Analysis of Growth, Leaf and Fruit of Cinnamomum camphora Superior Trees

文章通过分析2003年广东省所选樟树优树的生长与叶果性状,从多个角度证明了5株优势木法选出的樟树优树是合理的,大部分数量指标完全超过5株优势木,樟树优树的叶果性状在个体及种源间均呈极显著差异.动态聚类分析显示樟树优树叶果有7种类型,其中长叶重圆果型、圆叶轻圆果型和圆叶重圆果型较多,分别占所选优树的23.0％、41.4％和23.0％.     

黎蒴优树表型分析及其叶果性状研究

本文对2003年在全省范围内所选的部分黎蒴优树进行表型分析,并对着重对其叶、果的性状加于研究。分析结果表明：多个角度证明了5株优势木法选出的黎蒴优树是合理的,大部分数量指标完全超过5株优势木,体现优中选优的的特点。方差分析结果显示：黎蒴优树的叶果性状无论从家系间或种源间均呈极显著差异。动态聚类分析显示黎蒴优树叶果有3种类型,第1类为重果圆叶型,有8个家系;第3类为轻果尖叶型,有90个家系;第3类介于第1、3类之间,有69个家系。     

黧蒴优树表型分析及其叶果性状研究

对2003年在全省范围内所选的黧蒴优树进行表型分析，着重研究了其叶、果的性状。结果表明：多个角度证明了5株优势木法选黧蒴优树的方法是合理的，大部分数量指标完全超过5株优势木，体现优中选优的特点。方差分析结果表明：黧蒴优树的叶果性状无论从家系间或种源间均呈极显著差异。动态聚类分析显示黧蒴优树叶果有3种类型，第1类为重果圆叶型，有8个家系；第3类为轻果尖叶型，有90个家系；第2类介于第1、3类之间，有69个家系。     

枫香优树生长与叶果性状分析

研究以2003年在广东省范围内所选枫香Liquidambar formosana优树为试验材料,对其进行进行表型分析,着重研究其生长与叶果性状.结果 表明:枫香在广东以天然林为主,少量分布在人工林中;树龄集中在20～30 a,其次是30～50 a;胸径、树高生长性状分析表明5株优势木法选出的枫香优树是合理的,以现有资源中最优的种质材料为遗传改良的基础材料,该批优树胸径与5株优势木平均胸径差异幅度大于20％的有52株,占78.8％,枫香优树胸径年均生长量在0.5～2.0 cm之间的有126株,占总数的94.1％;枫香优树大部分树高年均生长量在0.7 m以下,共98株,占75.9％.高径比大部分集中在30～60,共93株占70％.方差分析结果表明:枫香优树的叶果性状在个体及种源间均呈极显著差异(P＜0.0001).     

西藏柏木优树选择研究

通过对220个样地调查资料分析，得出以胸径为主要选择性状，辅以树高及形质指标作为西藏柏木优树选择依据。优树标准为：树高、胸径为样地均值加2．64和3．0个标准差，或树高大于三株优势木24．7％，大于五株优势木29．0％；胸径分别大于三、五株优势木47．5％和53．2％；树干通直无弯(树干通直度I级)；直立不倒伏(树干倒伏级I级)；高径比80-l10；健康且树型为尖塔型或圆锥型。通过评分法确定总分90分以上为I级优树。     

尾叶桉优树选择标准研究

以7个种源的194个尾叶桉家系试验林为材料,初选尾叶桉优树48株,优势木240株。综合评定尾叶桉选优标准为胸径、树高、材积分别超过5株优势木均值的10％、13％、17％,超过林分平均木均值的13％、16％、25％;确定干形、分枝均匀度为优树选择时需要考虑的2个主要形质指标。     

木荷优树生长与叶果性状分析

从木荷(Schima superba)优树树龄结构、选优林分起源和表型性状进行分析.结果表明,由于人为破坏,木荷大龄资源较少,仅有40%的优树处于最佳采种年龄;选优林分起源相对合理,天然林选出的优树株数占比达52.1%,次生林和人工林选出的优树株数分别占24.9%、22.9%;树高、胸径生长性状分析认为五株优势木法选出的木荷优树是合理、有效的,通过比较,在现有资源中选出最优的种质材料,作为遗传改良的基础材料,本批优树胸径与5株优势木平均胸径差异幅度大于20%以上的优树有146株,占比达69.52%;优树胸径年均生长量达速生指标的有173株,占86.43%,而树高生长量达速生指标的优树有175株,占68.05%;从形质性状分析结果显示,优良树干尖削度,即高径比在50以上的优树有114株,占比达61.63%;在冠幅方面,优良冠幅的优树,即冠幅小于等于6 m的有128株,占总株数的53.56%.木荷优树的叶果性状在个体及种源间均呈极显著差异(P<0.01),聚类分析显示木荷优树叶果有4种类型.在以后深入研究中,应对生长量大、尖削度小且为窄冠型优树的研究与利用加以重视.     

芳樟醇型樟树选优与其无性系的含樟油性状评价

以樟树枝叶樟油得油率高和芳樟醇含量高为主要选优目的,在广西的樟树自然分布区及樟树的人工种植地筛选出芳樟醇型樟树优株10株。采用其中的4个优株的组培苗和扦插苗进行无性系造林,对其无性系幼树枝叶的含樟油性状进行评价。与实生苗幼树相比,其优树无性系幼树枝叶的樟油醇含量高出9.2%~12.6%,芳樟醇含量高出8.5%~11.7%,而樟脑含量低于0.59%~0.51%,充分显示了樟树优树无性系所含樟油的优良经济性状,其樟油主成分含量与原优株保持一致性。樟树优株无性系幼树枝叶樟油得油率及其主成分含量,以每年的10月份最高,其次是9月份,此时是每年采收樟树枝叶的最佳月份。     

大叶栎优树选择标准的研究

采用5株优势木和平均木对比法,在广西、广东、福建、湖南4省(区)7个县的大叶栎天然次生林中,共初选出大叶栎优树66株,优势木330株。经统计分析,确定大叶栎天然次生林中的大叶栎优树选择标准为:其树高应超过优势木平均树高的11%,胸径应超过优势木平均胸径的22%,材积应超过优势木平均材积的64%。该标准适用于大叶栎天然分布区用材林大叶栎优树选择。     

综合评分与PCA在直干大叶相思选优中的应用*

应用５株优势木法在海南岛尖峰岭和琼海的２０ｈｍ＾２大叶相思人工林中初选出优树１０株，入选率为１‰，对候选优树的树高、胸径、干形、冠形和健康状况等１０个因子进行测定井数量化，所得数据运用ＳＴＡＴ程序进行方差分析和主成分分析。结果表明：优树、优势木和林分间高径生长的差异极显，影响优树质量性状的主要因子为高径生长、干形及自然整枝情况。综合评分显示：优树质量性状的得分大于５２，优树的高径生长应大于优势木     

Genetic diversity and association analyses of fruit traits with microsatellite ISSRs in Sapindus

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees(or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S.mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits(P<0.005) were identified, with 13, 1,and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp.     

渝东北核桃优良单株选择

为了选育本地核桃良种,在渝东北地区开展核桃优良单株的选择研究。通过对渝东北地区的64株初选核桃优树坚果的主要性状离散程度进行分析,对其中43株较优树的5个主要数量指标(三径均值、坚果质量、仁质量、壳厚、出仁率)进行主成分分析,以及对描述性指标(坚果外观、取仁难易、饱满程度、种仁颜色、风味)进行评分分析,进而选择坚果综合性状优良的核桃单株。根据主成分分析与描述性指标的评分,结果表明13、39、16号等16株核桃优良单株的坚果综合性状较好。     

Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 2. The selection of multiple traits for potential cultivars from Cameroon and Nigeria.

Ten fruit and kernel traits were assessed in 24 fruits of each of 152Irvingia gabonensis trees in three distinct populations in west and central Africa [2 populations of non-planted trees in Cameroon: Nko'ovos II (21 trees) and Elig-Nkouma (31 trees) and 1 population of planted trees in Nigeria: Ugwuaji (100 trees)]. Strong relationships were found between fruit weight and other fruit traits (e.g. flesh weight[r ² = 0.99: P < 0.001],fruit length [r ² = 0.74–0.83:P < 0.001], fruit width[r ² = 0.77–0.88: P< 0.001]). In contrast, relationships between kernel weight and other kernel/nut traits (e.g. shell weight and nut weight) were found to be weak[r ² = 0.009–0.37, P =0.058–0.001], with the exception of nut weight at Nko'ovos II(r ² = 0.65, P < 0.001).Relations hips between fruit and kernel traits (fruit massv. kernel mass, fruit mass v. shell mass, flesh mass v. kernel mass, nut massv. fruit mass and flesh depth v.kernel mass) were found to be very weak. This indicates that domestication through the selection and vegetative propagation of multiple-trait superior phenotypes is unlikely to be able to combine good fruit characteristics and good kernel characteristics within cultivars. Consequently, domestication activities should independently focus on ideotypes representing: 'fresh fruit' traits, and 'kernel' traits, that combine high values of the different fruit and kernel characteristics respectively. Evidence from this study indicates that selection of the three trees closest to the fruit ideotype per village as the mother plants for vegetative propagation and cultivar development, should give village level gains of 1.3 – 2-fold in fruit mass, and up to 1.5-fold in taste. Similarly for the kernel ideotype, selection of the three trees with the best fit would give potential gains in kernel mass of 1.4 – 1.6-fold. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fruit load and canopy shading affect leaf characteristics and net gas exchange of 'Spring' navel orange trees

Five-year-old 'Spring' navel (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) orange trees were completely defruited, 50% defruited or left fully laden to study effects of fruit load on concentrations of nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate, net assimilation of CO2 (Ac) and stomatal conductance (gs) of mature leaves on clear winter days just before fruit harvest. Leaves on defruited trees were larger, had higher starch concentrations and greater leaf dry mass per area (LDMa) than leaves on fruited trees. Both Ac and gs were more than 40% lower in sunlit leaves on defruited trees than in sunlit leaves on trees with fruit. Leaves immediately adjacent to fruit were smaller, had lower leaf nitrogen and carbohydrate concentrations, lower LDMa and lower Ac than leaves on non-fruiting branches of the same trees. Removing half the crop increased individual fruit mass, but reduced fruit color development. Half the trees were shaded with 50% shade cloth for 4 months before harvest to determine the effects of lower leaf temperature (Tl) and leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference on leaf responses. On relatively warm days when sunlit Tl > 25 degrees C, shade increased Ac and gs, but had no effect on the ratio of internal to ambient CO2 (Ci/Ca) concentration in leaves, implying that high mesophyll temperatures in sunlit leaves were more important than gs in limiting Ac. Sunlit leaves were more photoinhibited than shaded leaves on cooler days when Tl < 25 degrees C. Shade decreased total soluble sugar concentrations in leaves, but had no effect on leaf starch concentrations. Shading had no effects on canopy volume, yield or fruit size, but shaded fruit developed better external color than sun-exposed fruit. Overall, the presence of a normal fruit crop resulted in lower foliar carbohydrate concentrations and higher Ac compared with defruited trees, except on warm days when Ac was reduced by high leaf temperatures.     

梅州不同区域油茶表型性状分析

对梅州地区梅江区(MJ)、梅县区(MX)和平远县(PY)、大埔县(DB)、丰顺县(FS)、五华县(WH)等6个不同区域的油茶花、叶及果3种器官的17个表型性状进行差异性分析。结果表明:梅州地区油茶的表型性状多样性均较丰富,其中花的表型多样性最为丰富。6个不同区域之间油茶的花、叶、果的17个表型性状的差异均达到极显著。表型性状最优的2个居群是FS和PY,其中FS的花冠直径最大,达59.16mm;柱头裂数最多,约8个;油茶鲜籽质量最大,达8.71 g;鲜果出籽率最高,达40.85%。PY的萼片数最多,约4片;花瓣数最多,约4片;叶宽最大,达27.79 mm;侧脉对数最多,约8对;单果质量最大,达22.22 g;平均果径最大,达33.76 mm;籽数最多,约5粒。聚类分析将梅州地区油茶表型性状分为大叶、小花、大果及出籽率低与小叶、大花、小果及出籽率高2种类型。     

浙江省农家柿品种数量分类研究

对浙江省76份农家柿品种进行表型分析与数量分类研究。结果表明:描述性状呈现多样性,果实、叶片、枝条等组织器官形态特征均有丰富的变化;数量性状各指标变异系数为0.11~0.88,变异程度较高。对农家柿品种进行数量性状分级:当以单果质量81、123 g为分级点划分时,小果型品种占30%,大果型品种占30%,中果型品种占40%;当以果形指数0.9和1.1为分级点划分时,扁果形品种占30%,圆果形品种占40%,长果形品种占30%。对表型指标进行主成分分析,前4个主成分可归纳出综合因子,第1、2、4主成分分别归纳为果实综合因子、叶片综合因子、枝条综合因子,第3主成分主要与果实性状有关,并可去除特征向量值绝对值在0.50以下的指标,实现指标的优化;对优化的指标进行Q聚类分析,在不同分划线和阈值处,各类群特征表现各异,聚类结果与柿传统形态学分类较相符,并可将金枣柿系列和其它柿品种明显分为两类;R聚类分析则显示较多果实性状聚为一类,枝条、叶片等性状并未有明显规律,但却发现一些与柿营养生长相关的表型性状聚为一类。本研究也初步解决了农家柿品种中存在的同名异物和同物异名现象,通过观察比较和聚类分析,最终确认这76份农家柿品种实际品种数量为68个。     

Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra)in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic variation in fruit traits

Studies of tree-to-tree variation in fruit traits are a pre-requisite for cultivar development. Fruits were collected from each of 63 marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and from 55 trees from the North Central Region of Namibia. The South African trees were in farmers fields, communal land and natural woodland, at three sites: Acornhoek road, Allandale/Green Valley and Andover/Wits Rural Facility. The Namibian trees were all from farmers fields in three areas: North east, North west and West. The fruits were partitioned into skin and flesh/juice to examine the extent of the variation found in different components of marula fruits from different trees. Namibian fruits were significantly larger than those from South Africa (26.7 vs 20.1 g), due to their greater pulp mass (22.2 vs 16.2 g), especially the flesh/juice component. In South African fruits, those from farmers fields were significantly larger in all components (Fruit mass = 23.6 vs 19.3 and 18.0 g in natural woodland and communal land respectively). In Namibia, mean fruit mass did not differ significantly across sites (25.5 − 27.0 g). However, within each sample there was highly significant and continuous variation between trees in the pulp (S Africa = 7.5 − 31.3 g; Namibia = 8.3 − 36.0 g) and flesh/juice mass (S Africa = 2.2 − 7.6g; Namibia = 3.8 − 22. 6g), indicating the potential for selection of trees producing superior products. The fruits of the Namibian trees were compared with the fruits from one superior tree (‘Namibian Wonder) with a mean fruit mass of 69.9 g The percentage frequency distribution of fruit mass from trees in farmers fields in South Africa was skewed, while being bimodal in North east and North west populations from Namibia, suggesting that at these sites farmers are engaged in domestication through truncated selection of the best mother trees. It is concluded that there are trees in on-farm populations that have great potential to be propagated vegetatively as selected cultivars.     

Domestication potential of Marula (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerocarya birrea</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">caffra</Emphasis>) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

An understanding of the inter-relationships between the traits characterising tree-to-tree variation in fruits and kernels is fundamental to the development of selected cultivars based on multiple trait selection. Using data from previously characterised marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and North Central Region of Namibia, this study examines the relationships between the different traits (fruit pulp, flesh/juice mass, and nut shell and kernel mass) as a means to determine the opportunities to develop cultivars. Strong and highly significant relationships were found between fruit mass and pulp mass in trees from South Africa and Namibia, indicating that size is a good predictor of fruit pulp production. However, fruit size is not a good predictor of nut or kernel production, as there were weak relationships between fruit and nut and/or kernel mass, which varied between sites and landuses. Generally, the relationships between fruit mass and kernel mass were weaker than between fruit mass and nut mass. Relationships between kernel mass and shell mass were generally weak. The lack of strong relationships between fruit and kernel mass does, however, imply that there are opportunities to identify trees with either big fruits/small nuts for pulp production, or trees with large kernels in relatively small fruits for kernel oil production. However, within fruits from the same tree, nuts could contain 0–4 kernels, indicating that even in trees with an inherent propensity for large kernels, improved pollination may be required to maximise kernel mass through an increase in kernel number. Finally, the relationships between percentage kernel oil content and the measured morphological traits were also very weak. The conclusions of these results are that there is merit in identifying different combinations of traits for the selection of trees producing either pulp or kernels. Consequently, fruit and kernel ‘ideotypes’ are presented as guides to the selection of elite trees for cultivar development. These results have important implications for the domestication of the species as a producer of fruits or kernels for food/beverages or cosmetic oils.