Speciation of As(III) and As(V) in some Ghanaian Gold Tailings by a Simple Distillation Method

As(III) and As(V) in goldtailings and river-bedsediments from Obuasi were determined by distillationof arsenic as AsCl₃. Results yielded 3750±426 mg kg^-1 (45.2%) for As(V) and 3050±66 mg kg^-1 (36.7%) for As(III) in the tailings. In the river-bed sediments, one spot yielded: As(III) 0 mg kg^-1 (0%) and As(V) 1447±51 mg kg^-1 (100%), whilst a second spot yielded: As(III) 0 mg kg^-1 (0%) and As(V) 2976±51 mg kg^-1 (100%). Using arsenic oxide standards, the recovery of As(III) and As(V) in the trioxide were 94.8 and 0.6% respectively. In a mixture of the two oxides, the recovery of As(III) was 87.6% with practically no interference from As(V). Total As content of the tailings was determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA) to be 8305±75 mg kg^-1.     

Cosorption of phenanthrene and mercury(II) from aqueous solution by soybean stalk-based biochar

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] stalk-based biochar was prepared using oxygen-limited pyrolysis. We evaluated phenanthrene (PHE) and Hg(II) sorption, from single and binary component solutions, onto prepared biochar. We found that the prepared biochar efficiently removed PHE and Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. The isotherms for PHE and Hg(II) sorption could be described using linear and Tóth models, respectively, both with high regression coefficients (R(2) > 0.995). When PHE and Hg(II) coexisted in an aqueous solution, we observed direct competitive sorption, each one suppressing another. Our results provide insight into the recycling of agricultural residues, and also a new application for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from contaminated water utilizing biochar from agricultural residue.     

磁性玉米秸秆生物炭对水体中Cd的去除作用及回收利用

以农田生态系统废弃农作物秸秆资源化利用为前提,以生物炭去除水体重金属镉(Cd)污染及其回收利用为目的,该文以500℃裂解的原始玉米秸秆生物炭(MSB,maize straw biochar)和磁性玉米秸秆生物炭(MMSB,magnetic maize straw biochar)试验材料,在2种生物炭的表面性状进行表征的基础上,探究了不同吸附条件下生物炭对污染水体中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附去除作用及其回收利用的可能性。结果表明:MSB和MMSB对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量在pH值为5时达到最大,其最大吸附量分别为27.52和33.45 mg/g;当MSB和MMSB添加量为1.4和0.8 g/L时,对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率分别可达85.15%和95.48%;Langmuir方程能更好地模拟等温吸附行为,MSB和MMSB达到平衡时的最大吸附容量分别为26.03和43.45 mg/g,趋近实际值;动力学数据与二级动力学方程拟合度更高,MSB和MMSB的平衡吸附量Qe理论值分别为13.42和24.31 mg/g;MMSB对其表面吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸率均显著低于MSB。磁性生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效率和固着能力增强可能与其较高的pH值、更大的比表面积、更多的极性含氧官能团有关。此外,在外部存在磁场的情况下,磁性生物炭可以通过磁力作用加以回收再利用。研究成果对促进农业废弃物的资源化利用以及水体环境中重金属净化技术的进步均有重要意义。     

Effect of pH on interaction between As(III) or As(V) and manganese(IV) oxide

The efficiency of As(III) oxidation by MnO₂, and retention of oxidation products varies with system pH. Maximum retention by hydrous Mn(IV) oxide occurs at pH < 5, declining at higher pH to about half total As at pH 10. The adsorption capacities of pyrolusite and cryptomelane at pH ～6.5 for As(V) species were 10 and 25 mmol kg^?1, respectively. HMO surface saturation (～10 mmol kg^?1) was reached with equilibrium As(V) levels of 5 to 8 × 10^?6 M but this was supplemented at higher levels by an absorption process where uptake increased linearly with concentration (e.g., 68 mmol kg^?1 with 2 × 10^?5 M As(V)). Added As(III) was avidly oxidized and most product retained at pH 3. At higher pH increasing amounts of As(III) remained unoxidized due to initial reactions apparently blocking access to internal pores. Added Na⁺ reduced the amount of As retained by the HMO, with the phosphate salt having a significant effect. Extraction studies confirmed that most As could be released by exposure to reducing agents or chelating agents (EDTA). The environmental significance of the results has been considered.     

Removal of chromium (VI) as chromium diphenyl carbazide (CDC) complex from aqueous solution by activated carbon

Adsorption of Cr (VI) as CDC-complex from aqueous solution by activated C has been investigated. Factors like pH and presence of Cr (III) which affect the adsorption of CDC-complex were studied. The increase in particle size and surface area of activated C does not enhance the removal of CDC-complex. For different concentrations of Cr, the optimum quantity of Diphenyl Carbazide has been determined. The reduced Cr e.g. Cr (III) decreases the CDC-complex removal. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms constant as calculated are γm=1.8932 and b=0.2305 and n=0.036, log K=0.0266, respectively.     

Use of wollastonite in the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions

The ability of wollastonite to adsorb Ni (II) from water has been carried out. A removal of 92% of Ni (II) with 20 g L^?1 of adsorbent was observed at 50 mg L^?1 adsorbate concentration, 6.5 pH and 30 °C. The process follows a first order rate kinetics with diffusion controlled nature and the data fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Removal of Ni increases from 10 to 92% with the rise of pH from 3.0 to 8.0 and thereafter it remains almost unchanged. This change has been explained on the basis of aqueous-complex formation and the subsequent acid base dissociation at the solid-solution interface.     

Kinetics of Fe(III) reduction by ascorbic acid in aqueous solutions

The reaction of Fe(III) and ascorbic acid (AA) in food products and digestive tracts affects the efficiency and uptake of these two nutrients. We investigated the kinetics of Fe(III) reduction by AA at pH 5 and 6 in a model system at 25 degrees C. The results indicate that the reduction of Fe(III) by AA is of zero order with respect to AA. The reaction order with respect to Fe(III) cannot be represented by a simple kinetic model at pH 5 or 6. The major stage of the reduction (about 80%, stoichiometrically), however, could be represented by a general equation of -d[Fe(III)]/dt = k[Fe(III)],(1. 811) where k is a rate constant and [Fe(III)] is the total ferric concentration. The rate constant decreased 1 order of magnitude as pH increased from 5 to 6. Aging of Fe(III) solution slows its reduction rate at pH 6 but not at pH 5.     

Removal of Rhodamine-B by biogas waste slurry from aqueous solution

The ability of biogas waste slurry to adsorb a basic dye (Rhodamine-B) has been investigated. The parameters include agitation time, initial dye concentration, pH and adsorbent dosage. The rate controlling step is mainly intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption rate constant was found to be 2.9 × 10^?2 min^?1 at 20 mg L^?1 initial dye concentration. The adsorption conforms with Freundlich isotherm. Removal of the dye was at least 90% in the entire pH range from 2.3 to 11.2. Desorption of the dye in 50% (v/v) acetic acid to the extent of 69.7% indicates that most of the dye is held by the adsorbent by chemisorption.     

The adsorption of polycationic Fe (III) species on Na-illite

The adsorption of polymeric ferric species from hydrolysed Fe (III) solutions on Naillite at pH 2.5 has been examined. The bulk of the adsorption appears to be due to polycationic species of high molecular weight (> 10,000). Electrophoretic and cation exchange data indicated that the net charge on the clay surface became strongly positive at low pH values as a result of adsorption of the polycations. The adsorbed material was apparently amorphous to x-rays and did not affect the BET nitrogen surface area of the clay. Significant increases in the resistance of the dried clay to redispersion were observed, however, even at quite low Fe contents (< 1% by weight). These have been attributed to cementation effects.     

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by a soil containing magnesite

Removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solution by a soil containing magnesite and thermal activated soil containing magnesite was investigated. Maximum activation temperature was determined at 700°C for 2?h and maximum adsorption capacities were determined as 4.20?mg/g for natural magnesite, 38.91?mg/g for thermal activated magnesite at 25°C respectively. Equilibrium contact time of cadmium was determined for 2?h. Adsorption of Cd (II) on soil containing magnesite conforms to Langmuir's isotherm.     

Equilibrium studies for the adsorption of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions by low-cost materials

A number of low-cost materials (teakwood bark, ricehusk, coal, bentonite clay, hair and cotton waste) have been used as adsorbents for dyestuffs in aqueous solutions. Four red and four blue dyes have been studied; each color group consisted of an acidic, a basic, a disperse and a direct dye. The equilibrium isotherm for each dye-adsorbent system was determined and adsorption capacities from zero to 200 mg dye g^?1 of adsorbent was obtained. In general basic dyes adsorbed to a greater extent than the other dye classes but no single characteristic of the dye or adsorbent seemed responsible for such dye-adsorbent interactions and adsorption capacities.     

A new method for sodium sulfide removal from an aqueous solution and application to industrial wastewater and sludge

The catalyst activities for Na₂S oxidation in aqueous solution were examined for various materials such as activated carbon, carbon black, ferric salts, hydroquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and their mixed systems. The following conclusions have been drawn: (1) These catalyst systems are all active. (2) The effect of carbon black-ferric sulfate-system or hydroquinone-ferric chloride-system on oxidation efficiency is larger than that of carbon black or hydroquinone alone. (3) In case of carbon black system, the experimentally determined requirement of air is, respectively, about 40, 15, and 10 times larger than theoretical, corresponding to the runs of no catalyst, carbon black, and carbon black-ferric sulfate-system. In case of hydroquinone system, air requirements are, respectively, about 40, 15 and 8 times, corresponding to the runs of no catalyst, hydroquinone-ferric chloride-system and hydroquinone-ferric chloride-ammonium peroxydisulfate-system. (4) Application of the catalyst systems studied was made to wastewater and sludge treatments. These catalyst systems gave good results.     

油料作物秸秆生物炭对水体中铅离子的吸附特性与机制

为探索利用废弃生物质资源制备生物炭去除水体中Pb~(2+)污染的可行性,以农业废弃物胡麻秸秆和油菜秸秆为原材料,采用限氧裂解法在700℃条件下制备油菜秸秆(rape straw)生物炭和胡麻秸秆(flax straw)生物炭,通过2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的批量吸附试验,利用4种吸附动力学模型(拟一级动力学、拟二级动力学、Elovich模型和颗粒内扩散模型)和4种等温吸附模型(Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin和D-R模型)研究了胡麻和油菜秸秆生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附行为。同时,通过(brunauer emmett teller,BET)比表面积和孔径分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等手段对生物炭的结构和性质进行了表征,初步探讨了2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附机制。结果表明,胡麻和油菜秸秆生物炭分别在4 h和10 h达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量分别达到220.07和307.59 mg/g;2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明其吸附过程为单分子层吸附;2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附作用为物理-化学复合过程,吸附机制主要包括静电作用、离子/配体交换、阳离子–π作用。研究结果可为油料作物秸秆的资源化利用和生物炭对水中重金属污染防治提供理论依据。     

Biotic and Abiotic Schwertmannites as Scavengers for As(III): Mechanisms and Effects

Arsenic mobility around mining districts is primarily controlled by distribution and abundance of iron minerals. Arsenite-rich mine waters although frequently reported, the interaction of which with schwertmannite is poorly understood despite its high toxicity and mobility. We examined three synthetic schwertmannite types distinguished by surface area (19.9?C227.5?m²/g), Fe/S molar fractions (4.7?C6.6), and saturation index (?1.6?C0.8) towards arsenite retention through controlled batch equilibrium studies at 22?±?2°C and 1 atmospheric pressure in oxic conditions. Sorption isotherms were investigated as a function of dissolved arsenite concentrations (0.13?C1.33?mmol/L) at constant sediment load (10?g/L) and pH (3.0) in order to understand the role of synthesis pathway and physicochemical properties on arsenite immobilization. Multilayer surface coverage with more than one process governs arsenite uptake. X-ray diffractograms, infrared spectroscopy, and high resolution electron microscopic examination revealed new phase formation where schwertmannite underwent morphological and structural degradation. Ionic exchange between schwertmannite SO ₄ ^2? and aqueous arsenite has resulted in an elevated aqueous SO ₄ ^2? that varied according to dissolved arsenite concentrations. Stoichiometric calculations showed that 1?mol of dissolved arsenite can effectively replace 0.12?C0.19?mol of schwertmannite SO ₄ ^2? . This study implies that schwertmannites can be used as potential adsorbents for arsenite treatment where the total uptake will be strongly controlled by both ion exchange and surface precipitation.     

Sorption of As(V) Species from Aqueous Systems

Arsenic is of increasing environmental concern due to risk to plants, animal and human health. In aqueous systems arsenic is dominated by the As^V oxyanions H₂AsO₄ ^- and HAsO₄ ^2- under oxidizing conditions. The possibility to remove arsenic from aqueous solutions, using sorption processes, was studied with both inorganic and organic-based sorbents. Both of tested inorganic sorbents, calcined synthetic hydrotalcite and calcined natural boehmite, were acceptable for removal of As^V compounds from aqueous systems at laboratory temperature (20 °C) and neutral pH due to their crystal structure changes. They were able to remove more than 70% of As^V compounds from aqueous solution at low sorbent-solution ratios (1 g L^-1 and 2.6 g L^-1, respectively) and relatively high concentration of AsO₄ ^3- ions in the initial solution (about 2.10^-3 mol L^-1). Humic acid-type sorbents (i.e. pure humic acid and oxihumolite) efficiences remined low even at increased sorbent-solutionratios (about 20 g L^-1) and significantly lower concentrations of As in the initial solution. At higher pH values (about 9), the sorption process slightly improved due to solubility of humic substances in alkaline solutions. The sorption increment did not exceed 50% of the initial As content. These results were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Both the original calcined and the sorbed inorganic sorbent samples show significant As-O vibrations, while in spectra of original and sorbed oxihumolite no significant As-O vibrations were observed, due to negligible content of sorbed As compounts.     

Highly effective adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by macroporous xylan-rich hemicelluloses-based hydrogel

Xylan-rich hemicelluloses-based hydrogel was developed as a novel porous bioadsorbent by graft co-polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and xylan-rich hemicelluloses for adsorption of heavy metal ions (Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+)) from aqueous solutions. The chemical structure, the interaction between the hydrogel and metal ions, and the porous structure of xylan-rich hemicelluloses-g-AA hydrogel were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of AA and cross-linker dosage, pH value, contacting time, and initial concentration of metal ion on the adsorption capacity were studied. The adsorption equilibrium time was about 60 min from the adsorption kinetics study. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+) were 859, 495, and 274 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, xylan-rich hemicelluloses-g-AA hydrogel also exhibited highly efficient regeneration and metal ion recovery efficiency and can be reused without noticeable loss of adsorption capacity for Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+) after quite a number of repeated adsorption/desorption cycles.     

Solubilization of Fe (III) from humic-Fe complexes,humic/Fe-oxide mixtures and from poorly ordered Fe-oxide by organic acids - consequences for P adsorption

The effect of organic acids on the solubility of Fe from humic Fe complexes, poorly ordered Fe-oxides and humic/Fe-oxide mixtures was investigated at pH 4 and 7. After reaction, the suspensions were filtered through a 20 000 D membrane and Fe and humic concentrations were determined in the filtrate. Among four organic acids, citric acid had the strongest effect on Fe-solubility and solubilized up to 25% of total Fe from the humic complexes at pH 4. Humic substances were solubilized by citrate too, the proportions being higher at pH 7 than at pH 4. Malic and tartaric acid solubilized substantial but lower amounts of Fe from humic complexes than citric acid, whereas phthalic acid did not solubilize Fe and humics. Citrate added to poorly ordered Fe-oxide and its mixtures with humics, aged for 65 days, increased 20 000 D filtrable Fe, the effect being higher for humic/Fe-oxide complexes. Adding citrate to humic/Fe-oxide mixtures and to Fe-oxide strongly decreased the P sorption, the extent, being higher for the former adsorbent.     

茶树枝叶制备生物炭负载纳米零价铁净化水中Cr(VI)

茶树废弃物引起的环境破坏和病虫害爆发问题日益突出,对其进行无害化和资源化利用具有重要意义。该研究以修剪的茶树枝叶提取液作为还原剂和封端剂,以提取后的残渣作为炭源,成功制备了一种可高效去除水中六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))的生物炭负载纳米零价铁复合材料(nanoscale zero-valent iron embedded tea leaves,TLBC-nZVI)。分析了材料用量、溶液初始pH值和温度等对Cr(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响;利用扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散X射线光谱仪(SEMEDS)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线粉晶衍射仪(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对材料进行表征,结合吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力试验探讨了去除机制。结果表明酸性条件、高温、增加材料用量有利于TLBC-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除。TLBC-nZVI吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型和Freundlich吸附等温模型,该吸附是自发的化学吸热过程。TLBC-nZVI与Cr(Ⅵ)的反应机制为吸附在材料上的Cr(Ⅵ)被零价铁(Fe⁰)和还原性官能团还原为三价铬(Cr(Ⅲ))...     

Influence of pH and organic substance on the adsorption of As(V) on geologic materials

The adsorption of As(V) on alumina, hematite, kaolin and quartz has been measured as a function of pH (2 to 10), and As concentrations (10^?4 to 10 ^?8 M; in the alumina and kaolin systems only). The effects of sulfate (0 to 80 mg L^?1) and fulvic acid (0 to 25 mg L^?1) were studied. The charge of the solid surface and the As speciation in solution (determined by pH) were the most important chemical parameters affecting the sorption behavior. At pH below PZC of the solid, there was a qualitative correlation between the adsorption and the anion exchange capacity of the solid. For hematite at low pH (below 5) there was a reduction of the adsorption possibly related to the formation of positively charged species. The presence of sulfate or fulvic acid reduced the adsorption.