火龙果锈斑病病原菌鉴定

正近年来,随着火龙果的种植面积不断扩大,高密度的种植和不科学的栽培管理使得火龙果植株病害突显。广东省湛江市台风频繁,大面积的伤口和高温高湿的气候为病害侵染和传播提供了适宜条件,使得该地区火龙果病害日益严重。在湛江市发现一种危害火龙果植株茎和果实的新病害——火龙果锈斑病,严重时果园发病率可达50%。本研究拟采用     

一种值得关注的火龙果腐烂病

火龙果腐烂病是一种对我国新兴的火龙果果业潜在风险较高的真菌病害。近年来,我国口岸多次从越南进口的火龙果鲜果中截获该病害。本文介绍了其病原真菌仙人掌平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris cactivora(Petrak)Alcorn)地理分布、寄主范围、经济危害性、症状及病原菌形态特征、形态学鉴定和分子检测方法 ;分析了病原菌的进入风险和定殖与扩散风险,提出了加强口岸植物检疫,严防病原菌传入及病害在国内发生扩散和蔓延等风险管理措施。     

火龙果溃疡病研究进展

火龙果溃疡病是火龙果生产上的重要病害之一, 对我国火龙果产业构成严重威胁?目前, 我国对火龙果溃疡病及其抗病育种的研究基础非常薄弱?本文介绍了火龙果溃疡病发病症状?病原学研究?流行规律以及防治措施等方面的研究进展, 为溃疡病的发生机制研究?病害防治及抗性品种选育提供参考?     

一种由麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)引起的柳枝稷叶斑病

<正>柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)属禾本科(Gramineae)黍属(Panicum)是多年生C4草本植物。该植物原产于北美,环境适应性极强,具有耐旱、耐盐碱、耐贫瘠等特点。它不仅是国际上公认的作为生物燃料的能源作物,还是一种优质牧草。截止2010年,柳枝稷在我国北方种植面积已达115.8 hm~2[1]。随着种植面积的不断扩大,柳枝稷病害问题越来越严重,病害造成柳枝稷生物量下     

广西火龙果园病虫草害种类及主要病虫消长规律研究

【目的】查明广西火龙果园病虫草害种类,探究火龙果主要病虫害的发生规律。【方法】火龙果病虫害种类调查采用了普查法和实地估测法,而主要病虫害的发生动态均采用五点取样调查法。【结果】调查表明,广西火龙果园的主要病虫草害及其天敌种类共有99种,其中害虫及有害动物有17种,病害有12种,杂草43种,昆虫天敌27种;在广西种植的火龙果品种中,金都1号、美龙、越南金边在同一年内发生3次炭疽病高发期,分别在3月、4月和7月,其中金都1号抗炭疽病性较好;溃疡病在同一年内出现2次高发期,分别在4月、7月,其中金都1号抗溃疡病较好;斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫以及绿象甲在同一年内的种群数量变化均出现双峰型,年内2次高峰期发生在5月和7月,其中5月发生量较大。【结论】上述研究结果可提高人们对火龙果的病虫草害种类及主要病虫害发生规律的认识,为制订火龙果主要病虫草害综合防治方案奠定基础。     

云南魔芋新病害—疫病病原菌的鉴定

<正>魔芋为天南星科(Araceae)魔芋属(Amorphophallus Blume)植物,是富含葡甘露聚糖的经济作物。随着人们对魔芋葡甘露聚糖的进一步研究和深度开发利用,魔芋的生产越来越受到重视,种植方式也由传统的半野生零星种植转向规模化大面积种植。云南是魔芋的起源中心之一[1],其气候环境非常适宜魔芋的生长和种植,但由于规模化种植程度的扩大以及芋农较为粗放的栽培管理方式,魔芋病害日趋严重,新病害亦不断出现。20世纪90年代初,我国魔芋有3种主要病害,现已增至11种。最近在云南省魔芋不同生育期的叶片及茎杆上又发现一种新病害——魔芋疫病。该病水渍状的黑     

25％吡唑醚菌酯·毒氟磷悬浮剂对火龙果溃疡病的防治效果研究

火龙果溃疡病是世界性真菌病害之一,严重危害火龙果的产量和品质.本研究通过室内毒力测定、离体枝条试验和大田试验评价了25％ 吡唑醚菌酯·毒氟磷悬浮剂对火龙果溃疡病的防治效果.结果表明,25％ 吡唑醚菌酯·毒氟磷悬浮剂对火龙果溃疡病菌的毒力最高(EC50值为1.628 mg/L),其毒力略高于单剂25％ 吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(...     

火龙果溃疡病防治药剂的筛选

火龙果溃疡病是火龙果生产中常见的病害之一,对火龙果产量和品质的影响较大,近年来火龙果溃疡病的发生频率逐年增加.本研究通过菌丝生长抑制法测定9种杀菌剂对火龙果溃疡病病菌的杀菌活性.结果表明,戊唑·咪鲜胺、肟菌·戊唑醇、吡唑·毒氟磷有较强的抑菌作用,EC50分别为0.0209,0.0762,2.0358 mg/L,本研究为...     

藜麦尾孢叶斑病的病原鉴定

<正>藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa)是藜科藜属1年生双子叶植物~([1]),作为一种新型粮食作物在南美洲、欧洲、大洋洲、亚洲等90多个国家种植或试种~([2])。2014年以来,在我国的山西、青海、甘肃、河北等省份开始规模化种植~([3]);山西省静乐县是我国藜麦规模化种植最早的基地~([3]),随着种植面积的扩大及连作栽培导致病害日趋严重,尤其是叶部病害。2015～2017年间,本课题组在静乐县藜麦种     

稻瘟病菌在稻株中诱导抗性的初步研究

 稻瘟病是世界各水稻种植地区分布最广的病害之一。其病原菌Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr nov.comb.(anamorph Pyricularia oryzae Cav.)属高度变异的真菌。     

甘草根腐病病原菌鉴定

 甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish.)别名甜草、蜜草、甜根子, 为豆科多年生草本植物, 以根与根茎入药, 具有补脾益气、清热解毒、祛痰止咳、缓急止痛、调和诸药之功效, 是我国临床常用的中药材, 也可用作食品添加剂。甘草主要分布在我国的内蒙古、甘肃和宁夏, 在青海、陕西、新疆、黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、河北、山西等地局部地区也有分布。宁夏盐池县是我国乌拉尔甘草的重要产区, 面积大、贮量多、品质好, 1995年被誉为“中国甘草之乡” ^[1]。近年来, 野生甘草遭到了大规模采挖, 甘草蕴藏量急剧减少, 目前主要通过人工种植来满足市场需求。随着甘草种植面积的不断扩大, 甘草病虫害日趋严重, 根腐病危害尤为突出, 直接影响甘草的产量和品质, 造成巨大经济损失。     

瓜类细菌性果斑病菌hrcN基因的生物学功能分析

以分离自西瓜上的Aac5菌株为例,通过同源重组的方法,构建了hrc N基因插入缺失突变体,通过PCR方法和Southern blot验证突变菌株,对突变体进行致病性、致敏性、生长曲线和运动性测定。为明确hrc N基因与其他基因的关系,通过实时荧光定量PCR法定量检测了hrp A、hrc V、hrc U、Lux I、LuxR 5个基因的表达量。结果显示:与野生型相比,突变体致病力和致敏性明显减弱,致病时间延迟,群体感应信号减弱,生长能力明显下降,运动性减弱,互补菌株只能恢复部分功能;5个基因在突变体中的表达量均上调,hrc N基因与这5个基因之间均为负调控关系。说明hrc N基因在果斑病菌致病能力上发挥重要作用。     

Polygalacturonase S31PG1 from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geotrichum candidum</Emphasis> citrus race S31 expressed in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</Emphasis> versus S31PG2 regarding soft rot on lemon fruit

Gene S31pg1, which encodes a polygalacturonase (PG), was previously isolated from citrus race S31 of Geotrichum candidum, the causal agent of citrus sour rot. We have now isolated and sequenced an additional PG gene, S31pg2, with 95% identity to S31pg1 in the mature proteins. To evaluate the contribution of the two PG genes in the development of citrus sour rot, each gene was expressed in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both genes conferred PG activity to the yeast. Crude enzyme solutions containing S31PG1 severely degraded the albedo tissue of lemon peel, but those containing S31PG2 did not. Concentrated crude S31PG1 solutions also caused soft rot on lemon fruit, indicating that not S31PG2 but S31PG1 is an important pathogenicity factor in citrus sour rot. Next, the protopectinase (PP) activity of each PG was measured. Although S31PG1 and S31PG2 are highly homologous, S31PG1 had high PP activity, whereas S31PG2 had much lower activity. PG from G. candidum noncitrus race S63 (nonpathogenic to citrus fruits) was also assayed but did not have any PP activity at all. These results suggest that the different PP activities of the PGs are a key to the pathogenicity of G. candidum to lemon fruit.     

三重PCR检测黄瓜炭疽病菌、菌核病菌和细菌性萎蔫病菌

 本试验建立一种可同时检测黄瓜炭疽病(Colletotrichum orbiculare)、黄瓜菌核病(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary)和黄瓜细菌性萎蔫病(Erwinia tracheiphila)等黄瓜主要病害病原菌的三重PCR检测体系。采用正交试验设计方法, 对三重PCR的影响因素分析研究, 进行退火温度优化, 并以3个引物组、Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTP和Mg²⁺ 共6因素3水平进行多重PCR体系优化, 成功建立了适合黄瓜主要病害的三重PCR最佳检测体系, 即25 μL的反应体系中含有0.24 μmol·L^-1 CY1/CY2;0.72 μmol·L^-1 SSFWD/SSREV;0.336 μmol·L^-1 ET-P1/ ET-P2;1 U Taq聚合酶;0.15 mmol·L^-1 dNTP;1 mmol·L^-1 MgCl₂, 最适退火温度为63℃。该方法能够快速从田间黄瓜发病植株和根围土壤中将黄瓜炭疽病菌、黄瓜菌核病菌和黄瓜细菌性萎蔫病菌检测出来, 灵敏度可以达到10 pg·μL^-1。     

Fruit rot of Strawberry pear (pitaya) caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bipolaris cactivora</Emphasis>

Strawberry pear (pitahaya, pitaya) [Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. and Rose] postharvest fruit rot was found at an agricultural products store in Itoman city, Okinawa Prefecture in 2006. The symptoms included depressed, water-soaked lesions with olive to black powdery spots coalescing into a soft rot. The causal fungus was identified as Bipolaris cactivora (Petrak) Alcorn. This is the first report of strawberry pear fruit rot caused by B. cactivora.     

取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内可培养细菌的多样性

为明确取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella幼虫肠道可培养细菌种类组成的多样性及其差异,分别对取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾4龄幼虫的肠道细菌进行分离培养,根据菌落形态和生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对菌株进行分类鉴定。结果表明,从取食马铃薯块茎的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内共分离获得细菌有4门8科10属15种,其中褪色沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescen和乙酸钙不动杆菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus为优势种,其相对多度分别为17.20%和16.06%。从取食马铃薯叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内共分离获得细菌有4门10科10属16种,其中琥珀葡萄球菌Staphylococcus succinus和乙酸钙不动杆菌为优势种,其相对多度分别为11.86%和15.07%。取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内相同的可培养细菌有4属5种,分别为褪色沙雷氏菌、深红沙雷氏菌Serratia rubidaea、阿氏肠杆菌Enterobacter asburiae、乙酸钙不动杆菌和琥珀葡萄球菌。表明取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾...     

Internal fruit rot of netted melon caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pantoea ananatis</Emphasis> (=<Emphasis Type="Italic">Erwinia ananas</Emphasis>) in Japan

An internal fruit rot with a malodor was found in netted melons (Cucumis melo L.) in commercial greenhouses in Kochi Prefecture, Japan, in 1998, despite their healthy appearance and lack of water-soaking or brown spots on the surface. A yellow bacterium was consistently isolated from the affected fruits. To confirm the pathogenicity of eight representative isolates of the yellow bacterium, we stub-inoculated ovaries (immature-fruits) 5–7 days after artificial pollination, with a pin smeared with bacteria. After the melon fruits had grown for 60 more days, an internal fruit rot resembling the natural infection appeared, and the inoculated bacterium was reisolated. The melon isolates had properties identical with Pantoea ananatis, such as gram-negative staining, facultative anaerobic growth, indole production, phenylalanine deaminase absence, and acid production from melibiose, sorbitol, glycerol, and inositol. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that the melon bacterium positioned closely with known P. ananatis strains. The melon bacterium had indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis genes (iaaM and iaaH) and a cytokinin biosynthesis gene (etz). The bacterium could be distinguished from the other ‘Pantoea’ group strains by rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting. From these results, the causal agent of internal fruit rot was identified as a strain of P.ananatis [Serrano in (Philipp J Sci 36:271–305, 1928); Mergaert et al. in (Int J Syst Bacteriol 43:162–173, 1993)]. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ database under accessions AB297969, AB373739, AB373740, AB373741, AB373742, AB373743 and AB373744.     

进境韩国大花蕙兰上唐菖蒲伯克氏菌的分离鉴定及生物学研究

 大花蕙兰（Cymbidium hybridum）,又名虎头兰、喜姆比兰,兰科、兰属多年生草本植物,是近几年我国花卉市场上流行的高档室内盆栽花卉。大花蕙兰的杂交育种已有一百多年的历史,每年新增加的品种有几十种之多。近年来,我国检验检疫部门分别从各入境口岸的进境大花蕙兰中多次发现携带有菊基腐病菌（Erwinia chrysanthemi）、兰花细菌性褐腐病菌（Erwinia cypripedii）、建兰花叶病毒（Cymbidium mosaic virus）等多种病原生物,均有潜伏期长、发病率高等特点。入境大花蕙兰种苗携带植物病原细菌、病毒等有害生物隐蔽性强、风险较高。     

河南省玉米茎基部镰刀菌的形态和分子鉴定

 为明确河南省玉米茎基部镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)的种群组成及分布, 2011和2012年, 我们采集了河南省14个地市42个县(区)的玉米茎基腐病病样, 分离得到163个镰刀菌单孢菌株。首先对菌株进行了形态学鉴定, 在此基础上使用镰刀菌种特异性引物进行了PCR检测;对于部分PCR检测未能确认的菌株进行了Translation elongation factor 1-α(TEF-1α)基因片段测序及BLAST分析, 最终将163个菌株鉴定到种。结果表明在163个菌株中, 禾谷镰刀菌F. graminearum为优势种, 占44.2%(72株), 其次为层出镰刀菌F. proliferatum和轮枝镰刀菌F. verticillioides, 分别占28.8%(47株)和27.0%(44株)。豫西北的焦作(47.6%)、洛阳(50.0%)及豫中的许昌(45.5%)均以F. verticillioides为主, 豫东的商丘(42.9%)、开封(57.1%)以F. proliferatum为主, 豫北的安阳(66.7%)、濮阳(71.4%)、新乡(62.5%)和豫南的南阳(57.1%)、驻马店(45.0%)以及中部的郑州(57.1%)、漯河(66.7%)则均以F. graminearum为优势种。     

Monilia mumecola, a new brown rot fungus on Prunus mume in Japan

In 1982, an anamorphic fungus in the genus Monilia was first isolated as the causal agent of brown rot disease of Japanese apricot or mume (Prunus mume) in Oita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. Inoculation of flowers, shoots, and fruit of P. mume with the fungus reproduced brown rot disease symptoms similar to those found in nature. The fungus somewhat resembled the colony appearance of Monilinia (anamorph Monilia) laxa, the apricot brown rot fungus, on PSA plates, but it differed from the latter and the other two brown rot fungi, M. fructigena and M. fructicola, in terms of growth rate, temperature optima for mycelial growth and sporulation, morphology and germination pattern of conidia, nuclear number in the conidium, and nucleotide sequences in the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. It is newly described as Monilia mumecola Y. Harada, Y. Sasaki & T. Sano. A key to anamorphic states of four brown rot fungi of fruit trees is provided.