抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林直径和树高分布的影响

[目的]以河南登封林场栓皮栎人工林为研究对象,研究抚育间伐对林分不同生长阶段林木株数、林木直径分布和树高分布的影响,为制定科学合理的抚育经营措施奠定理论和技术基础.[方法]在株数强度为31.55％的间伐林分和条件基本一致的未间伐林分内,分别设置1个1 hm2样地,间伐作业2 a后获取每木检尺数据,分别利用Normal分...     

三峡库区马尾松天然林林分结构特征分析

以三峡库区无干扰马尾松天然林为研究对象,调查了群落物种组成和天然更新状况,并选择角尺度、混交度和大小比数3个空间结构参数及直径分布等非空间结构参数,对马尾松天然林林分结构特征进行分析,为马尾松次生林的科学经营提供理论依据。研究结果表明:研究地区马尾松群落物种数量丰富,共出现维管束植物117种,林下天然更新状况良好,共有树种24种,数量达5 221株·hm^-2,其中高度小于100 cm的幼苗占48.9%。林分随着直径增大,林木株数逐渐减少,呈典型异龄林直径分布特征。林分平均角尺度为0.508,林木整体分布格局属随机分布;林分平均混交度为0.60,整体处于中度以上混交;林分平均大小比数为0.50,大部分林木个体分化程度较高,处于不同竞争地位的林木个体数量基本相等。优势树种马尾松属轻度聚集分布,接近中度混交,且60.2%的个体处于竞争优势或亚优势地位。     

生态疏伐对华北落叶松林分结构和生物多样性的影响

森林抚育对调整林分结构、促进林木生长都具有极大作用。为了解抚育对华北落叶松林分结构和林下物种多样性的影响,以承德市第三乡林场华北落叶松—白桦混交林为研究对象,采用对比分析的方法,对生态疏伐前后的林分结构、径阶分布和生物多样性进行了探讨。结果表明:生态疏伐后林分平均胸径增加2.1cm,平均树高稍有变化,林分密度从疏伐前的1 365株/hm~2下降到900株/hm~2;生态疏伐前,直径分布曲线呈左偏,6~16径阶林木数量占总数的42.6%;疏伐后,6~16径阶林木株数占总株数的21.3%,直径分布稍向右偏,更趋于正态分布;疏伐后,林下物种的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数均有所增加,Pielou均匀度指数在1号、4号、5号样方内有所下降,2号、3号样方内呈增加趋势,且3号样方的Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Pielou均匀度指数涨幅均最大,分别比抚育前增加了0.373、0.834和0.203。     

麻池背油松天然林林分生长结构的研究

依据历年调查资料,对麻池背油松天然林的林分生长结构进行了研究.该林分的植物种类丰富;直径、树高、林龄等林分结构呈正态分布、近似正态分布和多峰状分布;近熟林的林分蓄积生长率为0.82%,材积生长量69年生时连年生长量仍大于平均生长量.由于林分密度过大,油松形状比值偏高,林木自然稀疏强烈,枯损率达32.7%,其中小径木占86.3%,病虫害感染枯死木占29.4%.油松天然更新不良,辽东栎不能成为更新树种,林下有青木杄、落叶松幼树分布.     

苏州光福木荷林林分特征及经营对策

通过样地调查对苏州光福自然保护区木荷林的林分特征、直径分布和生长情况进行研究.结果表明,木荷种群在林分乔木层中占绝对优势,并处于旺盛生长期.以Weibull分布拟合光福自然保护区木荷林乔木树种直径,发现Weibull分布均可以较好地描述光福木荷林主要乔木树种分布;偏度为偏左,峰度值为正.林分蓄积量67.211～246.088m3/hm2,其中木荷平均胸径6.473～11.480 cm,平均树高6.35～13.53m,蓄积量32.517～205.598 m3/hm2,占全林蓄积量的31.17%～99.87%.     

北京西山油松人工林结构特征研究

以西山试验林场近自然经营试点区建立的11块中龄油松人工林样地为依据,对油松林分的结构特点、表达模型和树种多样性格局进行了分析。结果表明：油松人工林林分平均密度为1069株／hm^2,平均胸径为13．7cm,平均高为8．6m,蓄积量为86．36m3／hm^2。应用正态分布、Weibull分布、对数正态分布、Gamma分布和Beta分布拟合直径和树高结构,发现正态分布拟合直径分布和树高分布效果最好,也符合人工林的林分结构规律;油松人工林层次结构简单,物种多样性较低,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Shannon—wiener指数、均匀度指数分别为0．355、0．726、0．160和0．372、0．651、0．266;幼苗更新各高度级均以构树和栾树为主,他们分别占总体更新树种的72．2％和10．2％。     

飞播马尾松林抚育间伐试验研究

对11年生飞播马尾松林进行综合抚育间伐试验的结果表明,不同的间伐强度和次数均产生不同的效果。胸径生长以间伐强度大和2次间伐为好;树干形质以间伐强度小为好;间伐对树高、冠幅、林木分化等均有影响。     

Improving the establishment submodel of a forest patch model to assess the long-term protective effect of mountain forests

Simulation models such as forest patch models can be used to forecast the development of forest structural attributes over time. However, predictions of such models with respect to the impact of forest dynamics on the long-term protective effect of mountain forests may be of limited accuracy where tree regeneration is simulated with little detail. For this reason, we improved the establishment submodel of the ForClim forest patch model by implementing a more detailed representation of tree regeneration. Our refined submodel included canopy shading and ungulate browsing, two important constraints to sapling growth in mountain forests. To compare the old and the new establishment submodel of ForClim, we simulated the successional dynamics of the Stotzigwald protection forest in the Swiss Alps over a 60-year period. This forest provides protection for an important traffic route, but currently contains an alarmingly low density of tree regeneration. The comparison yielded a significantly longer regeneration period for the new model version, bringing the simulations into closer agreement with the known slow stand dynamics of mountain forests. In addition, the new model version was applied to forecast the future ability of the Stotzigwald forest to buffer the valley below from rockfall disturbance. Two scenarios were simulated: (1) canopy shading but no browsing impact, and (2) canopy shading and high browsing impact. The simulated stand structures were then compared to stand structure targets for rockfall protection, in order to assess their long-term protective effects. Under both scenarios, the initial sparse level of tree regeneration affected the long-term protective effect of the forest, which considerably declined during the first 40 years. In the complete absence of browsing, the density of small trees increased slightly after 60 years, raising hope for an eventual recovery of the protective effect. In the scenario that included browsing, however, the density of small trees remained at very low levels. With our improved establishment submodel, we provide an enhanced tool for studying the impacts of structural dynamics on the long-term protective effect of mountain forests. For certain purposes, it is important that predictive models of forest dynamics adequately represent critical processes for tree regeneration, such as sapling responses to low light levels and high browsing pressure.     

Altitudinal variability of stand structure and regeneration in the subalpine spruce forests of the Pol’ana biosphere reserve,Central Slovakia

The structure of natural subalpine spruce forest in the Zadná Pol’ana massif of the Western Carpathians was analysed. We focused on the variability of different aspects of stand structure, tree decay and regeneration processes in altitudinal gradient. We used systematic sampling, covering an area of 2 km², to detect even subtle changes in stand structure within one forest type over a range of less than 200 m in elevation. Mean stand density was 290 trees (>7 cm DBH) per hectare, average basal area was 41 m² ha⁻¹, and the volume accumulation in living trees amounted to 500 m³/ha⁻¹. Stand volume decreased by more than 50% between 1,260 and 1,434 m a.s.l. This means for an increase of altitude of 100 m that stand volume decreased by nearly 200 m³. Neither stand density nor basal area was related to elevation. Maximum tree height was strongly correlated to elevation, and it decreased on average by 6 m for each 100 m increment of altitude. No significant changes in the maximum spruce diameter were recorded in relation to the elevation gradient. Spatial distribution of trees was biased toward regularity at lower altitudes. Tree clustering increased with increasing altitude. The stock of coarse woody debris (CWD) decreased slightly along the altitudinal gradient, but changes were not significant. Density of spruce saplings and their number growing on CWD significantly increased across the elevation gradient. Despite the fact that the analysed forest tract was relatively large, highly variable in respect to environmental factors, and that stand volume, spatial structure, and tree height displayed strong variability along the elevation gradient, the diameter structure of stands and regeneration measures were uniform. Our results suggest that the recruitment of new trees in the Zadná Pol’ana subalpine spruce forest is not temporally continuous even at a scale of several square kilometres.     

Variation in Tree Size and Resistance to Ceratocystis polonica in a Monoclonal Stand of Picea abies

Tree resistance to the pathogenic blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica was studied in a monoclonal stand of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in relation to tree social status and diameter at breast height (DBH). The DBH distribution of the 33-yr-old stand ranged from 5 to 35 cm. There were clear differences in tree height between the suppressed (DBH 7.4-10.3 cm), codominant (DBH 11.8-17.4 cm) and dominant (DBH 18.6-23.9 cm) tree classes. The resistance was tested by mass inoculating trees with a low (400 inoculations m -2 , 60 cm inoculation belt) or high (400 inoculations m -2 , 120 cm inoculation belt) dosage. The small, suppressed trees were more susceptible to inoculation than the codominant and dominant trees, based on the amount of blue-stained and occluded sapwood, lesion length and dead cambium/phloem. A threshold in tree social status or tree size may be important in the overall resistance to fungal infection.     

云冷杉过伐林主要树种结构特征分析

选择长白山针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的云冷杉过伐混交林,探讨直径结构、空间格局、蓄积生长、林下更新以及植物多样性等林分结构问题,为恢复红松为主的针阔混交林,提出结构调整思路。研究表明:由于过去以不合理的非经营性采伐,红松成主要择伐对象,红松不同年份各径阶株数变化幅度较大,直径18 cm开始出现缺损株数现象,缺乏中、大径组株数,导致母树数量、结实量和种源减少,造成在主要树种中红松更新最差的问题,不利于林分正向演替。不同针阔比混交林空间格局与其主要树种空间格局并非完全一致,在同一林分不同树种间存在差异。针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的混交林空间格局分别为随机分布、聚集分布和均匀分布。其中,红松分布格局主要呈聚集分布。因此,恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林,以红松和珍贵阔叶树种作为目标树种,采取目标树培育方法,伐除影响其更新和生长的林木,而将云冷杉和一般阔叶树作为伴生树种,逐渐减少云冷杉的优势,最终逐渐恢复成红松阔叶混交林;对针阔比8∶2和7∶3混交林红松分布格局,采取人工补植、间伐等措施,结合天然更新,向随机分布进行调整;采取人工补植、清理母树周围枯枝落叶层等措施人工辅助红松天然更新。     

落叶松人工林林分因子模型的建立

利用落叶松人工林所设标准地的观测数据, 求算各标准地的威布尔分布参数a、b、c, 并将其与林分因子: 平均直径、上层平均树高、株数密度结合, 建立了Richards3种林分因子模型。经检验其精度达到96 7 % ~97 7%, 通过进一步检验表明, 密度、上层高、直径模型优于其他两种模型, 可在森林经营上应用。     

Possibilities for Harvester-based Forest Inventory in Thinnings

This study investigated the possible estimation of forest characteristics using the information collected by the harvester in first thinnings. For the analysis a complete forest inventory was carried out in a stand, which was subsequently thinned. The global mean values of tree diameter, tree height, basal area and stem density were estimated, and further, a spatial analysis was carried out to investigate whether the data collected by the harvester could be used to generate a continuous spatial model of the forest. The results indicated that the global mean diameter and height may be estimated, whereas area-related properties, such as basal area and stem density, are more difficult to estimate. The spatial distribution of the diameter and height remained similar after the thinning, whereas the basal area and stem density had become more homogeneous after the thinning. From the trees removed in the thinning a continuous spatial model of tree diameter was developed. It reproduced the spatial structure of the original trees to some extent ( R 2 = 0.27, RMSE = 14.3 mm).     

大强度抚育对油松人工林天然更新的影响

以油松人工林为研究对象,在大强度抚育条件下,通过林分层次结构、各层次林木胸径结构、树高结构及其林木分布格局等指标研究林下天然更新状况,结果表明:油松人工林在22a、32a时分别进行株数强度50%和40%的下层抚育,后经20a天然更新(林分年龄52a),林分形成明显层次结构,分为主林层、演替层及更新层,整个林分林木胸径、树高结构均呈多峰分布,其中主林层、演替层林木胸径和树高结构均呈单峰山状分布,更新层林木胸径和树高结构呈多峰分布,各林层平均胸径分别为23.2cm、12.6cm和3.1cm,平均树高分别为18.4m、14.5m和2.8m,而对照标准地胸径、树高结构均呈单峰分布,平均胸径、树高分别为18.6cm及17.9m;主林层、演替层各层林木空间分布呈均匀分布,密度分别为840株/hm~2和1 125株/hm~2,更新层林木空间分布呈聚集分布,密度为675株/hm~2,对照样地林木空间分布偏向均匀分布,密度为1 605株/hm~2。     

镇沅县思茅松天然林分非空间结构特征分析

以云南省镇沅县思茅松天然林为研究对象,选取云南省森林资源连续清查中的14块标准典型固定样地数据,采用分布函数和株数累积分布拟合分析思茅松天然林分直径结构,对思茅松林分的直径分布、树种组成及优势树种等进行综合分析,探讨思茅松天然林分的非空间结构规律。研究结果表明,思茅松天然林分直径分布服从韦伯分布,直径变动幅度较大,且小径阶树木株数最多,随着直径的增大,林木株数开始急剧减少,当直径达到一定值时,株数减少幅度渐趋平缓。各龄组的偏度系数均为正值,径阶分布曲线均为左偏;除近熟林外,其他龄组的峰度系数均为正值,径阶分布曲线均为尖顶峰。研究区内思茅松天然林分的树种组成相对单一,虽有一些其他伴生树种,但数量很少,思茅松所占比例最大,为68.66%,相对多度为68.73%,相对显著度为78.15%,相对频度为13.48%,重要值为53.45%。伴生树种主要有红木荷、南烛、麻栎和茶梨等。     

Susceptibility of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa (Dougl. ex Laws.), to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins,attack in uneven-aged stands in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming USA

Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins can cause extensive tree mortality in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forests in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Most studies that have examined stand susceptibility to mountain pine beetle have been conducted in even-aged stands. Land managers increasingly practice uneven-aged management. We established 84 clusters of four plots, one where bark beetle-caused mortality was present and three uninfested plots. For all plot trees we recorded species, tree diameter, and crown position and for ponderosa pine whether they were killed or infested by mountain pine beetle. Elevation, slope, and aspect were also recorded. We used classification trees to model the likelihood of bark beetle attack based on plot and site variables. The probability of individual tree attack within the infested plots was estimated using logistic regression. Basal area of ponderosa pine in trees ≥25.4 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and ponderosa pine stand density index were correlated with mountain pine beetle attack. Regression trees and linear regression indicated that the amount of observed tree mortality was associated with initial ponderosa pine basal area and ponderosa pine stand density index. Infested stands had higher total and ponderosa pine basal area, total and ponderosa pine stand density index, and ponderosa pine basal area in trees ≥25.4 cm dbh. The probability of individual tree attack within infested plots was positively correlated with tree diameter with ponderosa pine stand density index modifying the relationship. A tree of a given size was more likely to be attacked in a denser stand. We conclude that stands with higher ponderosa pine basal area in trees >25.4 cm and ponderosa pine stand density index are correlated with an increased likelihood of mountain pine beetle bark beetle attack. Information form this study will help forest managers in the identification of uneven-aged stands with a higher likelihood of bark beetle attack and expected levels of tree mortality.     

树种各疏密度条件下密度与直径的关系

本文以杉木人工林和落叶松天然林标准地数据为材料,应用D=aN~bP~cS~dH~e数学模型进行计算分析,并从理论上证明,当同一树种的树高一定时,疏密度和株数相同,各地位指数(级)林分平均直径一致。为森林的抚育间伐,林分直径生长的预测、预报,确定林分工艺成熟龄及森林调查设计等提供了理论依据和重要参数。     

红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林枯立木特征分析

[目的]了解沙地樟子松天然纯林中枯立木的数量及空间结构特征,探究枯立木形成的原因,为樟子松林的保护和经营提供依据。[方法]在沙地樟子松天然纯林中设置2块1 hm~2的大样地,用全站仪对样地中所有胸径大于5 cm的立木进行定位并进行全面调查;对调查样地的基本特征,枯立木的数量特征及径级分布进行了分析,提出了用于表达林分中枯立木微环境的活立木比的概念,并采用林分空间结构参数一元分布和二元分布分析方法,对枯立木与其最近4株相邻木的关系进行分析。[结果]2块不同密度的樟子松天然纯林下更新幼苗和枯立木数量相差较大,密度较小(样地1)的样地更新幼苗和枯立木较少,而密度较大的样地(样地2)中枯立木达到200棵,林下更新幼苗数量达到15 280株·hm~(-2);樟子松天然纯林样地内枯立木主要以小径级木为主,胸径集中在11 cm以下;样地1枯立木径级连续分布,幅度较窄;样地2中的枯立木径级幅度较宽,但在20 22 cm缺刻,有2株大于23 cm的枯立木;2块样地中枯立木的分布格局均为随机分布,样地1中枯立木周围的4株相邻立木大多为活立木,且胸径较枯立木大;样地2中,只有一半的枯立木周围的最近4株立木为活立木,且有三分之一以上的枯立木胸径不是最小的,枯立木有连续分布的现象。2块样地中枯立木的角尺度-大小比数二元分布特征的差异不明显,而角尺度-活立木比二元分布特征和大小比数-活立木比二元分布特征差异明显,样地1中枯立木的最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木为活立木且胸径大于枯立木的比例明显高于样地2,而枯立木最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木有枯立木的比例明显小于样地2。[结论]樟子松天然纯林枯立木以小径级林木为主,枯立木的数量与林分密度相关,林木竞争是林木死亡的主要原因,密度过大也会产生病虫害,因此,对天然樟子松纯林要进行适度经营,保持合理密度。     

A basal area increment model for individual trees in mixed continuous cover forests in Iranian Caspian forests

The aim of this study was to develop and test a new basal area growth model in mixed species continuous cover forests in northern Iran.Weanalyzed 421 core samples from 6 main species in the forest area to develop our growth model.In each plot,we measured variables such as total tree height(m),diameter at breast height(DBH)(cm)and basal area of larger trees as cumulative basal areas of trees(GCUM)ofDBH[5 cm.The empirical data were analyzed using regression analysis.There was a statistically significant nonlinear function between the annual basal area increment,as the dependent variable,and the basal area of the individual trees and competition as explanatory variables.Reference area from the largest trees,was circular plot with area of 0.1 ha.GCUM was estimated for trees of DBH>5 cm.Furthermore,we investigated the dependencies of diameter growth of different species on stand density at different levels of competition,and diameter development of individual trees through time.The results indicate that competition caused by larger neighborhood trees has a negative effect on growth.In addition,the maximum diameter increment is affected by competition level.Therefore,the maximum diameter increment of species occurs when the trees are about 35–40 cm in dense-forest(40 to 0 m^2 per ha)and when the trees are about 60 to 70 cm in very dense forest(60 to 0 m^2 per ha)which is more likely to Caspian natural forests with high level density due to uneven-aged composition of stands.