奶水牛血清和卵泡液中瘦素水平的相关性研究

瘦素(leptin)是一种主要由脂肪细胞分泌的多肽类激素,对能量代谢、繁殖以及免疫功能均具有重要的调节功能,然而对水牛血清与卵泡液中瘦素水平及其两者间的相关性知之甚少.选取广西某屠宰场奶水牛44头,屠宰前采血分离血清,屠宰后收集卵巢,送实验室抽取直径8 mm以上卵泡的卵泡液.选取符合卵泡期水牛34头,对44份血清和34份卵泡液中的瘦素水平进行测定,发现平均血清瘦素水平(X±SD)为2.07 ng/mL±0.68 ng/mL,平均卵泡液瘦素水平为0.69 ng/mL±0.34 ng/mL.相关性研究发现,34头水牛的血清瘦素水平和卵泡液瘦素水平之间存在着显著的相关性(r=0.438,P＜0.01).     

奶山羊乳腺血流量检测的研究

目前泌乳反刍动物尤其是奶牛乳腺营养研究已成为动物营养研究中的热点,乳腺血流量是影响乳腺营养物质吸收、摄取和利用的关键因素之一,因此乳腺血流量的准确测定也具有切实的理论和实践意义.本文以奶山羊乳腺为研究对象,利用transit-time超声血流量计对不同条件下乳腺血流量的检测及其准确性进行了评估.结果发现,结扎阴部外静脉...     

Spatial Relationships between Serrated Granulosa and Vascularity of the Preovulatory Follicle and Developing Corpus Luteum

Color Doppler and B-mode film clips were taken of the preovulatory follicle an hour before the beginning of ovulation. Locations of serrated granulosa and color-flow signals were determined by clock-face positions with the apex of the follicle (future ovulation site) at 12 o'clock. Mares were divided into a group with normal follicle evacuation (completion within 1 hour; n = 21 mares) and a group with septated evacuation (n = 5). The septated group was characterized by completion of evacuation in ≥3 hours and formation of echoic trabeculae in the antrum during evacuation. The trabeculae in the septated evacuations contained blood-flow signals and were interpreted to be creases in the slowly collapsing follicle wall. In the normal-evacuation group, serration and blood-flow signals were located at the basal hemisphere of the follicle directly opposite to the apex, and the o'clock positions did not differ significantly between the two characteristics. The apical area was devoid of both serration and color-flow signals. Vascularization of the corpus luteum began at the basal third on the day of ovulation and reached the apical third in a mean of 5.5 days. In septated evacuation, color-flow signals were detected at every clock-face position in each mare at the hour before ovulation. Results supported the following hypotheses: (1) both granulosa serration and color-flow signals occur in a similar basal area opposite to the apex; and (2) prolonged septated follicle evacuation is associated with vascularization of a greater circumference of the follicle than for normal evacuation and includes the apical area.     

奶牛乳腺血流量主要测定技术及其应用

奶牛乳腺的血流量与原料乳的产量和营养成分密切相关,所以对乳腺血流量的准确测定是牛奶养分合成、前体物吸收率等后续研究的基础。本文综述了奶牛乳腺的血管构造和血流量的主要测定技术及应用,以为奶牛泌乳及其相关的研究提供一些参考。     

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Pre-antral Follicle Population and Ultrastructural Characterization of Antral Follicle Oocyte

The main objectives of the present study were to determine the ultrastructural modifications occurring in the oocyte during late folliculogenesis and to estimate pre-antral follicle population in buffalo. Half the collected ovaries were fixed and prepared for optic microscopy; the antral follicles from the other ovaries were measured and individually punctured. The cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were processed for transmission electron microscopy. The number of pre-antral follicles in buffalo ovaries was estimated at 19 819 structures. Cumulus–oocyte complexes derived from 1-mm antral follicle had an eccentrical nucleus and compact corona radiata , ooplasm vilosities were fully embedded in zona pellucida (ZP) and a well-defined junction could be observed. Mitochondria were predominantly round and well distributed in ooplasm, as were small lipid vacuoles. In COCs derived from 2-mm antral follicles, the initial formation of perivitelline space was observed. The nucleus was peripherally located and the number of pleomorphic mitochondria increased. Cortical granules were clustered at oocyte periphery and lipid vacuoles increased in number and size. In COCs derived from 6-mm antral follicles, the organelles were located mainly in the perinuclear region. Golgi complexes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were more developed. Mitochondria migrated to the cortical region and lipid vacuoles migrated to the medullar region. In COCs derived from 10-mm antral follicles, the lipid vacuoles coalesced and occupied the medullar region of the oocyte, together with a well-developed SER. Mitochondria were pleomorphic and located at the oocyte periphery. In conclusion, the morphological differences described in this paper could be responsible for some functional differences observed in in vitro embryo production and follicular dynamics for buffalo, when compared with cattle.     

奶水牛乳中体细胞数与乳成分的相关分析

乳汁体细胞数(somatic cell count,SCC)是检查奶牛乳房炎和牛奶质量的指标,为了解南宁某规模化奶牛场奶水牛SCC情况及SCC与其他乳成分的关系,试验随机选取该场152份泌乳早期乳样,测定其SCC、乳汁比重、蛋白质、脂肪、总固形物、非脂固形物及乳糖的含量,并对其进行相关性分析。结果表明,SCC小于50万/mL的乳样占被检奶样总数的88.16%,大于100万/mL的占1.97%;乳汁比重、乳蛋白、乳糖和非脂固形物含量均随着SCC的升高而下降,而乳脂含量随着SCC的升高而呈上升趋势;SCC与乳糖及非脂固形物含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。因此,奶水牛乳中SCC不仅与乳糖和非脂固形物含量密切相关,也提示其与奶水牛产后营养代谢状况有关。     

断奶应激对奶水牛犊牛血液生理生化指标和免疫功能的影响

为研究断奶应激对奶水牛犊牛的影响,选用5头健康犊牛,分别于断奶前1 d、断奶后1、14和21 d进行采血,测定犊牛的血常规、血清生化指标和免疫指标。结果显示,奶水牛犊牛的白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、红细胞数、单核细胞数、红细胞压积、天冬氨酸转氨酶活性、血糖含量、皮质醇含量、免疫球蛋白G含量在断奶前后无显著变化（P > 0.05）;中性粒细胞数在断奶后21 d显著低于断奶前1 d（P < 0.05）;血清乳酸脱氢酶、丙氨酸转氨酶活性在断奶后显著高于断奶前（P < 0.05）;血清尿素氮含量在断奶后21 d显著高于断奶前1 d（P < 0.05）;血红蛋白含量在断奶21 d显著低于断奶前1 d（P < 0.05）。结果表明断奶应激不仅影响了奶水牛犊牛的生理机能,而且降低了其免疫力和抵抗力。     

Effect of Weaning Stress on Blood Physiology and Biochemistry Indexes and Immune Function in Dairy Buffalo Calves

To study the effect of weaning stress on dairy buffalo calves,5 healthy calves were chosen and weaned,and the blood samples were collected at 1 day before weaning,and 1,14 and 21 days after weaning to analysis blood physiology and biochemistry indexes and immune function.The results showed that the count of white blood cell,lymphocyte,erythrocyte,monocytes and hematocrit,aspartate aminotransferase activity,blood glucose,cortisol and immunoglobulin G contents of dairy buffalo calves were no significant difference between before and after weaning treatments (P > 0.05).The count of neutrophils at 21 d after weaning were significantly lower than that of 1 d before weaning of dairy buffalo calves (P < 0.05).However,lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity in weaned treatments were significantly higher than those of animals in the treatment before weaning (P < 0.05).The serum urea nitrogen of dairy buffalo calves at 21 d after weaning was significantly higher than that of 1 d before weaning (P < 0.05) and hemoglobin content at 21 d after weaning was significantly lower than that at 1 day before weaning (P < 0.05).It indicated that the physiological and immunity function of dairy buffalo calves were challenged under weaning stress.     

中国奶水牛生产性能测定(DHI)推广现状及面临的问题与对策分析

中国水牛乳产业发展遇到高产群体小、优质种源不足的瓶颈,有必要适时开展奶水牛生产性能测定(DHI)以提高奶水牛群体生产性能。作者综述了中国奶水牛DHI开展现状和面临的问题,并进行了针对性分析,提出了奶水牛开展DHI的意见和建议。     

11~14月龄奶水牛体重与体尺指标的相关性分析

本文旨在研究生长期奶水牛体重与体尺指标的相关关系,为通过体尺指标估测其体重提供科学依据。选取76头健康的11~14月龄生长期奶水牛,用地磅、测仗、卷尺分别进行体重与体尺指标测量。采用Excel中LINEST函数对数据进行多元回归和多项式回归分析,用SPSS 17.0对体重与体尺指标进行相关性分析及主成分分析。结果表明,各体尺指标均在不同程度上影响生长期奶水牛的体重,体重与体高、体斜长、十字部高、胸围、腹围、胸宽、胸深、尻长、尻宽和管围均存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01),其中胸围与体重的相关性最大(P=0.823),其次是腹围、体斜长、胸深、管围等;由体重与各体尺指标间多元回归方程的相关系数r可知,11~14月龄奶水牛体重与体尺间存在较强的线性回归关系,可通过不同的体尺指标预测其体重;从主成分的特征根与累计贡献率来看,由第一主成分关系式可见,体重、胸围、体斜长、腹围、管围等的特征向量较大,对第一主成分的贡献也较大,基本反映11~14月龄奶水牛的体型结构,可称为体型因子,第二主成分为尻宽因子,第三主成分为体高因子。     

奶水牛泌乳特性的研究综述

本文综述了国内外奶水牛泌乳特性的研究现状,从奶水牛的泌乳生理特性、泌乳规律及其泌乳潜力的激发等方面介绍了沼泽型水牛和河流型水牛及其杂交水牛的一些泌乳特征,并对今后水牛业的发展提出一些建议。     

Blood and Intrauterine Leukocyte Profile and Function in Dairy Cows that Spontaneously Recovered from Postpartum Endometritis

The profile and function of blood and uterine leukocytes were evaluated in 14 dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from postpartum endometritis (mild, n=6 and heavy, n=8; general health not affected). From a minimum of 2 weeks before parturition until 6 weeks postpartum, blood samples were obtained twice weekly for leukocyte counts and leukogram determination and once weekly for flow cytometry assessment of polimorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) phagocytic capacity and oxidative burst activity. Uterine fluid‐stained smears, obtained twice weekly from parturition until fluid was present in the uterus, were used for determination of the percentage of PMN, of phagocytizing PMN (phago‐PMN) and of the mean number of phagocyted bacteria per phagocytizing PMN (phagocytic index; PI). Uterine swabs were obtained twice weekly from parturition until 35 days postpartum for bacteriological examination. The time of endometritis diagnosis was similar in cows with mild or heavy endometritis but the latter cows had a significantly longer persistence of the infection and of the isolation of Gram‐negative anaerobes from the uterus. However, the effect of group (mild versus heavy) was not significant for all the blood and uterine parameters analysed. The effect of sampling day (within group effect) was significant (p<0.01 to p<0.00001) for all parameters, except for the blood monocyte count and the blood PMN phagocytic capacity, in which only a tendency for significance was observed (p<0.1). The effect of the interaction group × sampling day was significant only for the blood monocyte count. The phago‐PMN and the PI were significantly correlated (r=0.70, p<0.001). A significant correlation was also observed between the uterine fluid phago‐PMN and the blood PMN oxidative burst activity (r=?0.41, p<0.05). At the spontaneous recovery, the blood PMN oxidative burst activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) and the percentage of intrauterine phago‐PMN and the PI were significantly lower (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) than at diagnosis of endometritis. These results suggest that a decrease in blood PMN oxidative burst activity until the first week postpartum could be associated with an increased susceptibility to early postpartum endometritis. The later increase in this parameter as well as the increase in the intrauterine fluid phago‐PMN and PI, might favour the spontaneous resolution of endometritis.     

大力发展水牛奶加速我国奶业发展

我国水牛饲养历史悠久。长期以来，它作为生产资料在我国南方地区种植水稻的耕作中发挥了极其重要的作用。但是，水牛不仅可以役用，而且在奶用方面也蕴藏着特有的潜力。因此，世界奶类的结构中，水牛奶的比重在不断增加，尤其是亚洲国家，如印度、巴基斯坦等，水牛奶占据大部分，成为奶畜发展的主力军。我国水牛资源丰富，大力开发其奶用潜力，无疑是加速我国奶业发展的重要途径。可以预见，我国开发水牛奶的春天即将到来。一、我国水牛挤奶的现状及问题我国现有水牛存栏数约１３００万头，占全世界水牛总头数的１４．３％，居第二位。但是…     

三价铁离子对离体卵泡细胞内分泌的影响

用含Ｆｅ＾３＋０．００、１．３４×１０＾－３、１．３４×１０＾－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的溶液处理卵泡细胞及垂体细胞的培养液,观察不同Ｆｅ＾３＋水平对离体卵泡细胞分泌雌二醇和孕酮的影响。结果表明,不同水平的Ｆｅ＾３＋显著抑制了离体卵泡细胞分泌雌二醇和孕酮（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

奶牛静脉血内毒素浓度及其与产奶量的相关性

为调查我国当前主流饲喂方式下奶牛静脉血内毒素浓度的范围及内毒素浓度与产奶量的相关性,本试验首先验证了应用鲎试剂法定量奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度的可行性,在此基础上,分别检测了安徽牧场 １（６０头,饲粮精粗比 ４５∶５５）、江苏牧场（１５头,按产奶量高低精粗比分别为 ２０∶８０、４５∶５５、５０∶５０）和安徽牧场 ２（１４头,饲粮精粗比 ７０∶３０）共 ８９头奶牛的尾静脉血中内毒素浓度,并进行了内毒素浓度与产奶量的相关性分析。结果表明：鲎试剂法可有效检测奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度,３个牧场奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度高低不等,在 ０～１．５０ＥＵ／ｍＬ范围内。奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度与产奶量之间的相关性皆不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,但安徽牧场 ２的相关系数（０．１９５２）大于安徽牧场 １（０．０２０５）和江苏牧场（０．０３７６）。结果提示,鲎试剂法可用于定量检测奶牛血中内毒素浓度,在我国当前的饲喂方式下,奶牛血液中普遍含有内毒素,静脉血内毒素浓度与产奶量无显著相关性。     

卵泡液中总蛋白含量与卵泡直径的关系

通过检测不同直径卵泡的卵泡液中总蛋白含量的变化,从而进一步阐明卵泡液中蛋白成分在卵泡发育过程中的作用。将直径为3~5、5~8、8~10mm的卵泡和囊肿卵泡(>21mm)分为4组(n=10),分别抽取卵泡液。通过TCA/丙酮方法进行样品处理;根据Bradford法检测原理,利用分光光度计对其进行蛋白定量研究。结果表明:3~5mm为4440μg/mL,5~8mm为976μg/mL,8~10mm为686μg/mL,囊肿卵泡(>21mm)为537.2μg/mL。经SPSS13.0软件分析,3~5mm卵泡液中蛋白平均浓度高于其他组(P<0.01);其他3组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);囊肿卵泡中蛋白含量最低。由此可得出,卵泡液中总蛋白浓度随着卵泡直径的增加而降低,表明卵泡液中的蛋白含量与卵泡发育的成熟度呈负相关。而囊肿卵泡的发生很可能和蛋白含量降低有关,为卵泡囊肿发病机制的研究提供新的理论参考。     

Endotoxin Concentration in Venous Blood and Its Correlation with Milk Yield of Dairy Cows

为调查我国当前主流饲喂方式下奶牛静脉血内毒素浓度的范围及内毒素浓度与产奶量的相关性,本试验首先验证了应用鲎试剂法定量奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度的可行性,在此基础上,分别检测了安徽牧场1(60头,饲粮精粗比45∶55)、江苏牧场(15头,按产奶量高低精粗比分别为20∶80、45∶55、50∶50)和安徽牧场2(14头,饲粮精粗比70∶30)共89头奶牛的尾静脉血中内毒素浓度,并进行了内毒素浓度与产奶量的相关性分析.结果表明:鲎试剂法可有效检测奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度,3个牧场奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度高低不等,在0～ 1.50 EU/mL范围内.奶牛静脉血中内毒素浓度与产奶量之间的相关性皆不显著(P＞0.05),但安徽牧场2的相关系数(0.195 2)大于安徽牧场1(0.020 5)和江苏牧场(0.037 6).结果提示,鲎试剂法可用于定量检测奶牛血中内毒素浓度,在我国当前的饲喂方式下,奶牛血液中普遍含有内毒素,静脉血内毒素浓度与产奶量无显著相关性.     

水牛有腔卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡的生物形态学特征

为了解水牛有腔卵泡闭锁的起因和有腔卵泡中是否存在卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡，本研究选择青春期前水牛和成年（发情间期和发情期）水牛的卵巢，采用石蜡组织切片、HE染色技术进行光镜观察，并采用DNA原位末端标记（TUNEL）技术和透射电镜观察研究了卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡的特征。结果表明：青春期前水牛的健康有腔卵泡上无或仅有极个别凋亡的卵泡颗粒细胞（GCs），而闭锁有腔卵泡上存在有多量凋亡的GCs，凋亡的形式：GCs层内出现单个或多个凋亡细胞，卵泡腔内出现凋亡小体群。在成年水牛发情间期的闭锁大卵泡上，GCs层弯曲皱折，存在多量凋亡的GCs。发情期水牛成熟卵泡的GCs层也存在GCs凋亡，排卵前的GCs层细胞全部脱落到卵泡腔内。本研究首次在同一组织切片上先后分别应用HE染色和TUNEL检查细胞凋亡，且证实了水牛有腔卵泡GCs凋亡的存在。超微结构显示了GCs凋亡的核边集化、核浓缩及凋亡小体的形态。上述结果提示：在水牛闭锁有腔卵泡中存在着GCs凋亡，GCs凋亡是启动水牛有腔卵泡闭锁的潜在机理。     

广西奶水牛种公牛站的发展及建议

广西壮族自治区畜禽品种改良站(奶水牛种公牛站)始建于1974年,1998年通过农业部考核验收晋升为国家级种公牛站,年产奶水牛冻精50万剂,是目前我国最大的奶水牛冷冻精液生产与供应种公牛站。现将种公牛站的发展情况介绍如下,并针对存在的问题提出发展建议。     

水牛PPARG来源环状RNA的鉴定及表达谱分析

为鉴定前期转录组测序分析结果的可靠性,并从中挖掘水牛脂肪沉积潜在环状RNA（circular RNA,circRNA）,本研究对10个来源于过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARG）基因的circRNA进行鉴定,根据测序获得的候选circRNA序列信息,设计对向引物进行半定量检测和普通测序以获得真实存在的circRNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR分析其在水牛不同组织和不同部位脂肪组织中的表达谱,半定量检测其在不同物种间的保守性。结果显示,10个候选circRNA中,有5个circRNA可以检测到,测序验证序列与转录组测序分析获得的序列一致,其中2个circRNA可设计出特异性的定量引物,这2个circRNA主要在脂肪组织中表达,且在不同部位脂肪组织中的表达量存在差异;另外3个circRNA在黄牛、牦牛、猪和小鼠的脂肪组织中均有表达,序列长度一致,序列相似度高。以上研究结果提示,转录组测序分析获得的结果可靠,其中有2个circRNA主要在脂肪组织中表达,且物种间保守,可作为研究水牛脂肪沉积的候选基因。