Removal of some cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by acrylamide/itaconic acid hydrogels

Acrylamide/itaconic acid (AAm/IA) hydrogels prepared by irradiating with γ radiating were used in experiments on the uptake of some cationic dyes such as basic red 5 (BR-5), basic violet 3 (BV-3) and brilliant cresyl blue (BCB). The removal of the cationic dyes to AAm/IA hyrogels is studied by batch adsorption technique. In the experiments of the adsorption, L3 type (Langmiur) adsorption in Giles classification system was found. Adsorption studies indicated that monolayer coverages of AAm/IA hydrogel by these dyes were increased with following order; BCB > BR-5 > BV-3.     

Removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions by Penicillium biomass: Kinetic and uptake parameters

The uptake and binding of Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb by the mycelium of Penicillium digitatum are highly pH-sensitive, being severely inhibited below pH 3. In the case of Ni, Zn, and Cd, H⁺ inhibits competitively. The Cu-ion, like UO₂ ²⁺ studied previously, is nearly pH-insensitive. All of these cations except Pb are taken up to a greater extent by mycelial preparations preheated at 100° C for 5 min. Other activators include alkali and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) pretreatment, but formaldehyde inhibits, Combining current and previous data, the ion-selective character of uptake is reflected, on a molar basis by the rank order Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺ Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Pb²⁺ UO₂ ²⁺ ? MoO₄ ^2?. P. digitatum appears to act like a mixture of neutral and acidic glycans with no real evidence for cationic amino-functional sites. In addition to the technological applications in water treatment, we suggest that fungal biosorption may be of natural geochemical importance in the concentration of metals and formation of minerals.     

Defluoridation of water by adsorption on fly ash

The ability of fly ash to remove fluoride from water and wastewaters has been studied at different concentrations, times, temperatures and pH of the solution. The rate constants of adsorption, intraparticle transport, mass transfer coefficients and thermodynamic parameters have been calculated at 30, 40, and 50 °C. The empirical model has been tested at various concentration for the present system. The removal of fluoride is favorable at low concentration, high temperature and acidic pH.

     

Removal of Rhodamine-B by biogas waste slurry from aqueous solution

The ability of biogas waste slurry to adsorb a basic dye (Rhodamine-B) has been investigated. The parameters include agitation time, initial dye concentration, pH and adsorbent dosage. The rate controlling step is mainly intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption rate constant was found to be 2.9 × 10^?2 min^?1 at 20 mg L^?1 initial dye concentration. The adsorption conforms with Freundlich isotherm. Removal of the dye was at least 90% in the entire pH range from 2.3 to 11.2. Desorption of the dye in 50% (v/v) acetic acid to the extent of 69.7% indicates that most of the dye is held by the adsorbent by chemisorption.     

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by a soil containing magnesite

Removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solution by a soil containing magnesite and thermal activated soil containing magnesite was investigated. Maximum activation temperature was determined at 700°C for 2?h and maximum adsorption capacities were determined as 4.20?mg/g for natural magnesite, 38.91?mg/g for thermal activated magnesite at 25°C respectively. Equilibrium contact time of cadmium was determined for 2?h. Adsorption of Cd (II) on soil containing magnesite conforms to Langmuir's isotherm.     

Lead contents of coal,coal ash and fly ash

Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry is applied for the determination of Pb in coal, coal ash and fly ash. Lead concentrations in coal and coal ash ranging from respectively 7 to 110 µg g^?1 and 120 to 450 µg g^?1 are found. A mean concentration of 1520 µg g^?1 in fly ash corresponding to a concentration of 117 µg m^?3 in the effluent gas suggests the importance of coal combustion as an atmospheric source of Ph. The contribution of coal combustion to the total Pb emissions is conservatively estimated at 6%.     

CO2气氛耦合粉煤灰催化生物质热解生油特性分析

针对生物质热解生物油中可利用组分富集程度低的问题,该研究以不同颗粒尺寸的玉米秸秆为研究对象,通过固定床热解设备开展了CO2气氛下粉煤灰与秸秆共热解试验,分析粉煤灰对秸秆热解产物分布的影响规律,并重点研究CO2耦合粉煤灰对液相产物中含氧化合物组分的作用机制.结果表明,当颗粒尺寸为0.17～0.21 mm时,生物油产率最大...     

微波消解-分光光度法测定农用粉煤灰中的硼

研究了分光光度法测定农用粉煤灰中硼时样品的微波消解方法,建立了合理的分析步骤.试验结果表明:微波完全消解粉煤灰仅需25 min,相对标准偏差5.8% ～ 7.3%,其方法的加标回收率为94% ～ 109%.结果表明,微波消解-分光光度法是测定粉煤灰中硼的一种快速、准确且低环境污染的方法.     

Effects of fly ash on microbial C02 evolution from an agricultural soil

Unweathered, acidic fly ash from a coal-fired power plant was applied to alfalfa meal-amended agricultural soil at levels equivalent to 0, 100, 400, and 700 tonne ha^?1. Amended soils were placed in respirometer jars and monitored for C0₂-C evolution over a 37-day period. Fly ash applications of 400 and 700 tonne ha^?1 reduced C0₂-C production significantly compared to 0 and 100 tonne ha^?1 treatments. Carbon dioxide-carbon from all treatments was considerably greater than that from soil treated with 1000 ppm CdCl₂. The results suggest that soil heterotrophic microbial activity may be impacted minimally by relatively low levels of fly ash application, but may be inhibited by higher levels of fly ash. Several metals were present at potentially toxic levels in the fly ash employed and may have accounted for the inhibition of CO₂ C evolution. The availability of some of these metals was indicated in companion plant uptake experiments.     

生物质气化站玉米芯飞灰的特性及其综合利用

作为玉米生产加工过程的农业废弃物,玉米芯的产量巨大,生物质气化工业利用玉米芯原料制备生物质燃气的过程中将产生大量的玉米芯灰。为了全面认识这些废弃玉米芯灰的灰特性及可能的应用,通过激光粒度分析、X射线荧光(X-ray fluorescence,XRF)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、热重和差热分析(thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis,TG-DTA)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、能谱分析(energy dispersive X-ray,EDX)等方法对其进行深入研究。结果表明:玉米芯灰的粒度较小且分布不均,平均粒径为12.96μm;灰的元素组成中K和Si所占的比重最大;富含K、Ca、S和Cl等元素使玉米芯灰可用作土壤改良剂,而且灰中大量的Si O2和Al2O3使其可以用来制备抗压强度较高的水泥混凝土;灰中存在多种含钾元素的KHCO3、KAl Si O4、KAl Si2O6、KCl和K2SO4等结晶相矿物成分;灰粒的形状极不规则,树枝状的团聚灰渣具有丰富的空隙,易逐级吸附小颗粒,灰粒表面存在大量弱粘结的絮状物,断面多为孔状结构;熔融灰粒表面存在富钾现象,且多以KCl形式存在;飞灰的热解具有分段机制,加热到1 200℃时,其总失重和最大失重速率均随着氧气浓度的升高而增加;氮气中620℃的吸热峰是由KCl熔融吸热所致,而有氧气氛中在630℃处的放热峰则是未燃尽的残碳继续燃烧或有机物分解放热所致。     

Equilibrium studies for the adsorption of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions by low-cost materials

A number of low-cost materials (teakwood bark, ricehusk, coal, bentonite clay, hair and cotton waste) have been used as adsorbents for dyestuffs in aqueous solutions. Four red and four blue dyes have been studied; each color group consisted of an acidic, a basic, a disperse and a direct dye. The equilibrium isotherm for each dye-adsorbent system was determined and adsorption capacities from zero to 200 mg dye g^?1 of adsorbent was obtained. In general basic dyes adsorbed to a greater extent than the other dye classes but no single characteristic of the dye or adsorbent seemed responsible for such dye-adsorbent interactions and adsorption capacities.     

油料作物秸秆生物炭对水体中铅离子的吸附特性与机制

为探索利用废弃生物质资源制备生物炭去除水体中Pb~(2+)污染的可行性,以农业废弃物胡麻秸秆和油菜秸秆为原材料,采用限氧裂解法在700℃条件下制备油菜秸秆(rape straw)生物炭和胡麻秸秆(flax straw)生物炭,通过2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的批量吸附试验,利用4种吸附动力学模型(拟一级动力学、拟二级动力学、Elovich模型和颗粒内扩散模型)和4种等温吸附模型(Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin和D-R模型)研究了胡麻和油菜秸秆生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附行为。同时,通过(brunauer emmett teller,BET)比表面积和孔径分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等手段对生物炭的结构和性质进行了表征,初步探讨了2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附机制。结果表明,胡麻和油菜秸秆生物炭分别在4 h和10 h达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量分别达到220.07和307.59 mg/g;2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明其吸附过程为单分子层吸附;2种生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附作用为物理-化学复合过程,吸附机制主要包括静电作用、离子/配体交换、阳离子–π作用。研究结果可为油料作物秸秆的资源化利用和生物炭对水中重金属污染防治提供理论依据。     

The use of coal fly ash in sodic soil reclamation

An experiment was conducted for two years in northwest India to explore the feasibility of using coal fly ash for reclamation of waterlogged sodic soils and its resultant effects on plant growth in padi–wheat rotation. The initial pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio of the experimental soil were 9.07, 3.87 dS m⁻¹, 26.0 and 4.77 (me l)^−1/2, respectively. The fly ash obtained from electrostatic precipitators of thermal power plant had a pH of 5.89 and electrical conductivity of 0.88 dS m⁻¹. The treatments comprised of fly ash levels of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 per cent, used alone as well as in combination with 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 10 per cent gypsum requirement of the soil, respectively. There was a slight reduction in soil pH while electrical conductivity of the soil decreased significantly with fly ash as measured after padi and wheat crops. The sodium adsorption ratio of the soil decreased with increasing fly ash levels, while gypsum treatments considerably added to its favourable effects. Fly ash application increased the available elemental status of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Al, Pb, Ni, Co, but decreased Na, P and Zn in the soil. An application of fly ash to the soil also increased the concentrations of above elements except Na, P and Zn in the seeds and straw of padi and wheat crops. The available as well as elemental concentrations in the plants was maximum in the 0 per cent fly ash + 100 per cent gypsum requirement treatment except Na and heavy elements like Ni, Co, Cr. The treatment effects were greater in the fly ash + gypsum requirement combinations as compared to fly ash alone. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention generally improved with the addition of fly ash while bulk density decreased. Application of fly ash up to 4.5 per cent level increased the straw and grain yield of padi and wheat crops significantly in both years. The results indicated that for reclaiming sodic soils of the southwest Punjab, gypsum could possibly be substituted up to 40 per cent of the gypsum requirement with 3.0 per cent acidic fly ash. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Highly effective adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by macroporous xylan-rich hemicelluloses-based hydrogel

Xylan-rich hemicelluloses-based hydrogel was developed as a novel porous bioadsorbent by graft co-polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and xylan-rich hemicelluloses for adsorption of heavy metal ions (Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+)) from aqueous solutions. The chemical structure, the interaction between the hydrogel and metal ions, and the porous structure of xylan-rich hemicelluloses-g-AA hydrogel were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of AA and cross-linker dosage, pH value, contacting time, and initial concentration of metal ion on the adsorption capacity were studied. The adsorption equilibrium time was about 60 min from the adsorption kinetics study. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+) were 859, 495, and 274 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, xylan-rich hemicelluloses-g-AA hydrogel also exhibited highly efficient regeneration and metal ion recovery efficiency and can be reused without noticeable loss of adsorption capacity for Pd(2+), Cd(2+), and Zn(2+) after quite a number of repeated adsorption/desorption cycles.     

Reduction in CO2 emission from normal and saline soils amended with coal fly ash

Purpose

Fly ash can reduce CO₂ emission from soils via biochemical (i.e., inhibition of microbial activity) and physicochemical (i.e., carbonation) mechanisms. This study investigated the effects of fly ash amendment on biochemical and physicochemical reduction in CO₂ emission from normal and saline soils.

Materials and methods

The physicochemical mechanisms of reduction in CO₂ emission by fly ash were estimated in a batch experiment with carbonate solution as a CO₂ source by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma analyses. Biochemical mechanisms of reduction in CO₂ emission by fly ash were investigated in a 3-day laboratory incubation experiment with normal and saline soils in the absence and presence of fly ash. Finally, the effects of fly ash amendment at a variety rate from 2 to 15?% (w/w) on CO₂ emission from normal and saline soils in the presence of additional organic carbon source (glucose) were investigated through a 15-day laboratory incubation study.

Results and discussion

In the batch experiment with carbonate solution, both the SEM image of fly ash and changes in soluble Ca and Mg concentrations during reaction with carbonate suggested that the formation of CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ via carbonation was the principal physicochemical mechanism of carbonate removal by fly ash. In the 3-day incubation study conducted to examine biochemical mechanisms of reduction in CO₂ emission by fly ash, microbial respiration of saline soil was inhibited (P?<?0.05) by fly ash due to high pH, salinity, and boron concentration of fly ash; meanwhile, for normal soil, there was no inhibitory effect of fly ash on microbial respiration. In the 15-day incubation with glucose, fly ash application at a variety rates from 2 to 15?% (w/w) reduced CO₂ emission by 3.6 to 21.4?% for normal and by 19.8 to 30.3?% for saline soil compared to the control without fly ash. For saline soil, the reduction in CO₂ emission was attributed primarily to inhibition of microbial respiration by fly ash; however, for normal soil in which suppression of microbial respiration by fly ash was not apparent, carbonation was believed to play an important role in reduction of CO₂ emission.

Conclusions

Therefore, fly ash may be helpful in reducing CO₂ emission from normal soils via carbonation. For saline soil, however, fly ash needs to be carefully considered as a soil amendment to reduce CO₂ emission as it can inhibit soil microbial activities and thus degrade soil quality.     

Effect of a fly ash and gypsum mixture on rice cultivation

Abstract

The salt titration (ST) method was evaluated as a method to determine ZPC in comparison with the potentiometric titration (PT) method for 26 soils with variable charge clays, i.e., Oxisols and Ultisols from Thailand and Andisols from Japan. In addition to the determination of ST-pH₀ as the zero point of charge, a calculation procedure (STPT method) was adopted here in order to acquire more information from the titration curve. Furthermore, for the purpose of cross-checking of ZPC determined by the PT method, the ST procedure was successively applied to the samples analyzed by the PT method (PTST method).

The soil to solution ratios of 1: 10 to 1: 5 gave almost an identical ST-pH₀ value for every soil. The values of both ST-pH₀ and PT-ZPC ranged from 4.7 to 6.3 for the Andisols, while for the Oxisols and Ultisols, they were always below 4.2. The difference between the values of ST-pH₀ and PT-ZPC was only slight for the Andisols, whereas it was sometimes large (0.4 pH unit) for the Oxisols and Ultisols. Nevertheless, it was concluded that the ST method with its modification (STPT) was comparable to or even better than the PT method for the soil characterization work due to its convenience and simplicity.     

不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价

为了解粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染情况，通过实地试验与现场采样化验相结合的方法，对复垦时间不同的粉煤灰复垦土壤里砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)、、镍(Ni)和氟(F)等重金属和微量元素含量的时空变异性进行了研究。结果发现：以土壤本底值作为评价标准时，粉煤灰充填复垦土壤整体处于受污染状态。其中，表层复垦土壤受到Cd、Se、Zn、F 4种元素污染较重；粉煤灰充填复垦土壤适合旱作，不适合用作水田；随着复垦时间的增加，表层复垦土壤的污染指数呈递增趋势。     

Changes in soil morphology of Podzols affected by alkaline fly ash blown out from the dumping site of an electric power plant

Purpose

The impacts of fly ash on the chemistry of forest floors were previously described in literature, while impacts on soil properties were less recognised. Soil investigations were focussed mainly on increases of pH and base saturations in surface horizons. The purpose of this study was to describe the influence of alkaline fly ash blown out from the dumping site of a lignite-fired power plant on pH changes of ectohumus horizons of Podzols and the morphology of deeper horizons.

Materials and methods

We investigated the soil profiles of Podzols derived from loose quartz sand and developed under pine forest surrounding the dumping site of the power plant Be?chatów, central Poland. In the vicinity of the fly ash dumping site, five Podzol profiles located at a distance of 50 m from the dumping site were investigated, as well as soil profiles located along the transect set at distances of 50, 300, 800 and 2000 m from the dumping site. Control profiles were located at a distance of 7.3 km from the dumping site. Soil morphology was described in the field and the following properties were determined: soil texture, hydrolytic acidity, exchangeable cations, total organic carbon and total nitrogen content.

Results and discussion

The pH values of Podzol ectohumus horizons located close to the dumping site ranged from 6.01 to 7.34 compared to a range of 3.08–3.72 in the control. Ectohumus horizon located 300 m from the dumping site showed a pH range of 4.13–4.26, while at a distance of 800 m, the pH values did not differ from those of the control site. The upper part of the eluvial soil horizons located close to the dumping site had been transformed into transitional AE horizons in which humic substances translocated from ectohumus horizons were accumulated. Moreover, the organic carbon content of this horizon increased compared to the carbon content of the illuvial Bs horizon located below it. Under the influence of alkalisation of upper horizons, the illuvial Bhs horizons vanished and were transformed into Bs horizons.

Conclusions

Changes in soils affected by fly ashes are connected with alkalinisation of ectohumus horizons. Podzolisation processes can be reduced or even completely stopped regarding the distance from the dumping site. Eluvial Podzol horizons located close to the dumping site may be transformed into AE horizons in which humic substances translocated from ectohumus horizons are accumulated. Due to transformation and translocation of organic components, Bhs horizons can be transformed into Bs horizons.

     

Effect of an artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and sewage sludge on soil microbial activity

An artificial soil mix was prepared from coal fly ash and sewage sludge and an experiment was performed to evaluate their effects on soil microbial respiration. Coal fly ash at 0%, 5%, 10%, 35% and 50% w/w was mixed with dewatered sewage sludge and then each ash-sludge mixture was incubated with a sandy soil at 1:1 v/v at 28°C for 42 days. All treatments showed the same carbon dioxide production pattern with a peak production at day 7 to day 14. Addition of ash-sludge mixtures to soil resulted in an increase in carbon dioxide production but the production rate decreased according to the ash amendment rate. The high pH of coal fly ash and the dilution effect of the sludge were the major reasons for the decrease. However, the ecological dose 50% values sharply increased from 26% at day 3 to 39% ash at day 14. This indicates the rapid acclimatization of microorganisms to the fly ash-sludge mixtures. Therefore, a brief stabilization period may be required for the establishment of soil microbial populations in soil amended with ash-sludge mixtures.     

Volatile release from aqueous solutions under dynamic headspace dilution conditions.

Static equilibrium was established between the gas phase (headspace) and an unstirred aqueous phase in a sealed vessel. The headspace was then diluted with air to mimic the situation when a container of food is opened and the volatiles are diluted by the surrounding air. Because this first volatile signal can influence overall flavor perception, the parameters controlling volatile release under these conditions are of interest. A mechanistic model was developed and validated experimentally. Release of compounds depended on the air-water partition coefficient (K(aw)) and the mass transport in both phases. For compounds with K(aw) values <10(-)(3), K(aw) was the factor determining release rate. When K(aw) was >10(-)(3), mass transport in the gas phase became significant and the Reynolds number played a role. Because release from packaged foods occurs at low Reynolds numbers, whereas most experiments are conducted at medium to high Reynolds numbers, the experimentally defined profile may not reflect the real situation.