过瘤胃脂肪对产后肉母牛生长性能、血清指标及繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪对肉母牛生长性能、血清指标及繁殖性能的影响。试验选用体况评分5～6分、胎次2胎、产后1周内的安格斯母牛40头,随机分为4组,每组10头,第1组饲喂基础饲粮,第2、3、4组分别在基础饲粮中添加150、200、250 g/头的过瘤胃脂肪,集中饲喂60 d,自由饮水。结果表明：1)产后肉母牛初始体重和体况各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),终末体重第3、4组较第1组有显著增加(P<0.05),终末体况第4组较第1组显著增加(P<0.05)。2)血清总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)含量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);血清尿素氮(UN)含量第4组较第1组显著升高(P<0.05),血清葡萄糖(GLU)和甘油三酯(TG)含量第4组较第1、2组极显著升高(P<0.01);血清胰岛素(INS)含量第4组较第1、2组显著升高(P<0.05);血清胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2(IGFBP-2)含量第4组极显著低于第1组(P<0.01),第3组显著低于第1组(P<0.05);血清胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-4(IGFBP...     

夏洛来母牛生殖性能及利用年限观察

对法系纯繁夏洛来母牛生殖性能的统计表明:初情期平均13.0±1.89月龄,性成熟期平均14.62±2.6月龄,始配年龄21.56±1.23月龄,绝情期15岁左右;发情周期平均20.51±8.49d,卵泡出现至排卵结束约39.26±8.28h;妊娠期平均283.91±8.05d;犊牛初生重43.49±6.85kg;产后发情平均71.18±49.25d;产犊间隔平均452.26±124.59d。母牛淘汰年龄平均94.77±40.84月龄,利用年限平均69.94±40.66月龄,终生产犊4.78±2.95头。     

奶牛肢蹄病对繁殖性能的影响

奶牛肢蹄病是规模化奶牛场最常见的疾病之一,普遍认为奶牛肢蹄病对奶牛业的经济损失仅包括降低产奶量、增加药物治疗费用和奶牛的淘汰率等,近几年国内外学者报道奶牛肢蹄病对繁殖性能有着不同程度的负面影响。作者就奶牛肢蹄病对卵巢囊肿发病率、卵泡发育、发情行为、首次配种天数、空怀期天数和淘汰率影响的研究情况进行了简要综述。     

Impact of Probing the Reproductive Tract During Early Pregnancy on Fertility of Beef Cows

This short communication reports the impact of endometrial biopsies, uterine flushings and follicular fluid aspiration procedures at day 6 post artificial insemination (AI) on pregnancy rates. In Experiment 1, cows were timed AI (TAI) and assigned to the following treatment groups: control (n = 37), uterine flushing (n = 35) and endometrial biopsy (n = 38). On day 30 post AI, pregnancy rates were 40.5%, 33% and 28.5%, respectively (p > 0.1). Pregnancy rate on day 60 was lower (p < 0.004) in flushed cows than in the controls. In Experiment 2, oestrus was detected and cows were assigned to flushing (n = 32) or biopsy (n = 33) treatments 6 days after AI, which resulted in pregnancy rates of 31% and 36%, respectively (p > 0.1). In Experiment 3, cows were, 6 days after TAI, randomly assigned to the following treatments: control (n = 84) or aspiration of the largest follicle (n = 73). Pregnancy rates on day 30 post AI were 63.5% for the control group and 53% for the aspirated group (p > 0.1). In conclusion, uterine flushing and endometrial biopsy negatively affect pregnancy rates, but neither procedure can be considered to be incompatible with pregnancy maintenance. Follicular aspiration during pregnancy does not interact with pregnancy success. The amount and quality of samples obtained are compatible with the use of cellular and molecular analysis of uterine variables from cows that failed or succeeded on maintaining pregnancy.     

Reproductive Performance in Cows with Extended Calving Interval*

Contents The effects of increased calving intervals on reproduction were studied in two herds. In Herd 1 cows were managed for 12‐ or 15‐month calving intervals and in Herd 2 for 12‐ or 18‐month intervals. Data from the study revealed that managing cows for a longer calving interval improved the fertility. Animals with a short interval needed more hormonal treatments to be inseminated on time due to anoestrus, compared to animals with longer intervals. Once the animals were inseminated there was a tendency for a higher conception rate at first AI in the 15‐month group compared with the 12‐month group. The cows in the 15‐month group needed a lower number of AIs per serviced cow and a shorter period from the first AI to conception. Culling due to fertility problems was more frequent in the 12‐month group. A longer period of days open did not imply an increased risk for development of cystic ovaries and did not result in weaker heat symptoms over time.     

日粮补充β-胡萝卜素对奶牛繁殖性能影响的研究

本试验研究了荷斯坦奶牛日粮补充β-胡萝卜素（300mg/头／天）对奶牛产前7天，产后10天和60天血液β-胡萝卜素浓度、产后发病率、产后70天内的配种率、配种受胎率及一次配种受胎率的影响。结果表明：添加300mg／头．天的β-胡萝卜素能显著提高奶牛产前7天、产后10天和产后60天的血液3-胡萝卜素浓度①〈0．05），降低产后胎衣不下和乳腺炎的发病率，提高产后70天内的配种率和配种受胎率，但对一次配种受胎率和配种天数无明显影响。     

赛乐硒对发情奶牛外周血生殖激素含量和繁殖性能的影响

选用35头处于干奶期40d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20kg的荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机区组设计分为7组,即:对照组,基础日粮(不加硒);试验组1、2、3添加亚硒酸钠,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d;试验组4、5、6添加赛乐硒,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d,研究赛乐硒和无机硒对奶牛发情周期生殖激素分泌和繁殖性能的影响.结果表明:赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了发情周期促性腺激素释放激素、促卵泡素、促黄体素、雌二醇和孕酮含量,显著提高了受配率和受胎率,缩短了胎衣排出周期,促进母牛正常发情.适宜补硒量为15 mg/d.     

赛乐硒对发情奶牛外周血生殖激素含量和繁殖性能的影响

选用35头处于干奶期40d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20kg的荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机区组设计分为7组,即:对照组,基础日粮(不加硒);试验组1、2、3添加亚硒酸钠,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d;试验组4、5、6添加赛乐硒,分别在基础日粮中加硒7.5mg/d、15mg/d和22.5mg/d,研究赛乐硒和无机硒对奶牛发情周期生殖激素分泌和繁殖性能的影响。结果表明:赛乐硒较无机硒显著提高了发情周期促性腺激素释放激素、促卵泡素、促黄体素、雌二醇和孕酮含量,显著提高了受配率和受胎率,缩短了胎衣排出周期,促进母牛正常发情。适宜补硒量为15 mg/d。     

硒和VE对奶牛繁殖性能的影响

根据国内外关于矿物元素硒和VE研究进展情况,分析了硒和VE对奶牛繁殖性能的影响。针对目前国内奶牛养殖过程中饲喂矿物质硒和VE的现状与存在问题,提出其在日粮中饲喂与添加的措施,旨在为奶牛养殖场（户）在生产过程中科学合理应用矿物元素硒和VE提供参考,以提高奶牛繁殖性能,增加养殖经济效益。     

提高奶牛繁殖性能的技术发展现状

本文回顾了目前国际上对提高奶牛繁殖力的最新研究进展，从调控卵巢功能促进卵泡的发育和排卵、排卵后的黄体功能及提高胚胎存活力等方面讨论了目前可以用于提高奶牛繁殖性能或受胎率的各项技术研究进展。这些技术包括①促进排卵和定时排卵-输精技术；②在排卵后用GnRH、hCG和干扰素T处理抵抗子宫的溶黄作用，促进黄体功能从而提高受胎率的技术；配种时或早期妊娠阶段通过使用生长激素处理促进胚胎发育和提高胚胎存活率，从而来提高受胎率的技术；③从影响生殖系统功能、卵泡发育和子宫溶黄作用的营养水平各方面发展出来的营养管理技术。今后在这些研究进展的基础上，综合、灵活应用这些技术，发展出实用的提高奶牛受胎率和繁殖性能的技术。     

贵阳市奶牛小区奶牛繁殖性能调查

本文就贵阳市具有典型代表性的某奶牛小区奶牛的繁殖性能进行调查,调查结果表明：该奶牛养殖小区2007～2009年的平均年受胎率为83.0%,产犊间隔时间为427.00±3.36d,产后子宫复旧时间为39.94±1.72d;产后瘫痪、胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎及死胎的发病率均有逐年下降的趋势,但乳房炎和肢蹄病的发病率却呈上升的趋势。该奶牛养殖小区的胎衣不下、乳房炎、子宫内膜炎及肢蹄病的发病率仍较高,严重影响了该小区的经济效益。     

A Cross-sectional Study of Reproductive Performance of Smallholder Dairy Cows in Coastal Tanzania

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms from a mixed dairy farming system in Tanga, Tanzania, between January and April 1999. We estimated the frequency and determinants of long calving interval (LCI), retention of fetal membrane (RFM), dystocia, and abortion in smallholder crossbred cattle and explored birth trends. The mean calving interval was 500 days and birth rate was 65 per 100 cow-years. Dystocia was reported to affect 58% of calvings, and 17.2% of animals suffered RFM. Using mixed effect models, the variables associated with LCI, RFM and dystocia were breed, level of exotic blood and condition score. Zebu breeding was associated with LCI (odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, p = 0.041) and Friesian breeding with lower odds for RF (OR = 0.26, p = 0.020). Animals with higher levels of exotic blood had lower odds for evidence of dystocia (OR = 0.45, p =0.021). Evidence of dystocia was significantly associated with poor condition score (P = −1.10, p = 0.001). Our observations suggest that LCIs are common in smallholder dairy farms in this region and a likely source of economic loss. Dystocia, RFM, poor condition score and mineral deficiency were common problems and were possibly linked to LCI.     

能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛生产性能及生殖激素的影响

将30头健康的围产期奶牛随机分为三组，分别于产前28d开始饲喂NRC标准日粮（能量摄入100％组或Ⅰ组）、NRC标准增加20％日粮（能量摄入120％组或Ⅱ组）和NRC标准减少20％日粮（能量摄入80％组或Ⅲ组），产后各组奶牛均饲喂NRC标准泌乳日粮，至产后56d结束，观察干奶期不同能量摄入水平对产后奶牛千物质摄入量（DMI）、泌乳量及生殖激素的影响。试验结果表明：围产期生殖激素的剧烈变化影响奶牛的DMI，泌乳量，糖、脂和蛋白质代谢，并主要通过调整NEFA的去路，适应机体的各种生理变化。干乳期能量摄入水平很可能是通过生殖激素对奶牛的DMI、泌乳和能量平衡进行影响和调节的。     

Reproductive Disorders of Crossbred Dairy Cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia and Their Effect on Reproductive Performance

The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop–livestock production system (38.6%) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (>3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems.     

Effects of Calcium Salts of Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Growth,Reproductive Performance,and Hormonal and Metabolite Concentrations in Pubertal Beef Heifers and Postpartum Cows

Pubertal Angus heifers and postpartum Angus cows were used to study the effects of supplemental calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CLCFA) added to forage-based diets on growth, reproductive performance, and hormonal and metabolite concentrations. In Experiment 1, heifers were fed corn (control; n = 20) or corn plus Megalac® (CLCFA; n = 20). Supplements were isoenergetic and fed for 123 d prior to breeding. Blood samples, BW, and hip heights were obtained on d 0, 32, 60, 88, 123, and 260. Growth, serum leptin, early pregnancy progesterone concentrations, and reproductive performance, except for calving rate, were not different. Calving rate for heifers fed ClCFA tended to be greater (P=0.12) than that of heifers fed a control diet. Serum cholesterol increased (P<0.01) over time only in heifers fed ClCFA; however, ClCFA increased (P<0.01) concentrations of serum triglycerides only on d 32 and 123. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the effects of ClCFA on reproductive performance of postpartum cows receiving chelated (CHEL; n = 36) or inorganic (INORG; n = 38) mineral supplements. Beginning 28 d prior to estrus synchronization, cows within each mineral group were fed the control diet or the diet containing corn plus CLCFA, as in Experiment 1, for 54 d. Blood samples and BW were obtained on d 0, 28, and 56. Weight loss was greater (P<0.01) in cows receiving INORG supplements than in cows receiving CHEL supplements; however, CLCFA reduced (P<0.01) the amount of BW lost in cows receiving INORG supplements but not in cows receiving CHEL supplements. Overall, concentrations of serum cholesterol and triglyceride and reproductive performance, excluding calving interval, were not significantly affected by CLCFA. Calving interval tended to be longer (P=0.06) in cows fed CLCFA.     

热应激对奶牛繁殖性能的影响研究进展

环境温度、湿度和光照周期都会对奶牛的繁殖性能造成影响。夏季奶牛采食量减少可能会影响奶牛的能量平衡,或导致下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴功能紊乱,进而降低卵母细胞、胚胎和卵泡的质量,导致奶牛繁殖性能降低。本文就夏季热应激对奶牛繁殖性能的影响做一综述。     

牛奶尿素氮含量与奶牛繁殖性能的关系

牛奶尿素氮(MUN)含量可能与奶牛繁殖性能有联系.本文初步探讨了用MUN含量评价奶牛繁殖性能的机理,综述了国内外关于MUN含量与奶牛繁殖性能关系的研究.