatment initiation, seedlings were harvested, divided into leaves, stems, and roots, weighed and analyzed for the content of macro‐and microelements. Shoot growth rate, leaf area, and total dry weight showed a decreasing trend with increasing rates of PP333. In contrast, specific leaf weight increased in response to growth regulator treatments. The total amount of N, Zn, and Cu absorbed by seedlings was not affected and that of K, Ca, Mg, and Mn was decreased by PP333 treatments. Concentration of Ca and Mn in leaves, N in roots, and N, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu in stems increased in response to PP333 treatments. The magnitude of these increases were dependent on the rate of growth regulator applied. Potassium was the only element which declined in concentration in leaves and stems; this was true, however, only at the two highest rates of PP333 (0.8 and 1.6 kg ha^‐1) Root K concentration was not affected by PP333 treatments.     

Zn和ABT对玉米根系生长及根际磷酸酶活性和pH的影响

在石灰性土壤上,以田间根袋栽培方法,研究了Zn和生根粉4号(ABT)对玉米在5个生育期中根系生长和根际微生态环境的影响。结果表明,玉米根系生长随生育期呈"S"型分布,根长和根体积在生育后期呈下降趋势。Zn和ABT的应用促进了根系的生长,扩大了根系和土壤接触面积,减缓了后期根系衰老速度,并改善了根际微生态环境。玉米根际土壤pH低于非根际;根际土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于非根际。抽雄期,Zn、ABT和Zn+ABT处理土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高。Zn和ABT的应用改善了玉米根际微生态环境,为有效利用土壤和肥料磷打下基础。     

Citrus Seedling Growth and Susceptibility to Root Rot as Affected by Phosphite and Phosphate

The growth of ‘Ridge Pineapple’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] seedlings and their susceptibility to Phytophthora root rot were studied under contrasting supplies of phosphate (Pi) or Phosphite (Phi). After 10 weeks of repeated applications of nutrient solutions, Phi concentrations were barely detectable in soil. Soil Pi was higher in Phi treatments than in pots that received Pi alone. Seedling growth was greatest when supplied with Pi or Phi separately, but when Pi and Phi were combined, growth was reduced to levels comparable to plants that received no P. Phi was found in both stems and leaves after it was applied to soil supporting the mobility of Phi within the plant. In addition, a small amount of Phi was found in roots after applications of Phi in foliar sprays. Different sources of soil-applied P did not affect the amount of Pi in roots, while the amounts of Pi in leaves were higher in plants that received Phi and Pi combined. Root resistance to Phytophthora root rot of citrus seedlings treated with Phi alone or in combination with Pi was greater than in plants treated with Pi alone, confirming the antifungal effect of Phi.     

不同高粱种质对污染土壤中重金属吸收的研究

利用重金属含量较高的污水污染土壤,以未污染土壤作对照,种植8个甜高粱品种、2个饲用高粱品种和1个粒用高粱品种,检测8种重金属在高粱植物体内不同器官的含量,以研究不同高粱种质对重金属的吸收特性。结果表明:甜高粱对汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)的吸收在两种土壤间差异显著,对钴(Co)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)和铜(Cu)的吸收差异不显著。Mn在甜高粱体内含量表现为未污染土壤高于污染土壤;而Zn含量在不同器官之间存在差异,未污染土壤叶中含量远高于穗,穗中含量远高于茎和根。不同重金属在甜高粱体内的储存部位不同,污染土壤上Hg、Cd、Co、Cr和Zn在根中积累量较高,Cu、Mn和Pb在穗中的积累量较高。甜高粱、饲用高粱和粒用高粱对重金属的吸收、运输及储存在品种之间差异较大,同一品种对不同重金属的吸收也存在差异。饲用高粱表现为叶部对Cr和Zn的储存量较高,而粒用高粱‘晋中0823’则显示了茎对多种重金属的储存能力。高粱根对土壤中重金属的富集系数较高,为0.02(Pb)~0.23(Cd),转移系数变幅为0.21(Co)~3.42(Pb)。对同一种重金属的吸收量品种间差异较大,甜高粱‘西蒙’根对Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn具有高富集系数,粒用高粱‘晋中0823’茎对Hg、Cd、Mn、Pb和Zn富集系数较高。高粱对重金属的吸收能力与转移能力不同步,甜高粱‘绿能1号’具有对多种重金属的高转移能力,粒用高粱‘晋中0823’只对Zn有较高的转移能力。因此本文认为甜高粱对不同重金属的吸收和转移有选择性。对Zn吸收并转移到地上部后,首先储存在叶和穗中,当吸收量足够大时,茎和根也成为储存器官;对Mn的吸收与其他重金属的吸收存在竞争作用,Hg吸收后很少向地上部转移;而对Cu、Mn和Pb吸收后在穗部的储存量较大。饲用高粱与甜高粱相比对重金属的吸收未显示明显的不同,甜高粱‘西蒙’根对多种重金属具有强储存能力,而粒用高粱‘晋中0823’的茎秆显示了比甜高粱更强的储存能力,甜高粱‘绿能1号’对多种重金属的转移能力较强。所以,选择富集和转移能力均强的高粱品种能更有效地吸收土壤中的重金属,达到修复污染土壤的目的。     

凤凰单枞茶树吸收土壤铬和锰的规律研究

[目的]探究凤凰单枞茶树对土壤中铬和锰的吸收规律,为综合防治茶园土壤Cr和Mn污染提供科学依据。[方法]对粤东揭阳市揭东县宝山茶园凤凰单枞茶树和土壤进行采样,运用原子吸收分光光度计法测定茶叶、茶茎和茶根中Cr和Mn的含量,并采用乙酸提取法和原子吸收分光光度计法测定土壤样品中酸可提取态Cr和Mn的含量。[结果]茶树各器官Cr含量由高到低分布情况依次为:茶根>茶茎>茶叶;而Mn含量分布情况依次为:茶叶>茶茎>茶根。茶叶中Cr和Mn含量与土壤中酸可提取态Cr和Mn呈显著正相关性,茶茎中Cr含量与土壤中酸可提取态Cr也呈显著正相关性;茶叶、茶茎和茶根中的Cr含量均与土壤中有机质含量呈显著正相关性,茶根中的Mn含量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关性,茶叶中的Mn与土壤有机质呈显著正相关性。[结论]通过调节土壤酸可溶解态Cr和Mn,土壤pH值和有机质含量,从而控制茶树吸收Cr和Mn的量,可以达到防治茶叶重金属污染,提高茶叶质量的目的。     

植物汁液化学组成及其与菜心抗性和Cd累积的关系

Sap mixtures of the xylem, phloem, and vacuoles from low and high Cd accumulator varieties of Brassica parachinensis L. H. Bailey were analyzed under Cd stress to understand the biochemical mechanisms of Cd accumulation in plants. Low Cd accumulator （‘Teqing-60＇） and high Cd accumulator （‘Chixin-2＇） plants were grown in Cd-treated soil in pots in a greenhouse. Percentage of cell wall-bound Cd was estimated, pH level and the concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, anions, and cations in both stem and root saps were determined for the calculation of Cd speciations using the computer program GEOCHEM. The results showed that ‘Teqing-60＇ had a significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） percentage of Cd bound to cell walls in roots and a significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） pH in the root sap. ‘Teqing-60＇ also contained a higher concentration of total amino acids in both roots and stems compared with the high Cd accumulator variety ‘Chixin- 2＇. However, between the two accumulators, for stems and for roots, there were no significant differences in non-amino organic acids. GEOCHEM calculations showed that Cd in the root sap of ‘Teqing-60＇ mainly combined with amino acids, especially alanine. Compared with ‘Chixin-2＇, in the root sap of ‘Teqing-60＇, much lower levels of Cd as free ions or bound to simple ligands were found, indicating that less ‘Teqing-60＇ is transferred to stems and leaves. Cadmium activity in the shoot sap of ‘Teqing-60＇ was much lower than that in ‘Chixin-2＇; therefore, ‘Teqing-60＇ exhibited higher Cd resistance. However, direct determination of the Cd complexes from xylem and phloem sap is needed to verify these results.     

磁化处理促进施氮条件下葡萄氮素的代谢和分布

以‘夏黑’葡萄扦插苗为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,分析了磁化水灌溉后葡萄叶片、茎和根系中不同形态氮素含量、氮素代谢关键酶活性以及不同氮源的贡献率,探讨磁化作用对‘夏黑’葡萄扦插苗生长以及氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响。以~(15)N为外源氮肥,分3次施入土壤中。试验设置4个处理,包括:磁化水灌溉处理、非磁化水灌溉处理、磁化水灌溉+施氮处理、非磁化水灌溉+施氮处理。磁化处理组中利用磁化装置处理灌溉水。结果表明:1)施氮条件下,与非磁化处理相比,磁化处理后葡萄叶片、根系和全株的全氮量提高,但是肥料中~(15)N对不同器官中氮素的贡献率无显著差异;叶片和根系的氮素利用率显著提高;全氮在叶片中分配率显著提高,在茎中的分配率则显著降低。2)与非磁化处理相比,磁化处理后葡萄叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性显著提高,根系中显著降低。3)与单独施氮相比,磁化水灌溉+施氮提高了土壤氮含量;氮肥中~(15)N利用率提高,损失率降低。由以上研究结果可以看出,磁化水灌溉不仅可提高氮素代谢关键酶活性,而且可提高不同器官中氮素营养的吸收和利用,从而改变了氮素在不同器官中的分布。     

Growth and Nutrient Content of Trifoliate Orange Seedlings Influenced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in Low Magnesium Soil

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus versiforme, G. mosseae, and G. intraradices on growth and nutrition of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings under magnesium (Mg)-nontreated and Mg-treated conditions. Whether treated with Mg or not, G. versiforme inoculation significantly enhanced the growth and concentrations of Mg, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, zinc, and copper in shoots or roots, and activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, invertase, and urease in rhizosphere soils. Additionally, there were higher levels of chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar and protein in leaves, root viability, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in leaves and roots, but lower malondialdehyde content in leaves and roots of mycorrhizal seedlings than non-mycorrhizal ones. Data demonstrated that G. versiforme-inoculated citrus seedlings exhibited higher levels of soil enzymes, osmoregulation, and antioxidant matters, leading to improvement of growth and nutrition of seedlings in low Mg soil.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and zinc uptake of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings grown in low-zinc soil

The effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus intraradices and G. versiforme, on growth and zinc (Zn) uptake were investigated in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings exposed to low-Zn soil. Low-Zn decreased growth, levels of leaf chlorophyll, soluble protein and sugar, and soil enzymatic activities, and pH in 0–2 cm rhizosphere soil. Low-Zn soil also decreased mineral nutrients (including Zn) concentrations in the shoots and roots. Glomus intraradices especially, significantly enhanced plant biomass, leaf soluble protein and sugar concentrations, root viability, acid phosphatase, catalase, invertase and urease activities, and easily extractable glomalin content in 0–2 cm and 2–4 cm rhizosphere soil. It also increased concentrations of Zn, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the shoots and roots, while decreased the soil pH. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, especially G. intraradices, has the potential to improve growth and Zn uptake of triofoliate orange seedlings grown in low-Zn soil.     

不同水平阿散酸粪肥对水稻生长发育及砷积累的影响

【目的】 饲料添加剂阿散酸是一种有机砷制剂,在动物肠道内吸收较少,绝大部分以原形随粪便排出体外。阿散酸中的砷可以随施用粪肥进入农田,对作物生长发育产生不利影响,并影响人类健康。本文研究了阿散酸进入土壤后,其所含砷在作物体内的迁移和积累,为粪肥合理施用提供依据。 【方法】 以水稻进行了盆栽模拟试验,供试土壤为褐土。将含有一定量阿散酸的动物粪便与供试土混匀,制成含阿散酸分别为30、75和150 mg/kg的试验用土样,按照每公顷22000 kg施用量,以无阿散酸污染的动物粪便为对照。在水稻分蘖期和开花期取样,分为根、茎、叶,成熟期样品分为根、茎、叶、稻壳和糙米,测定砷的含量和积累量。 【结果】 1) 与对照相比,30～150 mg/kg阿散酸各处理水稻根系长度、单株根数和株高无显著差异,150 mg/kg处理无效分蘖显著增加 (P < 0.05),75 mg/kg和150 mg/kg处理稻米产量显著降低 ( P < 0.05);2) 与对照相比,阿散酸各处理水稻分蘖期、开花期和成熟期根、茎和叶中砷含量显著增加 ( P < 0.05);与30 mg/kg阿散酸处理相比,150 mg/kg处理分蘖期、开花期和成熟期水稻根中砷含量显著增加了40.51%、46.25% 和53.1% ( P < 0.05),开花期和成熟期茎和叶中砷含量显著增加了56.1%、30.9% 和86.7% ( P < 0.05)、61.75% ( P < 0.05);阿散酸各处理水稻根中砷含量均在开花期达到最高,成熟期下降,阿散酸含量 ≤ 75 mg/kg时,水稻茎和叶中砷含量在开花期达到最高,成熟期下降,阿散酸添加量为150 mg/kg时,水稻茎和叶中砷含量为成熟期 > 开花期 > 分蘖期。3) 与对照相比,阿散酸处理籽粒砷含量显著增加 ( P < 0.05);与30 mg/kg阿散酸相比,75 mg/kg处理米糠和糙米中砷含量显著增加了138.5% 和126.1% ( P < 0.05),150 mg/kg处理颖壳、米糠、糙米和精米砷含量显著增加了24.6%、165.7%、158.7%和125.0% ( P < 0.05)。 【结论】 在褐土中施用含阿散酸非堆沤粪肥时,当阿散酸含量 ≥ 75 mg/kg时即对水稻产生毒害作用,并增加可食部砷污染风险,建议土壤阿散酸污染不得高于该值。      

磷锌配施对石灰性土壤磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响

针对磷锌在土壤-植物系统中复杂的交互作用,本文采用盆栽试验,研究了磷锌配施对石灰性土壤中磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施锌明显增加了土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量,土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量随着施磷水平的提高逐渐增加;施磷明显增加了土壤中速效磷含量,在相同施磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量随施锌量的增加而增加;施锌提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒锌含量,且在各施锌背景下随施磷量的增加明显地降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,但提高了籽粒中锌含量。施磷提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒磷含量。在低磷水平(不施磷和施21.82 mg kg-1)时,施锌对茎叶中磷含量的提高作用明显,且随施锌浓度的提高而提高,但籽粒中磷含量逐渐降低;而在高磷水平(174.56 mg kg-1)下,施锌则降低了小麦植株茎叶中磷含量,而籽粒中磷含量却随施锌水平的提高而提高。因此,石灰性土壤中施磷肥提高了土壤中锌的有效性,而锌也提高了磷的有效性,同时发现施磷降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,促进了锌元素从植株向籽粒的运输,增加了小麦籽粒中锌含量,但是在低磷条件下,施锌提高了茎叶磷含量,却降低了籽粒磷含量,而在高磷条件下,施锌降低了茎叶磷含量,提高了籽粒含量。     

再生水灌溉不同滴头布置方式下PPCPs在土壤和番茄中的累积

随着药品和个人护理品(Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products,PPCPs)生产和使用量的增加,PPCPs及其代谢产物在再生水中的检出种类、检出量不断增多,再生水灌溉可影响PPCPs在土壤-作物(蔬菜)系统中的分布及累积,但其规律及驱动机制尚不明确。为探明再生水滴灌条件下滴头布置方式对PPCPs在土壤-作物(蔬菜)系统累积的影响,该研究采用盆栽试验比较2种滴头布置方式(在番茄根部、在两番茄中间)对土壤剖面及番茄各器官中PPCPs累积量的影响,并进一步分析PPCPs在土壤-作物(蔬菜)系统累积的驱动机制。结果表明,再生水灌溉条件下不同滴头布置方式造成了PPCPs在土壤、作物(蔬菜)中累积规律的差异性,滴头布置在两番茄中间处理较其他处理而言增加了0～5cm土层吉非罗齐累积量(P0.05),降低了番茄叶部卡马西平和根部吉非罗齐的累积量(P0.05),较滴头布置在番茄根部处理降低了番茄叶部吉非罗齐和根部三氯生的累积量(P0.05);不同再生水灌溉方式通过影响土壤微环境指标导致了土壤中PPCPs分布规律的差异性,滴头布置在植株中间处理较其他处理增加了0～5 cm土层pH值,导致该土层下吉非罗齐的累积量高于其他处理(P0.05)。研究可为基于新兴污染物PPCPs防控的再生水农业安全利用提供理论依据。     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND SOIL ZINC APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PISTACHIO SEEDLINGS

The effects of four salinity levels [0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg^?1 soil] and three zinc (Zn) levels [0, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 soil as zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄.7 H₂O)] on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L.) cv. ‘Badami’ were studied in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 26 weeks, the dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were measured and the total leaf area determined. Salinity decreased leaf, stem, and root dry weights and leaf area, while this effect diminished with increasing Zn levels. Zn fertilization increased leaf, stem and root Zn concentrations, leaf potassium (K) concentration, and stem and root sodium (Na) concentrations, while decreased leaf Na concentration, and stem and root K concentrations. Salinity stress decreased leaf, stem, and root Zn concentrations, and leaf K concentration, while salinity increased leaf, stem and root Na concentrations, and stem and root K concentrations. Proline accumulation increased with increasing salinity levels, whereas the reverse trend was observed for reducing sugar contents. Zn application decreased proline concentration but increased reducing sugar contents. These changes might have alleviated the adverse effects of salinity stress.