KDM2B在小鼠卵母细胞及早期胚胎发育过程中的表达分析

本研究旨在分析KDM2B在小鼠卵母细胞和早期胚胎中的表达规律,为KDM2B在卵母细胞减数分裂及胚胎发育过程中的生物学作用奠定基础。选择20只6～8周龄小鼠为试验动物,收集GV期、MⅡ期卵母细胞、2-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞、囊胚各阶段胚胎,根据GenBank上已公布的小鼠(Mus musculus)KDM2B序列设计引物,采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测KDM2B在胚胎各阶段mRNA的表达水平;通过免疫荧光染色定位KDM2B蛋白在胚胎各阶段的分布。结果显示,GV期卵母细胞KDM2B mRNA的表达量极显著高于MⅡ期(P<0.01);在2-细胞、4-细胞和8-细胞mRNA表达量较低,囊胚期其表达量极显著升高(P<0.01);卵母细胞成熟过程中,KDM2B在GV期主要表达于细胞核中,MⅡ期卵母细胞核中的荧光信号极显著减弱(P<0.01),早期胚胎发育过程中,KDM2B蛋白在2-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞胚胎中均不表达,囊胚期重新表达于细胞核。综上表明,本研究成功建立KDM2B在小鼠卵母细胞及胚胎细胞中的时空及时序表达模式,关于KDM2B参与调控减数分裂与胚胎发育过程具体的作用机制有待进一步研究。     

牛体外受精胚胎早期发育过程中基因差异表达的研究

本研究旨在筛选牛体外受精胚胎早期发育差异表达基因,并进行差异表达分析。选取牛卵母细胞、体外受精8细胞期和囊胚期胚胎为试验材料,进行mRNA差异表达研究。初步克隆出4个牛卵母细胞和早期胚胎发育不同阶段差异表达的基因,同源性分析显示,它们分别与高移动样蛋白盒结构域4基因(HMGXB4)、热休克蛋白40亚家族C成员8基因(Dnajc8)、突触膜胞吐调节2基因(RI MS2)和核糖体蛋白L31基因(RPL31)高度同源。RT-PCR检测验证,HMGXB4、Dnajc8、RI MS2和RPL31在牛卵母细胞和早期胚胎发育过程中mRNA表达量存在时间性差异,可能与其参与不同的生理活动有关。     

黄牛卵母细胞和早期胚胎组蛋白乙酰化转移酶1表达模式研究

为探讨卵母细胞成熟及早期胚胎发育过程中组蛋白乙酰基转移酶(HAT1)的表达规律,研究应用实时定量PCR技术,检测了广西本地黄牛卵母细胞和附植前胚胎HAT1基因的表达情况。结果表明:HAT1基因在黄牛生发泡期(GV)卵母细胞、第2次减数分裂中期(MⅡ)卵母细胞、体外受精(IVF)胚胎2～4细胞、8～16细胞、桑葚胚和囊胚中的相对表达量分别为1.00、0.56、0.08、0.55、0.43和0.31,在孤雌激活(PA)胚胎的2～4细胞、8～16细胞、桑葚胚和囊胚中的相对表达量分别为0.55、0.55、0.48和0.46。HAT1在GV期相对表达量最高,在IVF胚胎中2～4细胞表达量最少(P<0.05)。由此可见,HAT1基因在黄牛卵母细胞成熟和早期胚胎阶段均有表达,GV期HAT1基因的表达最高,PA胚胎HAT1基因的表达较稳定。     

Production and Quality of Bovine Oocytes and Embryos

Many factors influence the efficiency of the in vitro embryo production technology in cattle but the most important are the physiological conditions of the donor and the culture protocols for oocyte maturation and fertilization and for embryo culture from zygote to blastocyst. Therefore, general factors such as age, body conditions and herd management play a pivotal role together with more specific factors such as reproductive soundness and ovarian cyclicity. Given that good quality and competent oocytes are available a complex series of processes, including oocyte maturation, fertilization and culture of the derived zygotes, must be completed to generate viable embryos.     

Lipid Droplet Analysis Using In Vitro Bovine Oocytes and Embryos

The aim of this study was to quantify the content of lipid droplets in bovine oocytes and embryos from Bos indicus (Bi), Bos taurus (Bt) and Bos indicus × Bos taurus (Bi × Bt). Oocytes were aspirated post‐mortem and subjected to in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and in vitro development; the medium employed at each stage (TCM‐199, TALP, SOF) was supplemented with (i) serum replacement (SR), (ii) foetal calf serum (FCS) or (iii) oestrous cow serum (ECS). The structure and distribution of the lipid droplets were established using electron microscopy, but were quantified using an optical microscope on semi‐fine toluidine blue‐stained sections. The highest percentage of embryos corresponded to those produced with FCS and ECS, which differed from embryos generated with SR (p < 0.05). The highest percentage of morulae and the lowest percentage of blastocysts were obtained with the SR supplement (p < 0.05). The oocytes cultured in FCS demonstrated a higher number of lipid droplets compared to those cultured in SR and ECS (p < 0.05). Less accumulation of lipids was observed in embryos supplemented with SR. The lowest and highest numbers of lipid droplets in oocytes corresponded to the Bi and Bt strain, respectively. The lowest amount of lipid droplets in embryos was observed in Bi (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of the in vitro development culture medium (synthetic oviduct fluid) with a synthetic substitute serum produced similar results in terms of embryo development compared to those obtained with FCS, but a decreased degree of lipid droplet accumulation was observed in the in vitro‐cultured embryos.     

牛孤雌发育胚胎干扰素-τ基因的表达规律

采用地高辛(DIG)标记的DNA探针,对体外生产的不同日龄(3,5,6,7,9d)的牛孤雌发育胚胎细胞中干扰素(IFN)τ基因表达产物mRNA进行原位杂交,研究牛孤雌发育胚胎中IFNτ基因的表达情况。结果显示IFNτ基因从第6d的早期囊胚开始表达,第7d囊胚的IFNτ表达量明显提高。胚龄相同而发育阶段不同的胚胎IFNτ表达量有差异,第9d的孵化囊胚IFNτ表达量要高于未孵化囊胚的。     

Heterospecific Nuclear-transferred Embryos Derived from Equine Fibroblast Cells and Enucleated Bovine Oocytes

This study was conducted to reconstruct heterogeneous embryos using equine skin fibroblast cells as donor karyoplasts and the bovine oocytes as recipient cytoplast for investigating the reprogramming of equine somatic cell nuclear in bovine oocyte cytoplasm and the developmental potential of the reconstructed embryos. Adult horse skin fibroblast cells serum-starved were used as donor somatic cells. Bovine oocytes matured in vitro were employed as recipient cytoplasts. The fusion of fibroblast cells into recipient cytoplasm was induced by electofusion. The fused eggs were activated by inomycin with 2 mm/ml 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP). The activated reconstructed embryos were co-cultured with bovine cumulus cells in synthetic oviduct fluid supplemented with amino acid (SOFaa) and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) for 168 h. The results showed that the first completed cleavage of xenonuclear transfer equine embryos occurred between 30 and 48 h following activation. 52% of the injected oocytes were successfully fused, 72% of the fused eggs underwent the first egg cleavage and 17% of the heterospecific nuclear-transferred zygotes developed to 4- or 8-cell embryo stages. This study demonstrated that the reconstructed embryos have undergone the first embryonic division and the reprogramming of equine fibroblast nuclei can be initiated in bovine-enucleated oocytes.     

Mitochondrial Activity, Distribution and Segregation in Bovine Oocytes and in Embryos Produced in Vitro

Contents Bovine oocytes and embryos produced in vitro were studied to determine the mitochondrial pattern of distribution, segregation and activity using DIOC 6 and Jc-1 fluorescence. The highest fluorescence level observed in mature oocytes was taken as 100% activity and six activity levels were estimated as follows: (1) 0%, (2) 1-15%, (3) 16-30%, (4) 31-50%, (5) 51-75% and (6) 76-100%. Three patterns of mitochondrial distribution were found: (1) diffused throughout the cytoplasm in oocytes and embryos, (2) pericytoplasmic in oocytes and embryos, and (3) perinuclear only in embryos. The segregation of mitochondria in blastomeres showed two distinct patterns: (1) symmetrical with an even mitochondrial population, and (2) asymmetrical with different numbers of mitochondria in each blastomere. In immature oocytes, mitochondrial activity was very low and the distribution was diffuse or negligible, while in mature oocytes the activity was high and the distribution was diffuse or pericytoplasmic. Competent embryos up to the 16-cell stage showed intermediate levels of activity (16-50%) but activity decreased thereafter up to the blastocyst stage. Non-competent embryos showed low levels of activity (1-15%) at all stages. These results suggest that mitochondria might play an important role during early development and that a minimum threshold of activity regulates the potential competence for reaching the blastocyst stage.     

不同方法提取猪和牛卵母细胞和早期胚胎 total RNA的比较

研究以猪和牛GV期的卵母细胞和8细胞期胚胎作为研究对象,分别用QIAGEN RNeasy Micro Kit、无根RNAPrep Micro kit和华舜快速RNA(微量)提取试剂盒提取其中的total RNA,通过对total RNA的浓度和纯度的分析比较,找出较适宜的提取方法.结果显示,QIAGEN RNeasy Micro Kit 能更有效地从少量猪和牛卵母细胞和早期胚胎中提取高质量的total RNA.     

细胞骨架抑制剂、电激活液对兔卵孤雌激活和发育的影响

应用细胞骨架抑制剂细胞松弛素B和秋水仙素处理兔成熟卵母细胞，然后采用电激活的方法激活兔卵母细胞，观察细胞骨架抑制剂对兔卵母细胞孤雌激活和孤雌发育的影响，结果表明：应用不同的电激活液，即甘露醇、Zimmerman氏和山梨醇对兔卵母细胞的孤雌激活效果无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；用7．5μg&#183;mL^-1细胞松弛素B处理卵母细胞后孤雌激活，其2-细胞胚率（82．2％）和囊胚发育率（43．4％）与对照组（76．4％和51．5％）相比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；用1μg&#183;mL^-1秋水仙素处理兔卵母细胞，兔卵母细胞孤雌激活后的2-细胞胚率（64．9％）和囊胚发育率（23．8％）明显下降，与对照组相比存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）；用细胞松弛素B和秋水仙素共同处理的2-细胞胚率（62．5％）和囊胚发育率（30．9％）与秋水仙素单独处理的结果无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。因此，秋水仙素对兔卵母细胞的孤雌激活影响比CB更大。通过免疫荧光和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察发现，细胞骨架抑制剂处理后，经孤雌激活获得的囊胚中，微丝和微管结构未见异常。     

亮甲酚蓝染色法筛选卵母细胞对牛体细胞克隆胚体外发育的影响

为探索用亮甲酚蓝染色法筛选卵母细胞是否有利于牛体细胞克隆胚的体外发育,将采集的卵母细胞分成3组:对照组,采集后的卵母细胞直接放入成熟液培养,不用亮甲酚蓝处理;控制对照组,卵母细胞于PBS 中放置90 min后放入成熟液中培养;试验组,将采集的卵母细胞在含有26 μmol/L亮甲酚蓝的PBS中放置90 min.然后将处理过的卵母细胞根据着色情况分为两组,即BCB+(胞质呈蓝色,成熟卵母细胞)和BCB-(胞质未着色,生长期卵母细胞).各组卵母细胞24 h体外成熟培养,统计各组卵母细胞成熟率.分别用成熟后的各组卵母细胞用于细胞核移植,统计体细胞核移植的卵裂数、囊胚数和囊胚细胞数.结果表明,BCB+组卵母细胞的成熟率明显高于BCB-组卵母细胞的成熟率(74.0%,53.4%),差异显著(P<0.05).BCB+组的囊胚率(45.0%)与对照组、控制对照组和BCB-组的囊胚率(34.9%,36.4%和5.2%)相比差异显著(P<0.05).另外BCB+组的囊胚细胞总数(114.5±7.5)较其他组差异显著(P<0.05).表明通过亮甲酚蓝染色法筛选出成熟的高质量牛卵母细胞用于体细胞核移植,可以获得更高的克隆囊胚率.     

牛早期胚胎性别鉴定PCR反应体系的优化研究

根据牛SRY基因序列设计合成2对巢式PCR引物作为性别鉴定引物，根据牛酪蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物作为内标引物建立了牛胚胎性别鉴定的PCR反应体系。同时对常规PCR和巢式PCR在牛早期胚胎性别鉴定中的实用性进行比较。15头公牛、13头母牛的DNA样品检测结果表明：使用巢式PCR公牛可以扩增出205bp的SRY基因片段和403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，母牛只能扩增出403bp的酪蛋白基因片段；而使用常规PCR时公牛扩增出255bp的SRY基因片段和403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，母牛只能扩增出403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，其性别鉴定结果和实际完全一致。由于巢式PCR只需10个细胞就可以在紫外透射分析仪下看到扩增结果，而常规PCR则需要20～30个细胞，所以胚胎性别鉴定时使用巢式PCR效果更好。试验采用巢式PCR鉴定了10个奶牛胚胎的性别，同时还对血清是否会对试验结果产生影响进行了研究。     

Evaluation of the Lipid Content in Bovine Oocytes and Embryos with Nile Red: a Practical Approach

In this study, the fluorescent lipid dye Nile Red, was used to demonstrate that the lipid content of immature bovine oocytes is correlated with the morphological appearance of the ooplasm. Oocytes with a uniform dark cytoplasm contained significantly more intracellular lipids in lipid droplets compared with oocytes with a granulated or pale cytoplasm (p < 0.05). Furthermore, this lipid-analysing technique was applied for the first time on single bovine in vitro embryos, showing a significant increase of the lipid content in lipid droplets after culture in the presence of serum (p < 0.05).     

Expression of Interferon-tau mRNA in Bovine Embryos Derived from Different Procedures

Interferon-tau (IFN-τ) is a secreted conceptus protein which plays a critical role in the establishment of ruminant pregnancy by its antiluteolytic and antiviral effects. In the present study, we hypothesized that IFN-τ expression was temporally and spatially regulated in different pre-implantation embryos and the levels of IFN-τ expression were different among bovine embryos derived from parthenogenetic activation (PA), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). By using in situ hybridization with Digoxingenin (DIG)-labelled IFN-τ cDNA as a probe, we detected IFN-τ mRNA in bovine embryos from days 3 to 9 in culture. However, the timing of the initiation of IFN-τ mRNA expression was different among PA, IVF and SCNT embryos. Interferon-τ mRNA was first expressed in 16-cell stage IVF embryos on day 4, in SCNT morula on day 5 and early PA blastocyst on day 6. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of IFN-τ mRNA did not differ significantly among IVF, SCNT and PA embryos on day 7. In addition, freezing and thawing did not have a major impact either on IFN-τ mRNA expression in IVF or in vivo -produced bovine blastocysts.     

基因表达差异对牛胚胎发育潜能的影响

随着牛胚胎体外生产(IVP)技术的不断成熟,体外胚胎生产在一些国家已进入商业化运营阶段.但与体内胚胎相比其移植受体妊娠率、产犊率及胎儿的后天发育能力均较差.因此,开发一种既可靠又实用的检测胚胎发育潜能的技术显得尤为重要.应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测早期胚胎基因表达,通过分析mRNA的表达丰度来评价卵母细胞成熟情况和胚...     

Endoscopic Recovery of Early Preimplantation Bovine Embryos: Effect of Hormonal Stimulation,Embryo Kinetics and Repeated Collection

The collection of extra numbers of bovine embryos by superstimulation of donors underlies variation concerning yield of morulae and blastocysts. Our study aimed at establishing a correlation between hormonal treatment and embryo development during oviductal passage including repeated flushing. A transvaginal endoscopic procedure was used to flush the oviducts at six different time intervals (beginning at 24 h until 105 h) after artificial insemination. In total, 119 animals were superovulated using either FSH or eCG. The hormonal treatment resulted in the stimulation of 2076 follicles of which 77% (1590 CL) ovulated. The bilateral flushing resulted in the collection of 1411 complexes (collection rate: 89%), of which 78% (1098) were assessed as viable embryos. The use of FSH resulted in significantly more stimulated follicles and ovulation sites compared with eCG (p < 0.001). Generally, the embryo kinetics were similar among the FSH and eCG treated animals. However, the embryo cleavage of the eCG treated animals was ahead of that of the FSH group comparing the different collection time points. The overall proportions of non‐viable embryos in both groups were similar. Regarding the embryo collection intervals in the eCG group, this proportion significantly increased during 51–105 h compared to 24–50 h (p < 0.05), whereas FSH delivered constant results. It was shown that the repeated endoscopic collection of oviductal stage embryos had no negative influence on the collection parameters. It is concluded that the introduced transvaginal endoscopic technique could have main impact on further studies focusing on early embryo development.