枣果黑斑病病菌对新疆不同枣树品种的致病性

为了明确新疆阿克苏、和田地区不同枣树品种上枣果黑斑病的发生情况和病原菌(Alternaria alternata)对不同枣树品种的致病性差异,本研究采用五点取样法调查了该病害在田间枣树不同品种上的发生情况,并在室内采用菌饼、孢子悬浮液和菌丝等3种接种体对离体枣果进行致病性测定。田间调查结果表明:枣果黑斑病在‘骏枣’和‘壶瓶枣’上发生最为严重,发病率均高于30%;在‘圆脆枣’、‘马牙枣’和‘酸枣’上未发生。室内优选菌饼作为接种体对离体枣果的致病性测定结果显示,病原菌对‘骏枣’、‘壶瓶枣’的致病性最强,病情指数≥40,对‘灰枣’、‘冬枣’、‘赞皇枣’和‘马牙枣’的致病性最弱。研究结果为枣果黑斑病抗病品种的选育提供依据。     

南疆枣园枣叶瘿蚊及捕食性天敌的发生动态和空间分布

枣叶瘿蚊Dasineura jujubifolia是新疆枣树上一种重要害虫。明确枣园枣叶瘿蚊及捕食性天敌的发生动态与空间分布,将为科学防控枣园枣叶瘿蚊提供科学依据。本研究于2021—2022年在新疆南部阿克苏地区采用水盘诱捕法和目测法分别调查了枣园枣叶瘿蚊成虫、幼虫和捕食性天敌昆虫种群消长动态,及枣叶瘿蚊幼虫对枣树叶片的为害情况。同时,比较了枣叶瘿蚊幼虫和捕食性天敌数量、枣树叶片受害程度在枣树不同方位间的差异。结果表明：枣叶瘿蚊主要发生在5、6月,种群发生存在2个明显高峰期;成虫发生1周后幼虫开始为害,2～3周后下一代成虫羽化。枣园捕食性天敌主要是瓢虫和草蛉,种群数量较低。每年5、6月枣叶瘿蚊幼虫对枣树叶片为害严重,嫩叶受害率为6.2%～17.8%,枣吊受害率为11.0%～33.8%。枣叶瘿蚊幼虫的种群密度、捕食性天敌数量、枣树叶片受害程度在枣树东、西、南、北四个方位之间无明显差异;枣树叶片受害程度与枣叶瘿蚊幼虫的密度呈显著正相关关系。本研究明确了南疆阿克苏地区枣园枣叶瘿蚊及捕食性天敌昆虫种群消长动态及枣叶瘿蚊幼虫对枣树叶片的为害规律,为枣叶瘿蚊的防控提供了科学依据。     

新嫁接枣树对枣黏虫越冬场所和虫态的影响

为探索枣树嫁接对枣黏虫越冬场所和虫态的影响,调查了枣树主干、主枝、侧枝嫁接部位、主干绑缚防虫带部位枣黏虫的越冬情况。结果表明,在10~15年生枣树(尚未形成老翘皮)的新嫁接区,枣黏虫已向新越冬场所转移,在4个调查部位均有越冬蛹,以主干防虫带处越冬蛹数最高,平均达16头左右,其次为主干和主枝嫁接部位,平均达6~8头,越冬蛹存活率均在60%以上。另发现枣黏虫除以蛹越冬外,在新嫁接处还有越冬幼虫存在,这些幼虫可能会对枣树的新愈伤组织造成危害。本研究表明枣树栽培模式的改变对枣黏虫的越冬场所和越冬虫态均有一定的影响作用。     

枣疯病的发生与防治

枣疯病又叫枣树丛枝病、枣火龙病、扫帚病.是我国枣树上的毁灭性病害.枣树病情轻的因疯长而不结果,或很少结果,群众称之为"公枣树".病情重的造成死枝、死树,特别严重者会造成整片枣园毁灭.     

枣焦叶病的发生规律及综合防治措施

文章报道了孝昌县枣树上的一种新病害——枣焦叶病,从该病的分布、病原物、病状特点、病害循环、发病因素方面论述了其发生规律,从清除越冬茵源、搞好健身栽培、治虫防病、化学防治方面提出了综合防治措施。     

新疆枣果黑斑病发生规律及温湿度对其的影响

为明确新疆枣果黑斑病的发生规律,于2012—2014年在新疆和田、阿克苏地区的枣园定点观察,采用常规组织分离法分离培养采集自枣树不同组织中的病菌,依据枣树不同部位病菌的分离率分析枣果黑斑病菌的主要越冬场所及方式、发病时间和致病关键因子等。结果表明:枣果黑斑病菌主要以分生孢子的形式在树皮和落叶上越冬;病菌整年存在于主干树皮上,分离率达80%~100%;病菌于5月中旬开始侵染枣花,分离率最高达83%~86%;一年生枝条和叶片均在6月初被侵染,分离率分别为71%~84%和85%~95%;6月下旬病菌开始侵染枣果,分离率为50%~58%;枣果上病菌的分离率与空气中的温湿度呈正相关,在枣果膨大期和白熟期,当温度达到25~28℃、相对湿度高于70%并持续2周时,枣果中病菌的分离率急剧增加。     

枣疯病传病途径的研究

 枣疯病是我国枣树上一种严重的传染性病害。多年试验表明:土壤、花粉、种子均不传病,病叶汁液接种以及病健树根系在地下的自然接触也不传病;人工嫁接虽可传病,但枣树繁殖一般不通过嫁接,因而不是自然传病的途径。经过对在枣树上活动害虫的系统调查,1980年于河北玉田选常见的11种叶蝉进行了传病实验,证明橙带拟菱纹叶蝉(Hishimonides aurifacialis Kuoh)、凹缘菱纹叶蝉(Hishimonus sellatus Ulhler)和红闪小叶蝉(Typhlocyba sp.)均能传播枣疯病。从接种发病的实生枣苗维管束和媒介叶蝉的唾液腺的超薄切片中,都检查到枣疯病原类菌原体。鉴于这三种叶蝉普遍存在于北方枣区。因此,认为是枣疯病在北方枣区自然传病的主要媒介。     

抗枣疯病品种‘星光’的田间抗病特征

枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill.是我国重要的优势特色果树,枣疯病(jujube witches'broom)是由植原体引起的、在枣树上发生最普遍、危害最严重的传染性病害~([1-2]).抗病品种的应用可以从根本上解决新建枣园中枣疯病的发生与蔓延.     

不同灌水下限对灰枣树生长及水分利用效率的影响

为探究不同灌水下限对新疆典型绿洲区灰枣树生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2017年在新疆建设兵团第二师38团开展了大田试验,以7 a灰枣树为试验材料,设置了滴灌方式下4个灌水下限(T1、T2、T3、T4,分别为田间持水率的40%、55%、70%、85%)。研究结果表明:随灌水下限的降低枣吊生长受到明显抑制,处理T1的枣吊长度较处理T4减少了31.84%。灌水下限对枣树产量及果实比例均有重要影响,处理T2、T3较处理T4产量提高了11.26%、4.48%,一级果果实比例提高了35.66%、21.76%。降低灌水下限有利于提高枣树水分利用效率,处理T1、T2、T3较处理T4提高了10.10%～28.28%。在沙漠绿洲区灌水下限为田间持水率的55%比较适宜灰枣的生长发育,既可抑制枣树过度营养生长、促进生殖生长、提高其水分利用效率,亦可获得较高产量。     

山西枣黑顶病致病因素分析

为了探明枣黑顶病的致病因素,在山西省晋中枣区选取5个有代表性的枣园,调查了枣黑顶病发病规律,对病果上的病原菌进行了分离与回接试验,测定了发病枣树的枣叶、枣果氟含量及大气的氟含量,并进行了氟化物浸果诱导黑顶病试验.结果表明:枣黑顶病的发病规律与普通侵染性病害不同;枣黑顶病在枣果膨大期、白熟期和成熟期均可发病,从黑顶病痛果中分离到6种真菌,对这些病原菌进行回接试验,均未诱导出与黑顶病相似的症状;枣黑顶病发病率与大气氟含量、枣叶片含氟量、枣果含氟量呈正相关关系;用氟化氢溶液也成功地诱导出枣黑顶病.说明氟污染是枣黑顶病的主要病因.     

甘草根腐病病原菌鉴定

 甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish.)别名甜草、蜜草、甜根子, 为豆科多年生草本植物, 以根与根茎入药, 具有补脾益气、清热解毒、祛痰止咳、缓急止痛、调和诸药之功效, 是我国临床常用的中药材, 也可用作食品添加剂。甘草主要分布在我国的内蒙古、甘肃和宁夏, 在青海、陕西、新疆、黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、河北、山西等地局部地区也有分布。宁夏盐池县是我国乌拉尔甘草的重要产区, 面积大、贮量多、品质好, 1995年被誉为“中国甘草之乡” ^[1]。近年来, 野生甘草遭到了大规模采挖, 甘草蕴藏量急剧减少, 目前主要通过人工种植来满足市场需求。随着甘草种植面积的不断扩大, 甘草病虫害日趋严重, 根腐病危害尤为突出, 直接影响甘草的产量和品质, 造成巨大经济损失。     

Root rot pathogens in field soil,roots and seeds in relation to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), disease and seed production

The interrelationships among bean productivity, prevalence of pathogens in roots, seeds and soil, and root rot disease were described at the pod maturity stage in 13 commercial fields. The soil population and frequency of pathogens isolated from seeds varied by pathogen species and field location. Fusarium solani was the most prevalent fungus isolated from bean seeds and field soil compared to Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and F. oxysporum. Principal component analysis revealed that the first component explaining 32% of the total variance was correlated with the root rot index. PC1 was more strongly linked to root and seed infections in comparison with soil populations of pathogens. Based on a correlation between PC2 (accounting for 23% of the total variance) and the number of seeds per bean plant, charcoal, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia root rots were recognized as more important determinants of seed losses to root rot disease. There were correlations among the major pathogens infecting either roots or seeds of beans. These findings provide useful information for future experimental plans to optimize management strategies for bean root rots.     

呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病病原菌鉴定及致病性测定

为确定引起呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病的病原菌种类,采用常规组织分离法对采集的疑似苜蓿根腐病病样进行病原菌分离与培养,利用形态学观察结合分子生物学方法对分离物代表菌株进行鉴定,并采用土壤接种法对代表菌株的致病性进行测定。结果表明,共分离获得6类形态学特征不同的分离物,各随机选择1株代表菌株进行鉴定,结合分子生物学鉴定结果确定呼和浩特市苜蓿根腐病病原菌有6种,分别是麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti、变红镰刀菌F. incarnatum、锐顶镰刀菌F. acuminatum和织球壳枯萎菌Plectosphaerella cucumerina,分别分离到1、7、14、26、7和14株菌株,占总分离菌株数的1.45%、10.14%、20.29%、37.68%、10.14%和20.29%。其中,立枯丝核菌的致病力最强,接种苜蓿幼苗发病的病情指数达82.67,其次为木贼镰刀菌、变红镰刀菌、锐顶镰刀菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌和织球壳枯萎菌,病情指数分别为72.67、62.67、58.67、52....     

Induced resistance against Fusarium diseases of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cymbidium</Emphasis> species by weakly virulent strain HPF-1 (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> sp.)

The mechanism by which Fusarium diseases of cymbidium plants are suppressed by a weakly virulent strain HPF-1 of Fusarium sp. was studied. Strain HPF-1 produced microscopic, necrotic local lesions on cymbidium leaves, causing minor damage to palisade tissues at the infection sites. This weakly virulent strain remained near the site of infection and did not develop further. It systemically and nonselectively suppressed some diseases of cymbidium such as yellow spot of leaves caused by Fusarium proliferatum and F. fractiflexum, bulb and root rot caused by F. oxysporum, and dry rot of bulbs and roots caused by F. solani. Because endogenous salicylic acid levels increased in cymbidium leaves inoculated with strain HPF-1, the mechanism of disease suppression is thought to be systemic acquired resistance.     

Occurrence of foliar rot of pak choy and Chinese mustard caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB in China

During December 2003, leaf rot was frequently observed on leaves of pak choy and Chinese mustard in Xishuangbanna district of Yunnnan Province, China. Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani, consistently obtained from the diseased leaves, were identical to anastomosis group (AG)-1 IB based on cultural characteristics and analysis of the ITS-5.8s rDNA region. This is the first report of foliar rot of pak choy and Chinese mustard caused by R. solani AG-1 IB in China.     

玉米内生菌L10的分离、鉴定及拮抗活性

为获得对玉米茎腐病主要病原菌禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum有明显拮抗作用的玉米内生菌,采用平板对峙法从成熟健康玉米茎秆中筛选禾谷镰孢拮抗菌株,并分析其抗菌谱;通过形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析进行菌种鉴定;利用盆栽生防试验检测其对玉米茎腐病的防治效果。结果表明,共分离获得了164株玉米内生细菌菌株,其中L10菌株对禾谷镰孢具有较好的抑制效果,抑菌圈半径达1.68 cm;该菌对玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica、层出镰孢F. proliferatum、禾谷镰孢F. graminearum、拟轮枝镰孢F. verticilliodes、玉米弯孢叶斑病菌Curvularia lunata、玉米小斑病菌Bipolaris maydis、立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、茄链格孢Alternaria solani共8种植物病原菌均有拮抗作用,尤其对禾谷镰孢抑制效果最佳;结合形态特征、生理生化性质及16S rDNA序列分析,将L10菌株鉴定为多粘类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa。L10菌株脂肽类物质对禾谷镰孢菌具有较好的抑制活性,且盆栽生防试验结果显示该菌株对玉米茎腐病具有一定的防治效果。表明菌株L10对玉米镰孢茎腐病的防治具有一定潜力。     

Identification,pathogenicity and community dynamics of fungi and oomycetes associated with pea root rot in northern France

The pea root rot complex is a major concern for green pea production worldwide. This study aimed at characterizing its composition and dynamics throughout a cropping season in northern France. To this end, fungi and oomycetes were isolated from green pea plant roots with symptoms sampled at the flowering stage in 22 fields in 2017, and at the pea emergence, elongation and flowering stages in two fields in 2018. Out of 646 isolates collected, 317 were identified using molecular markers. Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and F. redolens were highly predominant. Pathogenicity tests separated the isolates into four aggressiveness groups. F. solani isolates were the most aggressive. Phylogenetic analysis of their TEF1 sequences showed that they mainly belonged to the F. pisi lineage, and that F. oxysporum isolates were genetically close to isolates from the UK that did not belong to the forma specialis pisi. In addition, several Clonostachys rhizophaga isolates are reported for the first time to cause pea root rot. The oomycetes were rarely found and were represented by a few Pythium spp. isolates. Lastly, this study shows that the fungal and oomycete communities associated with pea root rot change during the cropping season. The level of dissimilarity of the root-rot-associated communities decreased throughout the cropping season towards a more similar composition at the flowering stage, dominated by F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. redolens. The proportion of nonpathogenic to weakly pathogenic isolates decreased progressively during the growing season in favour of moderately to highly pathogenic isolates.     

枸杞根腐病病原菌鉴定及其拮抗菌的筛选

为了针对根腐病实施有效的生物防治,分离鉴定枸杞根腐病病原菌及其拮抗菌,采用组织分离法获得腐根上的病原菌,结合形态学与分子生物学特征鉴定病原菌;利用稀释涂布、滤纸片法和共培养法从健康根际土壤筛选拮抗细菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析对拮抗效果较好的菌株进行鉴定。结果表明：从枸杞根腐病分离得到腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）和尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）两种主要致病菌,从健康枸杞根际土壤中分离获得12株对两种镰刀菌具有拮抗作用的细菌,其中J7-3、J7-8、J7-9和J10-8对腐皮镰刀菌的抑菌率均在80%以上,J7-3和J10-8对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌率均在70%以上。菌株J7-3和J10-8对根腐病病原菌的抑菌作用较好,分别鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）,其中J10-8的拮抗作用和溶菌效果最好,可作为研发微生物菌剂的菌种资源。     

浙江省铁皮石斛根腐病病原真菌的鉴定

为明确铁皮石斛根腐病病原真菌,于其主产地浙江省金华市武义县收集铁皮石斛根腐病病株,采用平板分离方法对病原真菌进行分离,使用镰刀菌种特异性引物并结合ITS和TEF序列分析及形态学鉴定确定该镰刀菌的分类地位。结果表明,共分离纯获得真菌117株,其中有105株镰刀菌;经分子生物学分析及形态学鉴定结果显示,分离出的镰刀菌为层出镰刀菌Fusarium prolife‐mum、茄病镰刀菌F. solani、尖孢镰刀菌F. oxysporum和厚垣镰刀菌F. chlamydosporum四个种,其中层出镰刀菌在数量上具有优势地位,占总镰刀菌数的44.8%;茄病镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、厚垣镰刀菌分别占总镰刀菌数的21.0%、15.2%和19.0%。在致病性测定中发现层出镰刀菌和茄病镰刀菌并不具备致病性,尖孢镰刀菌的致病性明显弱于厚垣镰刀菌,表明厚垣镰刀菌为浙江省金华市武义县铁皮石斛根腐病的主要致病菌。     

Effect of chitin on biological control activity of Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma harzianum against root rot disease in pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants

Two bacterial isolates and one strain of Trichoderma harzianum were tested alone and in combination with chitin for efficacy in control of root rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici and Rhizoctonia solani in pepper plants under greenhouse conditions. These bacteria (Bacillus subtilis HS93 and B. licheniformis LS674) were isolated from repeatedly washed roots of pepper plants. In in vitro assays, HS93, LS674 and T. harzianum were antagonistic against P. capsici and R. solani and produced high levels of chitinase. Seed treatment and root drenching with bacterial suspensions of HS93 with 0.5% chitin was more effective against Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia root rot than addition of the organisms without chitin. LS674 and T. harzianum reduced Rhizoctonia but not Phytophthora root rot. In two greenhouse tests, seed treatment and root drenching with HS93 amended with chitin enhanced its biocontrol activity against P. capsici but not on R. solani. The effects of LS674 and T. harzianum against R. solani were significantly enhanced when they were used as suspensions with 0.5% chitin for root drenching, but this had no effect on P. capsici. In both greenhouse experiments, the use of 0.5% chitin alone for root drenching reduced Rhizoctonia root rot. Reduction of root rot disease was accompanied by increased yield. These results show that the antagonistic activity of HS93, LS674 and T. harzianum may be stimulated by chitin resulting in significant improvements in their effectiveness against pathogens.