Increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase after an increase in cyclic AMP in intact smooth muscle

The role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase in relaxing smooth muscle was examined. The kinase was immunoprecipitated from tissue extracts and the phosphate content was determined. The addition of forskolin to resting or methacholine-contracted muscles resulted in an increase in myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase is one of the reactions in the process by which cyclic adenosine monophosphate causes relaxation of smooth muscle.     

蛋白质磷酸化对肌动球蛋白解离及其乙酰化水平的影响

[目的]研究肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白磷酸化对其乙酰化水平、肌动球蛋白解离及ATP酶活性的影响,为通过调控磷酸化水平改善肉品嫩度提供理论依据.[方法]以羊背最长肌为材料制备肌肉匀浆液,采用碱性磷酸酶抑制剂(抑制去磷酸化)和蛋白激酶抑制剂(抑制磷酸化)调控其磷酸化水平,在4℃分别孵育0、0.5、4、12、24、48和72 h...     

Phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin: evidence for cooperativity between the myosin heads

The relationship between the actin-activated adenosinetriphosphatase activity of smooth muscle myosin and the extent of myosin light chain phosphorylation is nonlinear. It is suggested that the phosphorylation of the two heads of smooth muscle myosin is an ordered process and that the two heads are influenced by cooperative interactions.     

宰后肌肉中肌球蛋白磷酸化调控肌动球蛋白解离作用机制

【目的】研究宰后肌肉中肌球蛋白磷酸化与肌动球蛋白解离之间的关系,分析其磷酸化水平的变化对肌动球蛋白解离的影响,探究肌球蛋白磷酸化对宰后肌肉肌节长度与嫩度的作用。【方法】取宰后30 min内的羊背最长肌,在4℃条件下分别成熟6、24、48和72 h,通过SDS-PAGE电泳、Pro-Q染色和蛋白质免疫印迹测定肌球蛋白的磷酸化水平和肌动球蛋白解离程度随宰后时间的变化;测定肌动球蛋白ATP酶的活性,分析宰后不同时间点肌球蛋白与肌动蛋白结合作用力的强弱;采用透射电镜分析宰后肌节长度随时间的变化。【结果】研究发现宰后肌肉中肌球蛋白轻链2的磷酸化水平在0.5—48 h快速降低(P0.05),并在48 h达到最低点,在48—72 h有所升高(P0.05),但其最终磷酸化水平明显低于初始值。肌动球蛋白的解离程度在宰后初期(0.5—6 h)显著降低(P0.05),在6—48 h显著升高(P0.05),并于48—72 h维持稳定,其最终解离程度显著高于宰后0.5 h的初始值。肌动球蛋白ATPase活性在宰后初期(0.5—6 h)略有升高,6—24 h快速上升(P0.05),并在24 h达到最高点,24—72 h逐渐降低;而肌节长度的变化则与之相反,呈先下降后上升的趋势,并在24 h达到肌节最短点。【结论】羊宰后肌肉中的肌球蛋白轻链2磷酸化水平的变化对肌球蛋白与肌动蛋白的相互作用有较大的影响,且肌节收缩(肌球蛋白与肌动蛋白的相互作用力)与肌动球蛋白的解离(肌球蛋白与肌动蛋白的相互作用量)并不是一个同步的进程。肌球蛋白轻链2的磷酸化修饰负向调控肌动球蛋白解离和肌动球蛋白ATPase活性,导致肌节的收缩与舒张,进而调控肉品最终的嫩度。     

Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase by p21-activated kinase

p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are implicated in the cytoskeletal changes induced by the Rho family of guanosine triphosphatases. Cytoskeletal dynamics are primarily modulated by interactions of actin and myosin II that are regulated by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)-mediated phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC). p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) phosphorylates MLCK, resulting in decreased MLCK activity. MLCK activity and MLC phosphorylation were decreased, and cell spreading was inhibited in baby hamster kidney-21 and HeLa cells expressing constitutively active PAK1. These data indicate that MLCK is a target for PAKs and that PAKs may regulate cytoskeletal dynamics by decreasing MLCK activity and MLC phosphorylation.     

Myosin rod phosphorylation and the catch state of molluscan muscles

"Catch" is a prolonged state of tension in molluscan smooth muscles shown by mechanical measurements to be associated with the level of protein phosphorylation. Myosin isolated from these muscles is unusual in being phosphorylated in the rod portion by an endogenous kinase, like certain nonmuscle myosins. These findings suggest that the myosin rod is a target for phosphorylation and that this reaction may control the transition from catch to relaxation.     

Functional arteries grown in vitro

A tissue engineering approach was developed to produce arbitrary lengths of vascular graft material from smooth muscle and endothelial cells that were derived from a biopsy of vascular tissue. Bovine vessels cultured under pulsatile conditions had rupture strengths greater than 2000 millimeters of mercury, suture retention strengths of up to 90 grams, and collagen contents of up to 50 percent. Cultured vessels also showed contractile responses to pharmacological agents and contained smooth muscle cells that displayed markers of differentiation such as calponin and myosin heavy chains. Tissue-engineered arteries were implanted in miniature swine, with patency documented up to 24 days by digital angiography.     

Regulation of cell migration by the C2 domain of the tumor suppressor PTEN

PTEN is a tumor suppressor protein that dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate and antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway. We show here that PTEN can also inhibit cell migration through its C2 domain, independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. This activity depends on the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN and on dephosphorylation at a single residue, threonine(383). The ability of PTEN to control cell migration through its C2 domain is likely to be an important feature of its tumor suppressor activity.     

拳参-413对大鼠离体胸主动脉环的舒张作用机制研究

[目的]研究拳参-413对大鼠离体胸主动脉血管的舒张作用机制。[方法]采用离体血管环灌流方法观察拳参-413在含Ca+或无Ca+的Krebs液孵育条件下对去甲肾上腺素(NA)引起的血管平滑肌收缩的影响,考察拳参-413舒张血管作用的时间依赖性,并观察拳参-413对浓度40和80 mmol/L的KCl引起的血管平滑肌收缩的影响。[结果]拳参-413能舒张NA引起的血管收缩,且呈浓度依赖性;拳参-413(100μmol/L)在30 min达到最大舒张效应;无Ca+组拳参-413抑制NA所致血管平滑肌收缩效应大于含Ca+组;拳参-413对浓度40和80 mmol/L的KCl引起的血管平滑肌收缩均有抑制作用,且两者量效曲线明显上移。[结论]拳参-413可舒张血管平滑肌,其作用机制可能与该药促进NO合成释放,开放钙激活的钾通道以及抑制血管平滑肌细胞外钙内流和内钙释放有关。     

蛋白质磷酸化调控羊肉肌原纤维蛋白的功能

【目的】通过激活蛋白激酶的活性提高羊肉肌原纤维蛋白的磷酸化水平,分析磷酸化水平的提高对羊肉肌原纤维蛋白降解程度、收缩功能的影响,进一步揭示蛋白质磷酸化对羊肉肌肉嫩化的作用机理。【方法】通过添加蛋白激酶A激活剂Forskolin、蛋白激酶C激活剂佛波酯（PMA）,提高蛋白激酶的活性,改变羊肉肌原纤维蛋白的磷酸化水平。比较激活剂处理组与空白对照组肌原纤维小片化指数（MFI）、条带降解程度、肌节长度等指标的差异,确定蛋白质磷酸化水平对羊肉肌肉收缩和肌肉降解的影响。【结果】将羊肉样品在蛋白激酶溶液中培养24 h,在培养结束后1、2和4 h,PMA处理组（PKC激活组）的蛋白激酶活性显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）,而在培养后1和4 h,Forskolin处理组（PKA激活组）的蛋白激酶活性显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）。PMA处理组和Forskolin处理组的最高蛋白激酶活性出现在培养后1 h。Forskolin和PMA通过提高激酶活性显著提高肌联蛋白（Titin）、肌球蛋白结合蛋白C（Myosin binding protein C）、原肌球蛋白（Tropomyosin）、肌球蛋白轻链2（Myosin light chain 2）等蛋白质的磷酸化水平,肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白质的磷酸化水平没有显著变化,Forskolin组和PMA组的蛋白质降解程度及肌节长度均低于对照组。【结论】肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化水平提高不利于羊肉肌原纤维蛋白的降解。另一方面,磷酸化水平可能通过对肌球蛋白轻链2的作用增强羊肉肌肉的收缩作用力,通过促进相邻原肌球蛋白的相互作用促进肌细丝收缩,影响肉的僵直进程和嫩化进程。     

牛myf6基因克隆及在成纤维细胞中的表达

克隆了牛的myf6基因并构建真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-myf6,用脂质体技术转染鲁西黄牛成纤维细胞,通过G418筛选出稳定转染的细胞株,利用Western印记、Real-time PCR技术检测myf6对成纤维细胞的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,稳定转染后的成纤维细胞myf6蛋白和mRNA的表达量提高(P0.01),肌肉肌酸激酶基因mRNA表达量升高(P0.05),肌球蛋白轻链基因的mRNA表达量也提高(P0.01)。细胞形态观察显示转染后的成纤维细胞未融合为肌管。由此可知,牛myf6基因可以在成纤维细胞中表达并且有促进成纤维细胞向肌肉细胞分化的功能。     

牛myf6基因真核表达载体的构建及在成肌细胞中的表达

【目的】构建牛myf6基因真核表达载体,并观察myf6真核表达载体转染鲁西黄牛成肌细胞后基因的表达和细胞形态的变化。【方法】在质粒pIRES2-EGFP的多克隆位点插入myf6基因构建真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-myf6,用脂质体技术转染鲁西黄牛成肌细胞,通过G418 筛选出稳定转染的细胞株。利用Western印记、Real-time PCR技术检测成肌细胞转染前后myf6基因、肌肉肌酸激酶基因和肌球蛋白轻链基因的表达量。【结果】与对照组相比,转染质粒的成肌细胞myf6蛋白和mRNA的表达量提高（P＜0.01）,肌肉肌酸激酶基因和肌球蛋白轻链基因的mRNA表达量提高（P＜0.01）。细胞形态观察显示成肌细胞融合为肌管。【结论】构建的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-myf6能在成肌细胞中高效表达,myf6基因促进了成肌细胞向肌肉细胞分化。     

Calcium-dependent stress maintenance without myosin phosphorylation in skinned smooth muscle

Stress development depended on calcium-stimulated myosin phosphorylation in an arterial smooth muscle preparation in which the concentration of calcium was controlled. However, developed stress was maintained at a concentration of calcium that did not support phosphorylation. These results, in conjunction with other evidence, suggest that the interaction of two regulatory mechanisms with different calcium sensitivities regulate both stress and the rate and energetics of contraction.     

Myosin light chain phosphorylation does not modulate cross-bridge cycling rate in mouse skeletal muscle

An attempt was made to determine whether phosphorylation of the myosin light chain represents a thick filament-associated mechanism for modulating the rate of cross-bridge cycling in mouse skeletal muscle. When the degree of light chain phosphorylation was varied independently of tetanus duration, there was no correlation of phosphorylation with cross-bridge turnover rate, as measured by the shortening velocity of the muscle. It is concluded that in intact skeletal muscle phosphorylation of the myosin light chain does not in itself modulate cross-bridge cycling rate and that previously reported changes in cycling rate were due to other factors that may vary with tetanus duration.     

Divalent cations directly affect the conductance of excised patches of rod photoreceptor membrane

Phototransduction in rod cells is likely to involve an intracellular messenger system that links the absorption of light by rhodopsin to a change in membrane conductance. The direct effect of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) on excised patches of rod outer segment membrane strongly supports a role for cGMP as an intracellular messenger in phototransduction. It is reported here that magnesium and calcium directly affect the conductance of excised patches of rod membrane in the absence of cGMP and that magnesium, applied to intact rod cells, blocks a component of the cellular light response. The divalent cation-suppressed conductance in excised patches showed outward rectification and cation-selective permeability resembling those of the light-suppressed conductance measured from the intact rod cell. The divalent cation-suppressed conductance was partly blocked by a concentration of the pharmacological agent L-cis-diltiazem that blocked all of the cGMP-activated conductance. Divalent cations may act, together with cGMP, as an intracellular messenger system that mediates the light response of the rod photoreceptor cell.     

家兔子宫内膜细胞和平滑肌细胞的分离培养及鉴定

为了建立一种高效的子宫细胞分离培养方法,用酶消化、过滤、离心与差速贴壁纯化相结合的方法分离培养家兔子宫细胞,分别以上皮细胞角蛋白、波形蛋白、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白等为抗原的免疫荧光对分离培养的细胞进行鉴定,并采用流式细胞仪分析细胞纯度。结果表明,家兔子宫内膜上皮细胞培养24 h后大部分贴壁,培养3 d左右形成单层细胞集落,呈角蛋白阳性,细胞圆形或椭圆形,胞质呈红色,核呈蓝色,纯度达96%以上;子宫内膜基质细胞培养0.5 h后即有贴壁,培养2 d后呈单层细胞集落状生长,呈波形蛋白阳性,细胞多边形或梭形,胞质呈红色,核呈蓝色,纯度达95%以上;平滑肌细胞培养24 h后大部分贴壁,6~7 d融合成片,呈α-平滑肌肌动蛋白阳性,细胞大都长梭形,胞质呈红色,核呈蓝色,纯度达98%以上。说明该方法能够成功分离并得到高产量、高纯度、高增殖能力的子宫内膜细胞及平滑肌细胞。     

Relaxation of isolated gastric smooth muscle cells by vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide caused a prompt, dose-dependent relaxation of isolated gastric smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig and a significant increase in intracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate coincidentally with optimum relaxation. Relaxation was augmented by a threshold concentration of isobutyl methylxanthine. The direct relaxant effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide and the distribution of nerves containing this peptide to circular smooth muscle support the view that vasoactive intestinal peptide is the neuromuscular transmitter of enteric inhibitory nerves.     

Phosphorylation of myosin light chains in mouse fast-twitch muscle associated with reduced actomyosin turnover rate

Phosphorylation of the 18,000-dalton light chains of the fast-twitch myosin in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles was correlated with reduction in the rate of the actomyosin adenosinetriphosphatase in vivo, but neither of these changes occurred in the soleus muscle. These results suggest that actomyosin interactions can be down-regulated by a reversible covalent modification of myosin light chains, that a mechanism for thick-filament regulation occurs in vertebrate skeletal muscle, and that the expression of this regulation may be limited to a specific fiber type.     

菲律宾蛤仔闭壳肌组织学及其蛋白特性

为探讨菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum的加工特性与肌肉蛋白质特性的关系,对菲律宾蛤仔闭壳肌的组织形态、肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar,Mf)的分布特性,以及与其低温凝胶化相关的特性等进行了分析。结果表明:闭壳肌肌纤维具有高度同向性,横纹肌呈直线柱状,平滑肌呈螺旋柱状;利用SDSPAGE电泳对两种类型肌肉的蛋白分布分析显示,横纹肌肌浆蛋白组分中存在相对分子质量为23 000的差异蛋白,且溶出更多的粗丝蛋白,平滑肌的Mf组分中存在标志性蛋白Myorod,且副肌球蛋白含量高,肌球和原肌球蛋白含量低,肌动蛋白含量接近;整个闭壳肌Mf的溶解性依赖于离子强度和有无三磷酸腺苷(Adenosine Triphosphate,ATP)的添加;Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性在中等离子强度(KCl浓度为0.30 mol/L)时最高,偏离中等离子强度后活性逐渐降低;参与交联的蛋白包括肌球蛋白、副肌球蛋白、原肌球蛋白,离子强度越高交联作用越显著。本研究结果可为探究经济贝类软体可食部位蛋白特性提供参考。