A comparative study of young ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under drip and furrow irrigation. II. Growth, water use efficiency and nitrogen partitioning

The response of 3-year-old grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Thompson Seedless’) to furrow and drip irrigation was quantified in terms of water status, growth, and water use efficiency (WUE). Drip irrigation was applied daily according to best estimates of vineyard evapotranspiration while furrow irrigations were applied when 50% of the plant available soilwater content had been depleted. Drip and furrow irrigated vines showed similar water status (midday leaf water potential, Ψ₁) and shoot growth patterns throughout the season. Dry weight partitioning was not significantly different between treatments but root mass was somewhat larger for the furrow than drip irrigated vines. Nitrogen concentrations of the fruit and roots were significantly (P < 0.05) less for the drip irrigated vines when compared with the furrow treatment. Similar WUE (kg water kg⁻¹ fresh fruit wt.) were obtained for both treatments indicating that furrow irrigation was as efficient as drip irrigation under the conditions of this study. The data indicate that drip irrigation may increase the potential for control of vine growth by making vines more dependent on irrigation and N fertilization than furrow irrigation.     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.     

膜下滴灌与膜下沟灌对设施黄瓜生长发育及生长环境的影响

研究了保护地黄瓜膜下沟灌、膜下滴灌和普通沟灌3种不同的灌溉方式对黄瓜产量、病虫害发生状况及室内环境状况的影响。结果表明:膜下沟灌和膜下滴灌方式分别比普通沟灌的室内湿度低3.8%～4.9%和3.3%～6.1%,昼夜温差分别达1.5～2.3℃和1.6～2.6℃,土壤温度相对较高。膜下沟灌和膜下滴灌方式黄瓜霜霉病和白粉病的发生率和病情指数比普通沟灌低,差异达显著或极显著水平。     

The effect of paclobutrazol injected into the soil on vegetative growth and yield of Vitis vinifera L., cv. Thompson Seedless

Summary

Grapevines, cv. Thompson Seedless were treated with the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol in the spring of 1984. The treatments consisted of four soil application rates (including a zero control) of paclobutrazol on two phenological dates (budbreak and bloom). Vegetative growth, as measured by pruning weight, vine yield and fruit maturity characteristics, were determined in 1984 and in the next three growing seasons. There was no significant difference in vine yield between treatments at harvest in 1984; however, the fruit of vines receiving paclobutrazol at budbreak had accumulated less sugar at that time. Paclobutrazol application significantly (P < 0.01 ) reduced pruning weights in 1984 for all vines receiving paclobutrazol. Only the highest rate of paclobutrazol significantly reduced pruning weights in 1985. The number of clusters per vine and yield were significantly less for the treated vines than for the control ones in 1985 and 1986. Pruning weights in 1986 and yield in 1987 showed no significant differences between treatments. The results indicate that a single soil application of paclobutrazol was effective in reducing vegetative growth of Thompson Seedless grapevines for a period of two years if the rate of application was greater than 1.1 kg a. i. ha^-1. However, the adverse effect of this growth regulator on vine yield indicate that it would be of little practical use when applied via the soil to this seedless cultivar.     

吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜不同种植模式水分利用效率调查

为明确吐鲁番市设施蔬菜水分高效利用的合理灌溉方式，调查了沟灌和滴灌对吐鲁番市日光温室早春茬哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄产量、效益和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：在吐鲁番市，滴灌哈密瓜每667 m² 产量比沟灌高100 kg，每667 m²纯收入多1 017.6 元；滴灌黄瓜、辣椒和番茄每667 m²产量和经济效益均稍低于沟灌；但滴灌哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄的水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率比沟灌高1～3 倍。综合考虑，滴灌是吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜生产中应重点推广的灌溉方式。     

Vine growth and nitrogen metabolism of ‘Fujiminori’ grapevines in response to root restriction

Two-year-old ‘Fujiminori’ grapevines (Vitis Venifera × V. Labrasca) planted in plastic pots (10 L) were used to evaluate vine growth and nitrogen metabolism in response to root restriction. Results show that root restriction reduced shoot growth and photosynthetic rate, but promoted root growth in vines. NO₃⁻-N concentration in all plant parts, and total N concentrations in brown roots and new leaves were decreased by root restriction, and chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations in mature leaves were also reduced. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities in brown roots and mature leaves were significantly reduced in root-restricted vines. The results suggest that the reduction of nitrate and nitrite reductase activities caused the inhibition of nitrogen assimilation, and this might be an important reason for root restriction inhibiting shoot growth.     

Increasing Number of Drip Irrigation Lines for Water Conservation during Strawberry Establishment

ABSTRACT

Strawberry transplants in California are planted through narrow holes in raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch. They are irrigated with overhead sprinklers for the first five weeks to leach salts and maintain plant turgidity; most of this sprinkler-applied water runs off the plastic without reaching the plants. At three coastal locations, we compared grower controlled drip irrigation with doubled number of tapes to sprinkler irrigation immediately after planting. Root zone EC and moisture levels were similar in both irrigation systems. Depending on the location, water use was reduced 24 to 78% in drip-only plots compared to sprinkler and runoff was nearly eliminated. Plants in drip-only plots were similar in size and root biomass to those established with sprinkler irrigation. Early yields were similar in the two irrigation systems. Thus, use of the increased number of drip tapes conserves water during strawberry establishment without negative effects on plant performance.     

Effect of different drip irrigation methods and fertilization on growth,physiology and water use of young apple tree

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three drip irrigation methods (i.e. conventional drip irrigation (CDI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated with full watering, alternate drip irrigation (ADI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half of the full watering, and fixed drip irrigation (FDI), only one side of the root-zone irrigated with half of the full watering) on growth, physiology, root hydraulic conductance and water use of young apple tree under different nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization (i.e. CK (no fertilization), N₁ (0.2 g N/kg), N₂ (0.4 g N/kg), P₁ (0.2 g P₂O₅/kg) and P₂ (0.4 g P₂O₅/kg)). Results show that compared to CDI, ADI and FDI reduced mean root dry mass, daily transpiration, root hydraulic conductance (K_r), leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of young apple tree by 6.9 and 27.7, 29.3 and 45.0, 6.8 and 37.9, 2.5 and 4.8, 32.6 and 33.0, 22.1 and 22.3%, but increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) by 31.3 and 29.8%, respectively when they saved irrigation water by 50%. Compared to the CK, N or P fertilization significantly increased K_r, and K_r was increased with the increased N or P fertilization level. There were parabolic correlations between K_r and root dry mass, daily transpiration and stomatal conductance. Our results indicate that ADI reduced transpiration rate significantly, but it did not reduce photosynthesis rate and K_r significantly, thus alternate drip irrigation improved WUE and the regulation ability of water balance in plants.     

Nitrogen and water use efficiency of zucchini squash for a plastic mulch bed system on a sandy soil

Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is an economically important vegetable crop in Florida. Typically, it is intensively managed with high inputs of fertiliser and irrigation water. Our objectives were to evaluate the interaction between fertilisation rates and irrigation treatments, and to quantify nitrate leaching in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated zucchini squash production systems. Three studies were carried out. The first study evaluated different depth placement of drip and fertigation lines on plant growth and fruit yield. Treatments included SUR (both irrigation and fertigation drip lines placed on the surface); S&S (both lines buried 0.15 m deep); and SDI (irrigation line placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line on the surface). The second and third studies compared three different N-rates and different soil moisture sensor-based irrigation strategies. Nitrate-N leaching was monitored by zero tension drainage lysimeters and soil samples. N leaching increased when irrigation and N-rates increased, with values ranging from 2 to 45 kg ha⁻¹ of N. Use of SDI increased yields by 16% compared to the S&S treatment, and reduced nitrate leaching by 93% while increasing the water use efficiency by 75% compared to a fixed 2-h irrigation event per day treatment. Application of N above the standard recommended rate of 145 kg ha⁻¹ did not increase yield, although yields were reduced at the lowest N-rate. The use of soil moisture sensors for automatic irrigation control reduced irrigation application and minimized nitrogen leaching. In addition, combining the soil moisture controlled SDI system that had surface applied fertigation resulted in similar or higher yields, while reducing both water use and potential N leaching because of improved nutrient retention in the root zone.     

41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮液不同施药方式对番茄根结线虫的防治效果

为比较41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮液灌根法、药土穴施法和滴灌法3种施药方式对田间番茄根结线虫的防治效果,以10%噻唑膦颗粒剂处理为药剂对照,以清水为空白对照,在田间开展了41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮液不同施药方式的效果评价试验。结果显示:灌根和药土穴施2种施药方法对番茄根结线虫有较好的防效,分别达到70.4%和66.2%,与10%噻唑膦颗粒剂处理均无显著差异;滴灌方式处理对番茄根结线虫防效仅达到41.8%,显著低于灌根和药土穴施2种处理方式,防治效果较差;因此,建议在田间使用41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮液防治番茄根结线虫时,推荐采用灌根和药土穴施2种施药方式,不建议采用滴灌施药。     

The Response of Soilless Grown ‘Michele Palieri’ (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Grapevine Cultivar to Deficit Irrigation Under the Effects of Different Rootstocks

Global warming, altering the physiology and irrigation demand of grapevines, has already been perceived in certain premium viticulture regions across the world. Selection of proper rootstocks for especially new cultivars has vital role for a sustainable viticulture under water-deficit conditions. The grapevine cultivar ‘Michele Palieri’ has been finding a good reception on the global markets. The objective of this study was to determine the response of ‘Michele Palieri’ cultivar to deficit irrigation using different rootstocks with distinct genetic origins. Two irrigation regimes (Full Irrigation [FI] and Deficit Irrigation [DI]) were applied to the vines of different grafting combinations of ‘Michele Palieri’ with Kober 5 BB, Richter 99, Richter 110, 140 Ruggeri, 44–53 Malégue or grown on own roots. Two years old vines were cultivated in 60?L pots containing sterile peat under controlled glasshouse conditions. Irrigations were regulated according to soil water matric potential (Ψm) levels using tensiometers. The volume of the irrigation water that has to be applied to attain 100% field capacity was performed as FI, while 50% of FI was considered as DI. The water was transported directly into the pots by micro-irrigation systems consisting of individual spaghetti tubes. The vines of DI treatment showed visible symptoms of mild water stress (e.?g., loss of turgor in shoot tips), but no defoliation or leaf necrosis occurred. DI treatment reduced the gs of ‘Michele Palieri’ scion cultivar in varying levels depending on the rootstock. DI treatment also affected vegetative growth of the scion cultivar in different levels. For example, the greatest decrease (26.7%) in shoot length resulting from DI was determined in ‘Michele Palieri’/5 BB grapevines, followed by own rooted vines (13.1%), while the lowest change (2.4%) was found in vines grafted on 110?R. Overall findings of this study imply that the rootstocks originating from V. berlandiery?×?V. rupestris hybrids (110?R, 99?R, 140?Ru and 44–53?M) better performed in a similar genetic aptitude under deficit irrigation regime while the rootstock 5 BB (V. berlandiery?×?V. rupestris) showed more susceptible responses. On the other hand, the general response of own rooted vines were better than those grafted on 5 BB. Therefore, the use of one of V. berlandiery?×?V. rupestris hybrids may be a better choice for viticulture under semiarid regions.     

Fruit yield and water use efficiency of eggplant (Solanum melongema L.) as influenced by different quantities of nitrogen and water applied through drip and furrow irrigation

Elucidation of the effects of different quantities of nitrogen (N) and water applied through drip and furrow irrigation on fruit yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in eggplant is essential for formulating proper management practices for sustainable production. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of four levels of N and different quantities of water applied through drip as well as furrow irrigation on eggplant fruit yield, agronomic efficiency of N and WUE. In the present field investigation, ridge planting with each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation were compared with drip irrigation at three levels of water: 100%, 75% and 50% of each furrow irrigation (designated as D_1.0, D_0.75 and D_0.5). The four levels of N studied were 90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ (designated as N₉₀, N₁₂₀, N₁₅₀ and N₁₈₀). The eggplant hybrid BH-1 was transplanted on August 5, 2004 at the spacing of 60 cm × 45 cm.     

Energy partitioning and evapotranspiration of hot pepper grown in greenhouse with furrow and drip irrigation methods

Studying crop energy partitioning and evapotranspiration for different irrigation methods is important in optimizing efficient water-saving irrigation, developing suitable irrigation scheduling and improving crop water use efficiency. Two experiments were conducted to compare the energy partitioning and evapotranspiration of hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) between furrow and drip irrigation methods under two adjacent solar greenhouses in northwest China. Results indicate that irrigation method affected the energy partitioning and evapotranspiration of hot pepper plants and these results were corroborated in a greenhouse study. Compared to drip irrigation, furrow irrigation increased daytime average net radiation (R_n), latent (λET) and sensible (H) heat fluxes by 12–29, 37–53 and 9–23%, respectively, but decreased soil heat flux (G) by 7–19%. Furrow irrigation also resulted in higher λET/R_n and lower H/R_n and G/R_n and increased total evapotranspiration by 55.5% and produced a higher crop coefficient. Total evapotranspiration was 562.3 and 361.6 mm over whole growth stage for furrow and drip irrigation methods, respectively. And drip irrigation increased the total yield and water use efficiency by 18.2 and 80.4%, respectively, before late fruit bearing and harvesting stage. In conclusion, drip irrigation is an effective and water-saving irrigation method in hot pepper production to be used in greenhouse.     

西北半干旱地区番茄窖水灌溉技术的研究

探讨了我国西北半干旱地区利用窖水采用不同方法灌溉对番茄生长发育、产量、产值、病害及土壤温、湿度的影响。结果表明 ,在一定灌水量的前提下 ,微灌效果最好 ,6 6 7m2 产量达4 0 18.6kg ,产值达 1932 .6元。病毒病、脐腐病发病率低 ,番茄植株根系生长良好。暗沟灌溉次之 ,穴灌由于灌水区域、时间相对集中 ,抑制了根系的伸展。而高垄畦灌灌水量偏少 ,影响了植株生长发育 ,产量、产值较低 ,病害发生较重 ,不宜采用     

保护地长期定位灌水方法土壤重金属研究

试验研究了蔬菜保护地长期定位渗灌、沟灌、滴灌处理0～80 cm层次土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb 5种金属元素有效态含量和全量的剖面分布特征,以同一试验区棚外露地大田土壤样本作为对照.结果表明:棚外露地大田与保护地棚内土壤重金属全量、有效态含量变化随土层加深而降低.棚内0～40 cm土层土壤重金属全量、有效态含量明显高于棚外土壤.棚内3种灌水处理0～40 cm土层土壤间重金属全量、有效态含量差异明显,Cd、Cr全量以沟灌处理含量最高,Pb、Zn全量以渗灌处理含量最高;而Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb的有效态含量均以沟灌处理最高、渗灌处理最低.土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb有效态含量与其全量间呈正相关关系,重金属全量随着土壤有机质含量增加而增加、有效态含量随pH值降低而增加.灌溉和施肥影响土壤有机质含量及pH值变化,进而影响到土壤重金属全量及其有效态含量的高低.     

干旱区戈壁地滴灌葡萄园土壤水分时空变化研究

以克瑞森无核葡萄为试材,研究了相同滴头流量不同滴灌时间下干旱区戈壁地滴灌葡萄园土壤水分时空变化,以有效的提高葡萄产量和土壤水分利用率。结果表明:不同滴水时间条件下,6 h和8 h更加合理,湿润峰垂直方向为10～50 cm之间,水分含量的分布梯度差异不明显;水平方向水分主要分布在0～30 cm之间,有利于根系对水分的合理高效利用以及葡萄根系的生长,可提高肥料的利用率,为水肥耦合模型建立创造了条件。然而在停水后土壤的相对湿度与水势之间没有明显的相关性。     

Variation in stomatal behaviour and gas exchange between mid-morning and mid-afternoon of north–south oriented grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo) at different levels of soil water availability

A 3-year study was conducted to examine leaf gas exchange response of Vitis vinifera L. (cv. Tempranillo) grapevines growing in the central Iberian Peninsula as a function of soil water availability. Net CO₂ assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_s) and transpiration (E) of leaves were measured at the east and west side of vines planted in north/south orientated rows. Soil water availability was varied by three different irrigation treatments at 0.45, 0.30 and 0.15 of ETo and a fourth non-irrigated treatment. Approximately 60% of the variation in g_s over 3 years was due to changes in soil water content (θ_v); the correlation between the two was closer when examined on a season by season basis. Net CO₂ assimilation rates were significantly correlated with g_s. Stomatal conductance decreased by approximately 25–30% when measured 15:00 h (west side of vines) compared to 09:00 h (east side of vines); reductions in A were even greater than those in g_s. Leaf E increased approximately by 15–25% from morning to afternoon. The reduction in A and g_s from morning to afternoon was observed even in irrigated vines but absolute differences increased with decreasing soil water. This occurred when maximum daily g_s was less than 200 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹. These responses indicate that in hot areas training systems and row orientation, which minimize exposed leaf, area in the afternoon should be recommended.     

节水灌溉对葡萄及葡萄酒质量的影响

 研究了不同灌溉方法对葡萄生长发育、浆果品质和葡萄酒质量的影响。结果表明, 节水灌溉显著改善了土壤结构, 增加了深层土壤的根系密度; 提高了果汁糖含量, 降低了酸含量和全盐含量, 改善了pH 值; 提高了葡萄酒的感官质量, 酒体丰满, 香气浓郁, 滋味更好; 年灌溉用水量3825 ~ 4800m3# hm^-2, 比常规灌溉节水36%。     

大棚番茄滴灌试验

为了示范推广大棚番茄膜下微灌技术,对番茄膜下滴灌与沟灌两种方式下灌溉用水量、棚内温湿度、发病率以及番茄产量等情况进行了综合分析研究,结果显示,使用膜下滴灌比沟灌省水54．8％,棚内气温提高2．4℃,地温相对提高3．6℃,棚内湿度降低14％,增产15．7％,增加收入11．4％。     

樱桃番茄在滴灌栽培时氮肥的合理施用量研究

试验结果表明,樱桃番茄在滴灌栽培时,比常规畦灌栽培条件下生长发育得更好,能提高肥料利用率。在产量相同时,滴灌栽培能节省N肥18.75%;产量随着N肥的增加而增加,达到一定用量后由于植株营养生长过剩,产量反而下降。滴灌栽培合理施用N肥时,可以提高果实的品质。