种公牛精囊腺炎的诊治

<正>种公牛的利用经常受到种公牛的繁殖能力障碍所制约,据报道,世界上种公牛的繁殖障碍疾病情况是:美国和加拿大肉用26%、奶用36%;欧洲20%;澳大利亚9.3%;非洲21%[1]。其中,精囊腺炎成年种公牛发病率约0.8%~4.2%,育成青年公牛的发病率约占2.4%[2]。     

不同季节肉用种公牛精液品质与生理常值、血清及精清生化指标相关关系研究

以利木赞和夏洛来种公牛为试验牛，研究不同季节对其精液品质、冻精产量、生理常值、血清及精清生化指标的影响。结果表明：（1）与其它季节相比，夏季肉用种公牛的原精活力、冻精活力、活精于百分数、顶体完整率均显著降低，而精于畸形率显著升高（P〈0．05）。精子密度以秋季最低。（2）冻精产量夏季处于最低水平，平均每月仅为7388支。（3）夏季肉用种公牛的血清LH、睾酮、T3、皮质醇的含量分别为48．12、4．15、1．11、4．89ng／L，显著低于春、秋、冬季（P〈0．01）。（4）夏季肉用种公牛血清钠、钾、钙、镁均处于最低水平，显著低于其它季节（P〈0．01）。（5）夏季肉用种公牛精清睾酮水平明显下降，显著低于春季、秋季和冬季。（6）精清钠、钾、钙夏季含量最低，分别为83．12mmol／L、18，77mmol／L和4．63mmol／L；精清镁含量由春季至秋季呈显著下降趋势；精清磷含量夏季最高，为4．65mmol／L，显著高于春季、秋季和冬季。（7）肉用种公牛精清ALP夏季含量为1784．3U／L，显著高于春、秋两季，但低于冬季。（8）精清睾酮与精液品质各指标存在显著相关；血清生化指标与精清生化指标存在显著相关；直肠温度、呼吸频率与精液品质及血清生化指标存在显著相关性，与精清生化指标相关性不大。     

Testing the Serving Capacity of Beef Bulls

Sir:- It is my wish to draw to the attention of colleagues a method for testing the serving capacity of beef bulls which has been adopted and is being advocated by the Advisory Services Division of the MAF, and which in the opinion of officers in the Animal Health Division in this region would almost certainly constitute an offence under the Animals Protection Act 1960.     

Testing the Serving Capacity of Beef Bulls

Sir:- Mr Packard's disappointing reply to my letter shows that he has failed to realise the seriousness of the situation.     

三元杂交肉公牛育肥及生长发育研究

研究分析了西利本、夏利本、利西本、利杂二代 (各 1 0头 )公牛 6～ 1 2月龄 1 83d育肥期增重、生长发育及饲料消耗情况。结果表明 ,1 2月龄体重分别为 371 .90± 2 7.30 kg、32 2 .0 0±41 .0 0 kg、32 7.75± 1 4.35 kg、340 .2 0± 35 .2 4 kg;平均日增重为 0 .97± 0 .0 9kg、0 .95± 0 .1 4kg、0 .81± 0 .0 5 kg和 0 .83± 0 .0 5 kg;相对增长率为 89.49%、1 1 7.32 %、81 .33%和 80 .1 8%。以西利本和夏利本增重速度快 ,与利西本、利杂二代比较差异显著 ;各月龄体尺比利杂二代有较大幅度的提高 ;以夏利本的饲料消耗较少 ,每 kg增重消耗精粗饲料总量 6.66kg。初步认为 ,利用西利本和夏利本进行三元杂交 ,是山东省肉牛生产的有效途径。     

加系西门塔尔肉种牛的引种驯化

对引进的加系西门塔尔牛进行了驯化,结果,驯化成活率为93．4％,繁殖成活率为68．9％。驯化后,西门塔尔牛在繁殖、生长等方面的表现基本稳定。     

季节变化对不同品种种公牛精液品质及产能的影响

选择年龄在3~4.5岁的不同品种的种公牛20头,观察四季变化对其精液次均采集量、平均密度、平均活力、精液利用率及制冻数量的影响。结果显示,在四个季节中,鲁西牛春、夏季的精液密度极显著高于其他季节(P＜0.01),秋季精子活力极显著低于春季(P＜0.01),夏、秋季的精液利用率及制冻数量显著低于春季(P<0.05);蒙贝利亚牛在夏季的精液采集量显著高于其他季节(P＜0.05),夏、秋季精液密度均显著低于春季(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),夏季精子活力显著低于春季(P＜0.05),夏、秋两季精液利用率及制动数量显著低于春季(P＜0.05);德系西门塔尔牛夏季精液采集量有明显上升,显著高于冬季(P＜0.05),秋季的精液密度显著低于春季(P＜0.05),而夏、秋季精子活力显著低于春、冬季(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),春季的精液利用率及制冻数量显著高于冬季与夏、秋季(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)。综上所述,季节变化均会对各品种公牛精液指标产生不同程度的影响,其中对鲁西牛的影响较小。     

Variations in the Length of the Y Chromosome and the Seminal Attributes of Karan Fries Bulls

Fresh semen and blood samples from 20 Karan Fries bulls (4–6 years of age), maintained at the Artificial Breeding Complex of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, were collected for one year. All the bulls had 60 chromosomes, comprising 58 acrocentric autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, with X as the larger and Y as the smaller submetacentric. The mean lengths of Y_p and Y_q; the total length of the Y chromosome and the length ratio were 1.10±0.01 m, 1.83±0.02 m, 2.92±0.02 m and 62.46%±0.18%, respectively. Analysis of the length measurements of the the Y chromosomes in Karan Fries bulls showed that all the measurements, viz., the short arm of the Y chromosome, the long arm of the Y chromosome, the total length of the Y chromosome and the variation in length of Y chromosome, varied significantly among bulls. All the seminal parameters, the volume of semen, mass activity, initial motility, concentration, live sperm count and the total abnormal sperm count, were significantly affected by bulls, whereas season had a significant effect on all the seminal parameters except the total abnormal sperm count. No significant relationship between the ratio of the long arm to the total length of the Y chromosome and seminal attributes was observed.     

内蒙古肉用良种公牛选育体系的研究

该研究针对内蒙古自治区肉牛生产中良种公牛严重缺乏的实际情况,通过详细地调查研究,应用现代育种新技术,建立和完善了良种公牛选育体系.实践证明,该体系的实施不仅对内蒙古肉牛生产的进一步发展有巨大的推动作用,同时也为内蒙古肉牛新品种的培育奠定了坚实的基础.     

Genetic Correlations Between Beef Traits Measured on Young Performance Test Bulls and Daughter Milk Yield

In a breeding programme where young potential breeding bulls are reared on performance test stations, selection based on own results can be carried out before test inseminations. Both beef and milk production traits are included in the total merit index used for selection, and estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters of these traits are therefore of interest for an optimal construction of such indices. Data on first lactation milk records from the field and beef records of potential dairy breeding bulls from the Danish performance test stations were analysed in bivariate animal-sire models using the AI-REML algorithm. Genetic correlations of 0.16, 0.25 and 0.43 between feed intake capacity and protein yield were obtained for Red Danish (RD), Danish Black and White (DBW) and Danish Jersey (DJ), respectively. These correlations were significantly different from zero for the two populations (DBW and DJ). Genetic correlations around zero between feed efficiency and protein yield were obtained for all three populations. Genetic correlations of 0.44, 0.19 and 0.47 between average daily gain and protein yield were obtained for RD, DBW and DJ, respectively. The genetic correlations between protein yield and muscle area was close to zero for DBW, while it was -0.31 for RD. Selection index calculations indicate that indices composed of different beef performance traits can be used as early predictors for milk yield. Selection on such an index could increase the breeding value of the young bulls for milk production traits by 0.8-2.0% of the population mean.     

Case Study: Relationships of Scrotal Circumference and Scrotal Volume to Growth and Semen Traits in Beef Bulls

Breeding soundness examinations (BSE) were performed on 327 bulls at three locations in Wyoming and Montana. Scrotal circumference (SC), scrotal volume (SV), and body condition score (BCS) data were also collected. The animals were classified as yearlings, 2-yr-olds, or mature bulls. Age class and BCS had significant (P<0.01) effects on SC. Age class also accounted for significant (P<0.01) variation in SV. The correlation between SC and SV was 0.88. Scrotal circumference, SV, and pelvic area (PA) were measured and adjusted for age on the 139 yearling bulls at Location 1 (MT) to allow comparison with other age-adjusted traits. The linear regression of SC on age was 0.023 cm/d (P<0.05). Scrotal circumference and age were significant (P<0.01) sources of variation for the percentage of motile sperm (MOT). Composite yearling bulls had larger (P<0.05) adjusted SV, adjusted SC, pelvic height (PH), and percentage of MOT than Red Angus yearling bulls. The simple correlation between adjusted SC and adjusted yearling BW was 0.33 (P<0.05). Actual SC and SV were positively correlated with actual BW, actual hip height (HH), and percentage of MOT. Scrotal volume and percentage of MOT were positively correlated (0.22) (P<0.05). Our results indicate that SV could be used interchangeably with SC as a measure of sperm- producing capacity in beef bulls. Results of this study indicate that selecting bulls with larger SC or SV should result in increased yearling BW, greater PA, and bulls with improved fertility.     

The Proportion of Beef Bulls in Sweden with Mature Spermiograms at 11–13 months of Age

Semen samples collected postmortem from 142 yearling beef bulls (11-13 months old) of three different breeds (Charolais, Hereford and Simmental) were examined to evaluate the proportion of bulls with mature spermiograms. Before slaughter, testes and epididymides were clinically examined and scrotal circumferences were measured. Aliquots of the cauda epididymal contents taken postmortem were used for sperm morphology examination. Sperm head morphology was studied in dry smears stained with carbol-fuchsine. For each preparation, 500 spermatozoa were counted in each smear under light microscope (x 1000). The presence of proximal cytoplasmic droplets, abnormal acrosomes, detached heads and abnormalities of the midpiece and tail were recorded in wet preparations of formol-saline-fixed spermatozoa. For each preparation, 200 spermatozoa were counted in each preparation under a phase-contrast microscope (x 1000). The abnormalities were classified according to a classification system developed by Bane (1961). Morphological abnormalities were recorded as a percentage of the total number of counted spermatozoa. Criteria for a spermiogram to be considered mature included <15% abnormal heads and <15% proximal droplets. According to this definition approximately 48% (68 of 142) of the examined bulls were considered mature. The bulls in this study represent approximately one-fifth of the total amount of performance-tested beef bulls in Sweden during 5 years. Our results indicate that only less than half of the Swedish yearling beef bulls at the testing station appear to have a mature spermiogram at the time they are offered for breeding purposes.     

广州地区娟姗公牛与荷斯坦公牛精液品质的比较研究

本试验选择亚热带气候条件下广州地区的娟姗公牛和荷斯坦公牛各5头,比较两个品种公牛的精液品质(采精量、原精密度、原精活力、细管精液产量、冻后活力、低渗膨胀率及穿透率)。研究表明,荷斯坦公牛每次采精的采精量(16.14±0.06 mL)和细管精液产量(189.17±3.11支)都极显著地高于娟姗公牛(4.74±0.05 mL,158.46±2.64支)(P<0.01);娟姗公牛的原精密度(8.95±0.08亿/mL)极显著地高于荷斯坦公牛(8.32±0.07亿/mL;P<0.01);娟姗公牛原精活力(0.731±0.004)高于荷斯坦公牛(0.729±0.003),但两者差异不显著(P<0.05);娟姗公牛精液的冻后活力(0.355±0.003)极显著高于荷斯坦公牛(0.339±0.003;P<0.01);娟姗公牛冷冻精液的低渗膨胀率(34.50%±0.49%)显著高于荷斯坦公牛(31.21%±0.59%;P<0.01);娟姗公牛冷冻精液对去透明带仓鼠卵的穿透率(84.51%±13.83%)显著高于荷斯坦公牛(81.52%±6.13%;P<0.05)。     

Presence of Membranous Vesicles in Cat Seminal Plasma: Ultrastructural Characteristics,Protein Profile and Enzymatic Activity

This study sought to verify the presence of membranous vesicles in cat seminal plasma by means of transmission electron microscopy and to identify protein profile and some of the enzymatic activities associated with these particles. The transmission electron microscopy observations showed the existence of different sized vesicular membranous structures of more or less spherical shape. These vesicles were surrounded by single‐, double‐ or multiple‐layered laminar membranes. The vesicle diameters ranged from 16.3 to 387.4 nm, with a mean of 116.5 ± 70.7 nm. Enzyme activity determinations showed the presence of dipeptilpeptidase IV, aminopeptidase, alkaline and acid phosphatase. To our knowledge, this is the first report that identifies and characterizes the membranous vesicles in cat seminal plasma. However, further studies are necessary to identify the exact site of production of these membranous vesicles in the cat male genital tract and to determine their specific roles in the reproductive events of this species.     

Comparison between the Sperm Morphology in Semen Samples Obtained from Yearling Beef Bulls by Transrectal Massage of the Ampullae and Cauda Epididymal Dissection

As electroejaculation (EEJ) is prohibited for use on unanaesthetized animals in Sweden, there is a need for an alternative method of semen collection from bulls in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of transrectal massage (TM) of the ampullae to collect semen from yearling beef bulls under field conditions in Sweden. Transrectal massage was performed on 52 yearling beef bulls. Volume of semen collected, duration of procedure, percentage progressively motile sperm, and sperm concentration were measured. Smears were prepared for sperm morphology examination. Semen samples were obtained from 47 of 52 bulls. Mean volume was 3.2 ml (SD +/- 3.7), mean duration of collection was 7.4 min (SD +/- 2.8), mean percentage progressively motile sperm was 43.5% (SD +/- 29.2) and mean concentration was 201.9 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml (SD +/- 278 x 10(6)). Twenty-three of the 52 bulls were slaughtered 3-4 days after semen collection and aliquots of the cauda epididymal contents were collected for sperm morphology examination. The percentages of proximal droplets, abnormal tails and abnormal midpieces were significantly higher (p < 0.05) and the percentage of detached heads was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the post-mortem samples compared with those in the TM samples. However, importantly there was no significant difference between the two sample types in the percentages of abnormal heads. This study demonstrates that semen can be collected from yearling beef bulls by TM. We think that TM constitutes a useful tool, when semen collection with EEJ or artificial vagina (AV) is not possible under field conditions, when included in the bull breeding soundness evaluation (BBSE) protocol. However, further studies are needed, and presently being carried out, to evaluate if semen samples collected by TM are comparable with semen samples collected by AV.     

西杂牛与哈萨克牛育肥对比实验

对1417月龄12头西杂一代公牛和12头哈萨克公牛进行120天的育肥,西杂一代公牛平均日增重986.5±120.45g,屠宰率55.2%,净肉率44.2%;哈萨克公牛日增重498.2±96.30g,屠宰率46.5%,净肉率36.4%。西杂一代公牛比哈萨克公牛日增重提高98.0%,屠宰率和净肉率分别提高8.7和7.8个百分点。     

奶牛场公牛的选择

奶牛群的生产水平在很大程度上取决于公牛的遗传水平，种公牛是遗传改良的主要动力。因而优秀种公牛的选择在奶牛育种中占有十分重要的地位。笔者认为应根据下列几条标准选择公牛：１．系谱审查。祖先三代的血统是否完整清晰，父母血缘关系上是否出现过共同祖先，近交程度如何，体型外貌是否符合品种要求，有没有典型的遗传缺陷等，都须从系谱中审查了解。因为种公牛的遗传品质与其父母具有很大程度的相关，其双亲的育种值和表现型是十分重要的参考依据。２．本身的体型外貌。公牛的体型外貌主要看其体型大小，全身结构是否匀称。种公牛的体…     

种公牛的饲养管理技术

种公牛是提高牛群质量最关健的因素,一头种公牛自然交配,与配母牛一年大约几百头。利用人工授精技术每年比本交能增加几倍。而用牛冷冻精液结合人工授精技术进行冷配每年配种母牛数量少则上万头,多则几万头。本文从饲养种公牛的基本要求出发,对种公牛的特性,营养与日常饲养管理、防疫和疾病防治,以及安全生产多方面做了整理介绍,以供同行参考。