垄上双行插装式排种器性能试验研究初报

为提高大豆育种试验的准确性,降低劳动强度,针对垄三栽培小区试验农艺技术要求,设计了一种与之配套的垄上双行插装式排种器,并以作业速度和株距为影响因素对其工作性能进行了测试。结果表明:当作业速度分别为3.6、4.5、5.4 km.h-1,双行株距为5 cm时,其粒距合格指数≥85.17%、重播指数≤11.11%、漏播指数≤4.24%、变异系数≤20.69%;当双行株距为7.5 cm时,其粒距合格指数≥85.26%、重播指数≤9.47%、漏播指数≤5.26%、变异系数≤18.17%。两种工况下,排种器均达到JB/T51017-1999《中耕作物精密播种机产品质量分等》优等品标准的要求。该排种器为垄三栽培模式配套大豆小区精密播种机的开发奠定了基础。     

北方设施菜地夏季休闲期甜玉米最佳行株距和播期研究

在北京市郊区设施菜地对夏季敞棚休闲期甜玉米不同株距和不同播期进行试验,研究高效吸氮、有效减少NO3--N淋溶同时有较好经济效益的甜玉米种植模式。结果显示,以83 cm大行距、50 cm小行距、26 cm株距为最佳行株距,吸氮量达289 kg/hm2,收获后0～200 cm土层NO3--N含量减少649 kg/hm2,鲜穗产量达到19 573kg/hm2,均显著优于其他行株距处理(P0.05)。甜玉米提前10 d播种(比休闲开始当日提前10 d)为最佳播期,吸氮量达到328 kg/hm2,收获后0～200 cm土层NO3--N含量减少357.7 kg/hm2,鲜穗产量达19 853 kg/hm2,显著优于其他播期处理(P0.05)。     

小麦茬地免耕大豆精密播种机性能试验研究

从大豆种子的株距、播深和施肥位置三个方面测试小麦茬地免耕大豆精密播种机的工作性能,并做了田间试验,结果表明:该机株距合格指数可达68.4%,重播指数为13.4%,漏播指数为18.1,变异系数为26.3,播深合格率为87.7%,达到了<中耕作物精密播种机产品质量分等>标准中关于一等品的要求.同时,施肥位置也满足农艺要求.     

不同密度下寒地水稻龙粳31库源特征及关系

试验在大田条件下,以龙粳31为试验材料,设置每穴4株(A1)、5株(A2)、6株(A3)和7株(A4)4个水平及行株距为30 cm×10 cm(B1)、30 cm×12 cm(B2)、30 cm×14 cm(B3)和30 cm×16 cm(B4)4个水平,分析不同密度下寒地水稻干物质积累、叶面积指数和产量构成特征及其关系。结果表明:不同穴株数条件下,A3处理显著增加分蘖盛期和齐穗期干物质积累量,提高蜡熟期叶面积指数和成熟期产量,且产量较其它处理增幅2.34%～10.87%。各时期干物质积累量和叶面积指数随穴株距增加而降低。穴株数与穴株距交互作用下,各处理组合对水稻干物质积累量、叶面积指数、产量及其构成的影响存在明显或显著互作效应,以穴株数6株与行株距30 cm×10 cm处理组合(A3B1)效果最佳,产量达9 291.25 kg·hm-2。在试验设置密度范围内,产量与抽穗期茎鞘干重、叶片干重、生物产量和成熟期每平方米茎数呈极显著正相关,而与蜡熟期茎鞘干重、单株粒重、每平方米基本苗数和株高均呈二次函数关系。综合分析表明,每穴株数6株与行株距30 cm×10 cm(A3B1)处理组合模式更适合在目前寒地水稻龙粳31高产栽培中应用。     

网棚脱毒微型薯栽培技术及病虫害防治措施

微型种薯在生产中合理密植 ,科学施肥 ,及时浇水是高产稳产的首要条件 ,其次是防治晚疫病。根据我们在试验和生产中的经验 ,掌握的主要生产技术有如下几点 :1　选种催芽微型种薯必须要求渡过 90d以上的自然休眠期 ,微型种薯播前要进行选种催芽 ,药剂处理 ,70 %～ 80 %种薯发芽时播种 ,这样出苗整齐 ,促使产量提高 ,也有利于田间统一管理。2　播种要求微型种薯在本地区适宜播种的时间是 4月中旬至 5月中旬。播种的深度为 8～ 10cm为宜 ,过深、过浅都对产量有影响。微型种薯种植的最佳密度为6 30 0～ 6 5 0 0株 /6 6 7m2 ,株距 2 0～ 2 5cm ,…     

播种深度对夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性的影响

选用郑单958(ZD958)和先玉335(XY335)为试验材料,设置3、5、7、9 cm 4个播深处理和4个播种深度混播的播深不一致处理(U),研究播种深度对夏玉米冠层结构、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,播深不一致显著降低株高、穗位高、果穗长度等性状整齐度,影响群体冠层结构,ZD958和XY335的产量较3、5 cm播深分别下降2.6%、3.2%和0.9%、3.9%。播种过深,整个生育期内的植株性状整齐度和叶面积指数较低,穗位高及底层透光率增加;SPAD值及比叶重较低,净光合速率和单株干物质积累下降。ZD958和XY335播深9 cm的产量较3、5 cm播深分别下降5.9%、6.4%和6.1%、8.8%。播深7和9 cm,夏玉米群体密度降低,冠层透光率增加,但其叶面积指数、SPAD值和比叶重降低,净光合速率和单株干物质积累下降,最终降低夏玉米产量。     

麦套移栽棉栽培技术

商丘市麦棉套种田占80 %以上,根据近年来的实践探讨,比较适宜本市麦棉套种的方式有两种。4- 2式,一个播带为1 70 cm,4行小麦占地60 cm,预留棉行1 1 0 cm。棉花宽行1 2 0 cm,窄行5 0 cm,株距2 5～30 cm,密度为每公顷3.9万～4.7万株。3- 1式,一个播带为1 0 0 cm,3行小麦占地40 cm。预留棉行60 cm。棉花等行距1 0 0 cm,株距2 2～2 5cm,密度为公顷4.0万～4.5万株。1培育壮苗苗床要选在地势高燥、背风向阳、无病虫地块。每个标准苗床长1 7m,深1 2 cm。钵土土肥比为6∶4,每苗床用土再施入1 .5 kg二铵或2 kg三元复合肥掺匀后打钵。采用大钵育苗,钵…     

播种深度对滨海稻区水稻旱直播生育及产量的影响

为探明播种深度对滨海稻区水稻旱直播生育及产量的影响,以盐粳1403、盐粳927、盐粳933为材料,采用盆栽方式进行了水稻旱直播播种深度研究。结果表明,水稻旱直播播种深度在2 cm、3 cm效果最佳,两个处理间差异不大。播深2 cm较播深3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6 cm三个品种平均出苗率分别高出1.29、21.05、41.15、49.06个百分点,出苗时间分别提早1、3、5、7 d,中胚轴长度分别短0.37、0.9、1.14、1.5 cm;各时期茎蘖数随播种深度增加逐渐减少,齐穗期推迟1～7 d,成熟期推迟1～9 d;三个品种平均实际产量播深2 cm最高,比播深3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6 cm分别高0.48%、18.16%、41.47%、53.26%。     

水稻折衷直播栽培播种技术研究

从播期、播量、条播行距和播深等四个方面对水稻折衷直播栽培的播种技术进行研究,结果表明:选用龙粳8号品种,播期在5月6日至5月13日之间,播量112.5 kg/hm2,行距30 cm,播深0.5～1.0 cm。     

株行距配置对夏大豆光合特性及产量的影响

在5.5×105株·hm-2种植密度下,共设计5种株行距配置,即行距×株距分别为:30 cm×6 cm(A)、(15+30)cm×8 cm(B)、60 cm×3 cm(C)、(15+15+60)cm×6 cm(D)、40 cm×4.5 cm(E),研究不同株行距配置对夏大豆光合特性和产量的影响,为北疆麦后复播大豆高产,筛选出合理的株行距配置提供理论依据。结果表明:等行距模式夏大豆的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合速率(Pn)等指标均随着行距的增大株距的减小而减小,即表现为A处理E处理C处理,其中A处理SPAD值、LAI、Pn测定期平均值分别比C处理的高8.89%、19.20%、2.72%;同株距条件下,D处理的SPAD值、LAI、Pn测定期平均值分别比A处理高2.72%、18.73%、7.09%。株距最宽的宽窄行B处理测定期SPAD值、LAI、Pn的平均值均比D处理的要高,而且各处理中B处理的产量最高为1 628.94 kg·hm-2,较A、C、D、E处理分别增加43.62%、75.69%、25.03%、51.21%,且均达极显著差异水平(P0.01)。说明适当缩行增株构建的株行距配置是提高夏大豆产量的重要措施之一。     

播期、密度和行距对BNS型杂交小麦光合及产量的影响

为筛选BNS型杂交小麦的适宜播期、密度和行距配置,设置了3个播期[10月5号(A1)、10月15号(A2)、10月25号(A3)]、3个密度[基本苗150×104株·hm~(-2)(B1)、225×104株·hm~(-2)(B2)、300×104株·hm~(-2)(B3)]和3个行距[18.3cm(C1)、23cm(C2)、宽窄行13.3/23cm(C3)],研究了播期、密度和行距配置对小麦光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,杂交小麦旗叶净光合速率在所有测定时期均以A2B1C2处理最高,A2B3C1处理次之;通过极差分析可知,旗叶叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的最佳处理为A2B3C2;三因素对小麦冠层透光率的影响程度因时期和部位而不同;A2B3C1和A3B3C2处理的产量显著高于其余处理。因此,在本试验条件下,杂交小麦适宜的播期、基本苗和行距分别为10月15号、300×104株·hm~(-2)和18.3cm。     

宽幅播种条件下行距对小麦产量及干物质积累和转运的影响

为了确定小麦宽幅播种的适宜行距,在高产地块以高产小麦品种泰农18为材料,设置20 cm、25 cm、30 cm三个行距处理,研究了宽幅播种条件下行距对小麦产量、群体动态、干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明,相同行距下,宽幅播种的小麦产量较常规条播提高11.0%。在宽幅播种条件下,行距过大时小麦群体数量较小,成穗不足,干物质积累减少,产量降低;缩小行距可提高群体数量和干物质积累;但行距过小时穗粒数、千粒重下降,群体边际效应减弱,产量降低;适宜行距可协调产量构成因素,提高群体在花后维持较高光合能力,提高花后干物质同化量和对籽粒的贡献度。在本试验的条件下,泰农18以宽幅播种、行距25 cm、播量120 kg·hm~(-2)为宜。     

Establishment of rice determined by interaction between cultivar,sowing depth,and time between irrigation and sowing,in north west Australia

The influences of cultivar, depth of sowing, and time between pre-irrigation and sowing, on rice crop establishment were investigated by drilling into moist soil during the dry season in N.W. Australia.As the time between pre-irrigation and sowing increased, median seedling emergence was delayed, and spread of the population's emergence rate and final percentage emergence decreased, particularly for shallow sowing depths. Delayed sowing also resulted in less-vigorous growth of some seedlings. Stomatal conductance was generally lowest in seedlings emerged from shallow depths although leaf-air temperature differentials and measurements of stomatal conductance, usually regarded as reliable indices of plant water status, failed to distinguish between cultivars or sowing treatments.Delaying sowing, with attendant cultivation, for more than 10 days after pre-irrigation resulted in negligible weed populations. The tall, vigorous-growing cultivar Pelde (ex N.S.W.), sown at 6–8 cm depth between 10 and 15 days after pre-irrigation reached sufficient height for permanent flooding within 50 days after sowing. A semi-dwarf cultivar IR661-1-170-1-3 (ex IRRI) proved more sensitive to depth and time of sowing following irrigation; because of its slower growth rate and additional irrigation requirements it was less adapted to this method of establishment.     

播期和栽插方式对水稻南粳9108产量和品质的影响

以南粳9108为材料,设计3个播种时间(5月14、21、28日)和3种插秧方式(硬盘机插25 cm行距、硬盘机插30 cm行距、钵苗摆栽),研究其对优良食味水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,早播(5月14日)条件下,水稻钵苗摆栽产量高,品质好;晚播(5月28日)条件下,硬盘机插25 cm行距处理产量高。播期、栽插方式对南粳9108糙米率、精米率影响不显著;垩白粒率、垩白度、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值均随着播期的推迟而下降,稻米品质降低。     

Factors influencing the effects of fungicide treatment on seedling emergence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Seeds of perennial ryegrass were sown by hand in micro-plots. Six treatment factors were applied, in all combinations, totalling thirty-two treatments. The factors were (a) firm vs light compaction of the seedbed, (b) 1 cm vs 2·5 cm sowing depth, (c) fertilizer applied to seedbed vs no fertilizer, (d) fungicides applied to the seed and seedbed vs no fungicide, (e) pesticide applied to seedbed vs no pesticide, and (f) soil kept moist after sowing vs soil kept dry after sowing. Overall, seedling emergence was increased by moist soil (18%), fungicides (16%) and by sowing at 1 cm depth (8%). In dry soil, fungicides increased emergence by 32% but had no effect in moist soil.
In other experiments, micro-plots were sown at monthly intervals, from April to October. Seeds were either treated with benomyl + captan (3 g + 3 g a.i. (kg seed)⁻¹) or not treated, and the plots were either covered to keep the soil dry, or uncovered. Seedling emergence on uncovered plots was increased significantly, by 16–28%, at the May, June, July and August sowings, when soil temperatures were at their highest and soil moisture contents at their lowest. On covered plots fungicides significantly increased emergence at the June sowing only, by 16%. The reasons for this anomaly are discussed.     

Establishment and yield of wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) after early sowing at various depths in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment

Shallow sowing and in ridges are common practices in the west-Asia north-Africa (WANA) region in rain-fed cereal farming. Soil water is often limited in the top soil layer at the optimum sowing time, and stands of wheat may be established poorly and have low yields unless sowing is delayed until later rainfall. Sowing more deeply may enhance establishment due to higher soil water content in the seed zone, leading to better germination and emergence of seedling. Otherwise, a grain yield reduction will occur due to the delay in sowing after the optimum time. In a 2-year field experiment at Tel Hadya, Syria, the optimum time of sowing for rainfed cereals was between early November and early December. The establishment of plants sown 3, 9, and 12 cm deep and in ridges was poorer than that of plants sown at 6 cm, causing reductions in tiller numbers, leaf area index (LAI) and yield. Grain yield from ridge planting was 40% lower on average than from sowing at 6 cm. At this depth, yields declined by 5% per week with delay in sowing after the optimum time at 6 cm depth, but by lesser amounts for other depths, and varied little for the ridge method of planting. To maximize yield in this environment, i.e., 2.5 t ha⁻¹, it is important that crops are sown early at the appropriate depth, even when pre-sowing rainfall is less than enough to wet the profile fully.     

中国北方杂草稻深覆土条件下出苗动力源分析

 以盆栽的方式,采用不同的覆土深度,对中国北方杂草稻的出苗特性进行了研究,分析了杂草稻的出苗动力源。研究结果表明,在中国北方发现的部分杂草稻具有较强的中胚轴伸长特性和芽鞘节间伸长特性。在播种深度较浅时（3 cm）,杂草稻依赖于中胚轴的伸长顶土发芽;当覆土较深时（5 cm）,杂草稻中胚轴伸长特性更加明显,伸长长度加大,同时杂草稻的芽鞘节间也明显伸长,中胚轴和芽鞘节间的共同伸长为深覆土条件下杂草稻的出苗提供了动力基础。