不同月份黑胡椒精油化学成分的研究

以4个不同月份胡椒鲜果为原料制备成黑胡椒,通过GC-MS对4个不同月份黑胡椒精油的化学成分进行分析。结果表明：（1）胡椒不同月份对胡椒精油化学成分的种类与含量都有显著影响。（2）不同月份黑胡椒精油中含量较多的化学成分主要有3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、石竹烯、α-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、δ-榄香烯和α-蒎烯等8种烯类物质。     

不同加工方法对胡椒精油化学成分的影响

以70%～80%成熟度的胡椒鲜果为原料,通过不同加工方法制备黑胡椒、白胡椒与青胡椒,并通过GC-MS对其胡椒油化学成分进行分析.结果表明:(1)加工方法不同对胡椒油化学成分的种类与含量都有显著影响.(2)3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、反式-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、L-水芹烯、α-蒎烯6种烯类是3种胡椒精油中含量较多的化学成分.其中,黑胡椒精油中特有成分4种:5-甲基-3-己醇、氨基甲酸叔己脂、木罗烯、α-蛇床烯;白胡椒精油中特有成分7种:2-甲基-2-戊醇、3-甲基-3-戊醇、γ-萜品烯、樟脑、乙酸松油酯、β-檀香烯、δ-杜松烯;青胡椒精油中特有成分5种:朱栾倍半萜、γ-古芸烯、4-甲基-3-己醇、2,5-二甲基-2-己醇、反式3-蒈烯-2-醇.     

白千层精油的化学成分与抑菌活性研究

研究白千层精油的化学成分及其对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,为环境友好型农药的研发及白千层的综合应用提供理论依据。采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术分析了白千层精油的化学成分,并用菌丝生长速率法测定了白千层精油对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。从白千层精油中分离鉴定出74种化学成分,占总含量的97.28%,其主要化学成分是左旋-α-蒎烯（2.07%）、β-月桂烯（1.05%）、1,8-桉叶素（67.29%）、萜品烯（2.52%）、芳樟醇（2.36%）、α-松油醇（7.93%）和(+)-g-桉叶油醇（1.26%）等。进一步研究表明,白千层精油在5.0~10.0 μL/mL浓度范围对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长抑制率为100%;处理2 d时,白千层精油在2.5~10.0 μL/mL浓度下对小孢拟盘多毛孢菌、水稻稻瘟病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率达71.59%以上,其抑菌作用均随着处理浓度的增加而增强,随着白千层精油处理时间的延长,对3种植物病原菌表现出较好的持效性。白千层精油对立枯丝核菌、小孢拟盘多毛孢菌、水稻稻瘟病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌均具有较强的抑菌活性,在农用抗菌剂应用中有较好的应用潜力。     

胡椒果与胡椒叶精油化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取胡椒鲜果、黑胡椒、白胡椒和胡椒叶中的精油,得率分别为1.46%、1.77%、2.30%和1.25%。对精油进行GC-MS分析,分别鉴定得到38、31、36和63种化学物质,δ-榄香烯、3-蒈烯、D-柠檬烯、α-古巴烯、石竹烯和律草烯在果与叶中含量均较高,其中叶中δ-榄香烯含量占38.54%;蒎烯、月桂烯、α-水芹烯和间伞花素在果中含量较高,而在叶中含量较低;甘香烯、α-荜澄茄油烯、β-榄香烯、α-古芸烯、β-古巴烯、α-蛇床烯、花柏烯、4-异亚丙烯-7-甲基-6-亚甲基-2-辛烯酸甲酯和桉油烯醇在叶中含量较高,而果中含量较低或没有。此外,采用电子鼻方法可有效区分胡椒粉和胡椒叶。     

长叶榧叶部油挥发性成分的色谱/质谱分析研究

采用气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用法测定了长叶榧叶部精油的挥发性成分,初步发现其主要成分是柠檬烯、反式α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、顺式α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、6,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基-环庚烷、β-月桂烯,其含量分别为32.2%、12.5%、7.1%、6.6%、6.6%、5.5%、4.4%.     

两种土壤栽培下姜黄挥发油的化学成分比较

采用GC-MS方法,对两种土壤栽培下姜黄挥发油的化学成分进行分析。结果表明：红壤土中栽培的姜黄挥发油含量（8.0％）明显高于沙壤土中栽培的含量（6.0％）;两种土壤栽培的姜黄挥发油中分别鉴定出34和33种化学成分,分别占总含量的64.095％和55.951％,主要成分均为倍半萜类和单萜类化合物。且红壤土栽培下姜黄挥发油中的芳姜黄酮等主要化学成分的含量大多高于沙壤土栽培的,栽培在红壤土的姜黄比栽培在沙壤土中的姜黄品质更好。     

六个杂交品种白胡椒精油香气成分GC-MS分析

采用GC-MS法,研究了以‘班尼约尔1号’和‘热引1号’胡椒为杂交亲本的6个杂交种白胡椒（‘PC003’、‘PC008’、‘PC009’、‘PC011’、‘PC033’、‘PC036’）精油的化学成分,其化学组成成分用总离子流色谱峰的峰面积归一化法定量分析。结果表明：6个杂交品种白胡椒精油中共检测出烯类、醇类、酯类、酚类等8大类77种化合物,含量较高的化学成分有石竹烯[(30.93±0.00)%~(53.81±0.01)%]、可巴烯[(0.83±0.00)%~(10.09±0.00)%]、δ-毕澄茄烯[(0.08±0.00)%~(7.64±0.01)%]、石竹烯氧化物[(0.10±0.00)%~(5.86±0.00)%]、α-红没药醇[(0.18±0.00)%~(5.51±0.01)%]、蛇麻烯[(0.55±0.01)%~(6.64±0.00)%]、异丙二醇[(2.56±0.00)%~(4.12±0.00)%]。不同杂交品种白胡椒精油中检测出的挥发性成分和总的百分含量都不同,部分品种间差异显著。研究结果为今后胡椒新品种选育和优异种质资源开发利用提供参考依据。     

漳州柠檬香茅精油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从福建漳州产柠檬香茅草中提取精油,利用气相色谱——质谱(GC-MS)技术对挥发油的化学成分进行分析鉴定,鉴定出84个成分,占挥发油色谱总馏出峰面积的99.94%以上,其中含量最高的2个成分是(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(21.49%)和(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(20.88%)。     

入侵植物胜红蓟精油对小贯小绿叶蝉的忌避和熏蒸活性研究

本文研究了入侵植物胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)精油对小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)的生物活性。分别使用植株选择着落法、Y形嗅觉仪和改良熏蒸法,检测不同浓度的胜红蓟精油对小贯小绿叶蝉的忌避和熏蒸活性。并且采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析了胜红蓟精油的化学成分,初步探讨了化学成分与活性的关系。研究结果表明:不同浓度的胜红蓟精油对小贯小绿叶蝉均具有忌避和熏蒸活性,浓度越高,效果越佳。精油含量为200μL·mL~(-1),忌避率达到100.00%;精油含量为100μL·mL~(-1)和50μL·mL~(-1)时,处理小贯小绿叶蝉5 min,忌避率分别为91.67%±1.67%和76.67%±1.67%;精油含量为5μL·mL~(-1)时熏蒸小贯小绿叶蝉12 h,死亡率为100%。并且胜红蓟精油中检测出24种化合物,其主要成分是β-石竹烯(61.53%)、早熟素I(11.09%)和早熟素II(7.79%)。胜红蓟精油对小贯小绿叶蝉的忌避和熏蒸活性可能与其主要成分的协同作用有关。研究结果证明,胜红蓟精油对小贯小绿叶蝉有明显的生物活性,具有开发成防治小贯小绿叶蝉植物源农药的潜力。     

双瓣茉莉5个花期挥发性成分GC-MS分析

采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对福州双瓣茉莉花小花蕾期、大花蕾期、花开12 h开花期、花开24 h开花期和花败期5个时期挥发性成分进行鉴定,并用峰面积归一化法分析各组分含量。结果表明,开花期是挥发性物质集中释放期,花败期含量急剧下降,小花蕾和大花蕾时期仅少量释放,这符合茉莉花为气质花的特性。萜类和酯类挥发性物质是双瓣茉莉花香主要成分,萜类挥发性物质在盛开时大量释放,酯类挥发性物质通常在花开12 h开花期释放量最高。5个不同时期共鉴定出43种挥发性成分,挥发性物质种类和绝大部分挥发性物质含量均是在开花期最高,其中含量较高的乙酸芳樟酯、α-金合欢烯、乙酸苯甲酯、苯甲醇、γ-依兰油烯、乙酸甲酯、反式-法呢醇和β-罗勒烯等是双瓣茉莉挥发性物质的主要成分。结果将为茉莉花精油的提取及茉莉花制茶的采摘时期提供依据,为开展双瓣茉莉花挥发性物质代谢途径的分子调控机理研究奠定基础。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.