Relationship between suspended sediment load, channel geometry and land area increment in the Yellow River Delta

The annual river discharges and suspended sediment loads into the Yellow River Delta show a declining tendency with some distinct fluctuations over the last 50 years. The decrease of river discharge and suspended sediment load and the change in the river channel must influence the evolution of the Yellow River Delta. During this period several new river mouths formed via channel switch at the river delta, and the old watercourse was gradually abandoned. Recently, in years with very low annual suspended load, erosion of land area has been recorded for the delta. The aims of this work are (1) to determine what is the critical suspended sediment load needed in order to maintain the land balance of the Yellow River Delta for two periods before and after 1976 (the last time the channel shifted), and (2) to examine the variation in the channel geometry and gradient in response to changes in suspended sediment load and delta area at the river mouth. In order to estimate these critical values, we used statistical method to analyze the relationships between land area increment, and suspended sediment load and channel geometry. In order to examine the variation in the channel geometry, the channel cross-sections of the Q1 and Q6 were compared. The results show that to maintain the land area balance between 1953 and 1973, when the river mouth was the Diaokouhe, the critical annual suspended sediment load entering the delta was 4.21  10⁸ tonnes/a. After the main channel switched to Qingshuigou in 1976, the critical value to maintain the Qingshuigou mouth between 1976 and 1997 was 1.51  10⁸ tonnes/a. To maintain the land area balance for the entire Yellow River Delta between 1976 and 1997 the critical suspended sediment load was 3.18  10⁸ tonnes/a. The annual mean channel thalweg elevation and channel gradient at the river delta increase with increasing land area increment at the Qingshuigou mouth. The critical channel gradient at the channel reach between cross sections Q1 and Q6 is 0.000095. The channel has narrowed during the time period from 1976 to 1997. Also, lateral channel migration has decreased remarkably, resulting in enhanced hydraulic efficiency of the deltaic channel and artificial levees. This channel geometry evolution was influenced by river adjustment and human activities. These results are of importance for the management of the lower Yellow River channel and the delta. Future water diversion or river damming should consider the balance between suspended sediment delivery and delta growth.     

高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙的输移特征

[目的] 分析不同区域冰川河流的水沙关系、输沙量及其对气候变化的响应,并对泥沙侵蚀强度进行评估,为高寒山区冰川河流的水沙动态研究提供理论基础。[方法] 选取绒布河和科其喀尔河作为研究对象,在消融期间（2018年5—10月）对冰川河进行野外观测和水样采集。考虑气温和降水的影响,采用水文模型法对绒布河径流量进行模拟,结合水沙关系曲线、泥沙滞后环及回归模型对冰川河流的悬移泥沙输移及其影响因素进行分析。[结果] 气温是影响高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙运输的主要因素;绒布河和科其喀尔河消融期的径流模数约7.36×10⁵,6.82×10⁵ m³/（km²·a）,输沙模数分别为200 t/（km²·a）和890 t/（km²·a）。[结论] 绒布冰川对气候变化更加敏感,消融强度大,泥沙主要来源于融水与降水对河道底部与坡面的侵蚀,但是可侵蚀沉积物和水力条件不足,造成该地区输沙模数低于其他冰川;科其喀尔河地处西北干旱区,泥沙输移量主要是由泥沙来源决定的,随着气温的升高,大量冰碛物被输送到下游,侵蚀强度明显高于其他大多数冰川。     

近70年长江干流寸滩站以上流域水沙关系变化及其驱动因素

以长江干流寸滩水文站以上流域为研究对象,基于1953-2018年的实测水沙资料,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和水沙关系曲线分析径流、输沙的时间趋势及其关系变化,并采用双累积曲线法分析水沙变化的驱动因素。结果表明:寸滩站以上流域多年平均径流量为3425亿m^3,多年平均输沙量为3.61亿t;多年平均月径流量为294.8亿m^3,多年平均月输沙量为3013万t,且主要分布在6-10月,分别占年径流泥沙总量的70%和95%以上。趋势分析显示,流域年降雨量和径流量变化趋势不明显,年输沙量呈极显著减小趋势;月径流量在1-4月显著增加,其他月份变化不显著,而各月输沙量均呈显著减少趋势。水沙关系曲线均可用幂函数拟合,拟合参数受时间尺度影响,统计检验显示悬移质输沙量实测值与水沙关系曲线的估算值差异不显著。双累积曲线分析发现水利工程建设和水土保持等人类活动是寸滩水文站输沙减少的主要原因,其作用占69%~93%,其中2000年以来人类活动的贡献超过90%。     

窟野河、孤山川、秃尾河 近期入黄泥沙及未来变化趋势分析

窟野河、孤山川、秃尾河三流域,是黄河中游多沙粗沙区的核心部分。三条河自1953年有观测资料以来,平均每年输入黄河的泥沙量为1.65亿t,其中粗沙量为0.89亿t。三条河各站1970年以来输沙量均为减少,其主要原因并非水土保持发挥了作用,而是由于降雨总量和降雨强度减少所致。神府煤田开发,至公元2000年平均每年将增加入黄泥沙量450万t。随着全球的增温,流域内的降雨量将会增加,植被的生境条件将得到改善,侵蚀产沙强度会随之减弱。但是,由于人口的增加,土地利用结构与垦殖指数都不会有明显的变化,所以流域的产沙不可能有大幅度的减少。     

陕南山区侵蚀环境与水土流失特征

<正> 陕西省的南部山区,北靠秦岭,南临巴山,汉江、丹江、嘉陵江从境内流过,区内辖汉中、安康、商洛三个地区及宝鸡市的太白、凤县,共30个县(市)。秦岭山脉是黄河、长江流域和我国地理分带的天然分界,所以陕南山区的水土流失也表现出独有的特征。     

近70年长江干流寸滩站以上流域水沙关系

以长江干流寸滩水文站以上流域为研究对象,基于1953-2018年的实测水沙资料,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和水沙关系曲线分析径流、输沙的时间趋势及其关系变化,并采用双累积曲线法分析水沙变化的驱动因素。结果表明：寸滩站以上流域多年平均径流量为3 425亿m³,多年平均输沙量为3.61亿t;多年平均月径流量为294.8亿m³,多年平均月输沙量为3 013万t,且主要分布在6-10月,分别占年径流泥沙总量的70%和95%以上。趋势分析显示,流域年降雨量和径流量变化趋势不明显,年输沙量呈极显著减小趋势;月径流量在1-4月显著增加,其他月份变化不显著,而各月输沙量均呈显著减少趋势。水沙关系曲线均可用幂函数拟合,拟合参数受时间尺度影响,统计检验显示悬移质输沙量实测值与水沙关系曲线的估算值差异不显著。双累积曲线分析发现水利工程建设和水土保持等人类活动是寸滩水文站输沙减少的主要原因,其作用占69%~93%,其中2000年以来人类活动的贡献超过90%。     

Implication of relationships among suspended sediment size, water discharge and suspended sediment concentration: the Yellow River basin, China

According to the yearly maximum suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in the Yellow River and its tributaries, the rivers are divided into three types of more than 300, 20–300, and less than 20 kg/m³. The middle Yellow River basin is located in the transitional zone from subhumid to semiarid climates, and covered by a thick loess mantle. Neighboring on the desert areas to the northwest, the surface material of the Loess Plateau exhibits some marked areal differentiation in grain size and forms three zones covered by sandy loess, (typical) loess and clayey loess from northwest to southeast. Controlled by these physico-geographical conditions, the grain size of river-transported sediment shows some particular characteristics; at small water discharge or SSC, the grain size of suspended sediment abruptly decreases to a minimum with increasing water discharge or SSC. At water discharge of more than ca. 40 m³/s or at SSC of more than ca. 40 kg/m³, the grain size increases with water discharge or SSC.During the low-stage season, the relatively clear baseflow may scour the coarse bed materials, so the suspended sediment is relatively coarse. In the rainy season, rainstorm runoff washes out fine loess materials to the river, making suspended sediment fine. During relatively strong rainstorms, there often occur hyperconcentrated flows at SSC of more than 300 kg/m³. The relatively coarse grains could then remain suspended in the mixture of water and fine suspended sediment.     

Rapid shrinkage of Kushiro Mire,the largest mire in Japan,due to increased sedimentation associated with land-use development in the catchment

The suspended sediment discharge in the Kuchoro River, a tributary of the Kushiro River, showed that wash load was about 90% of the yearly total suspended load carried into the wetland from the entire watershed. Seasonal floods associated with typhoons and snowmelt carried a large volume of wash load, 44% and 37%, respectively, of the yearly total wash load. The deposition of suspended sediment in the channelized section has aggraded the riverbed by 2 m in the past two decades, which has reduced the cross-sectional area of the channel, so that turbid water spills over and carries wash load and suspended sediment deep into the wetlands. Flooding of turbid water, in association with aggradation of the riverbed, was detected by using a Water Turbidity Index. The flooding and turbidity have significantly increased between 1984 and 1994. Similarly, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index map showed that forest establishment has continued from the wetland margins and in areas adjacent to the river channel. The suspended sediment carried and deposited by floods and sediment-associated nutrients should alter the edaphic environment from wet nutrient-poor soil to dry nutrient-rich soil providing regeneration habitats for tree species. The vegetation in turn adds resistance and friction against flows and contributes to additional sedimentation. However, flooding and the associated high water table causes stress for trees and may lead to premature decay. Environmental variables, such as water level, water content, organic content and grain size, varied significantly along cross-sectional distance, and are likely regulated by deposition of fine sediments transported by floods. Electrical conductivity and total nitrogen in groundwater varied significantly along the longitudinal distance. Basal areas of willow and alder stands correlated with variables related to spread of turbid water, which indicates that eutrophication of groundwater indirectly affects marsh forest expansion.     

泾洛渭河三流域水保措施减水减沙作用研究

以采用“水保法”计算为主,对泾河、北洛河、渭河三流域水土保持措施减水减沙作用进行了研究,结果是:1970~1996年,三流域水保措施年均减洪1.875亿m3,年均减洪沙0.743亿t;水利水保措施年均减洪11.239亿m3,年均减洪沙0.943亿t;水利水保措施年均减水34.816亿m3,年均减沙1.106亿t。三流域1990~1996年年均减水38.251亿m3,年均减沙1.086亿t。在减水减沙中,水利水保措施居主导地位,降雨变化的影响居次要地位。     

Geochemical tracing and spatial evolution of the sediment bed load of the Romaine River,Québec,Canada

A four-reservoir hydroelectric complex which is projected on the Romaine River, in eastern Québec, Canada, will likely lead to the complete settling of the sand-size bed load of the river. In order to characterise the present river bed load sources, sediment transport and sedimentary connectivity, a study was conducted to document the compositional continuum of the lower 300 km portion of the river. Bed load samples were collected during the late summer low water period and ICP-MS geochemical analyses of the light and heavy mineral portions were conducted. Principal component analysis of the results successfully identified a series of distinctive geochemical domains. Multivariate Euclidean distance coefficients were also calculated between consecutive samples along the river revealing major bed load compositional breaks. These results indicate a longitudinal fractionation of the bed load along the 300 km course of the river. This is further supported by the sedimentary budget calculated from the annual sedimentary input derived from erosion rates of the river banks, from sediment bed load measurements at three gauging stations and from calculated bed load transport capacity at these three locations. It appears that significant sediment accommodation space is available on the upper course (250 km) of the Romaine River, in spite of the fact that this river has drained highly sediment-laden meltwaters from the receding Laurentide Ice Sheet, some 10 ka ago. This accommodation space leads to the renewal of the bed load due to recurrent partial to complete sedimentation. The major part of the bed load reaching the Romaine River mouth originates from the lower 50 km of the river course.     

Suspended load and bed load in irrigation furrows

The circulation of water in irrigation furrows is a well-understood physical process. However, theoretical understanding of sediment dynamics is less well established. This study assesses an approach to determine the sediment load in irrigation furrows, involving the use of a suction device for sampling water with suspended sediments at various depths, and a trap for sampling water with sediments moving next to the furrow bed. In addition, an acoustic velocimeter is used to acquire flow velocity profiles, which allow sediment loads to be calculated when combined with the sediment concentration measurements. Use of these devices in irrigation furrows showed that the total sediment load decreases with successive irrigations, and increases as it moves downstream, while the bed load decreases. The bed load represents a small fraction of the total load.Sediment load can be determined with sufficient accuracy for research purposes using simultaneous measurements of the signal-to-noise-ratio of an acoustic velocimeter and the flow velocity. Estimation of the load from point measurements at half the flow depth slightly underestimates the integrated load.     

汉江与渭河大洪水滞流沉积物性质对比分析

通过广泛野外考察,在汉江上游和渭河干支流发现多次现代大洪水滞流沉积物(SWD),进行样品采集和粒度成分、磁化率特征对比分析。结果表明:汉江上游与渭河大洪水SWD的磁化率都很低,在(20～60)×10-8 m3/kg之间。这与渭河流域马兰黄土L1的磁化率相当。这也正是那些未受到风化成壤作用影响的新鲜沉积物的基本特征。汉江上游与渭河大洪水SWD粒度成分均以粉沙为主,沙级颗粒含量次之,粘土成分含量最少。它们主要是河流洪水悬移质和跃移质成分在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物。与渭河相比,汉江上游大洪水SWD粒度成分更粗,沙级颗粒成分含量略多。汉江上游大洪水SWD性质主要是粉沙质亚沙土和沙质粉沙土。渭河大洪水SWD性质则主要是粉沙土、沙质粉沙土和粘土质粉沙土。这是因为汉江上游穿行于秦岭和巴山基岩山地之间,羽毛状分布的支流水系比降大,河流搬运动力强,在暴雨洪水期间,不断地向干流输入粗颗粒泥沙。而渭河流域为黄土高原,河流泥沙主要来源于粉沙质的黄土层和地表土壤。该研究成果对汉江上游和渭河流域防洪减灾和水土流失防治具有重要的科学意义。     

Estimation of soil texture from permanent wilting point measured with a chilled‐mirror dewpoint technique

Soil texture is an important factor governing a range of physical properties and processes in soil. The clay and fine fractions of soil are particularly important in controlling soil water retention, hydraulic properties, water flow and transport. Modern soil texture analysis techniques (x‐ray attenuation, laser diffraction and particle counting) are very laborious with expensive instrumentation. Chilled‐mirror dewpoint potentiameters allows for the rapid measurement of the permanent wilting point (PWP) of soil. As the PWP is strongly dictated by soil texture, we tested the applicability of PWP measured by a dewpoint potentiameter in predicting the clay, silt and sand content of humid tropical soils. The clay, silt, and sand content, organic matter and PWP were determined for 21 soils. Three regression models were developed to estimate the fine fractions and validated using independent soil data. While the first model showed reasonable accuracy (RMSE 16.4%; MAE 13.5%) in estimating the clay, incorporating the organic matter into the equation improved the predictions of the second model (RMSE 17.3%; MAE 10.9%). When used on all soil data, the accuracy of the third model in predicting the fine fraction was poor (RMSE 31.9%; MAE 24.5%). However, for soils with silt content greater than 30%, the model prediction was quite accurate (RMSE 7–12%; MAE 7–9%). The models were used to estimate the sand content and soil textures of soils, which proved relatively accurate. The dewpoint potentiometer can serve a dual purpose of rapidly estimating the PWP and the clay, fine fraction, and soil texture of soils in a cost efficient way.     

皇甫川流域降水和人类活动对水沙变化的定量分析

采用线性趋势法、非参数Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、累积距平法及径流历时曲线法分析皇甫川流域1955-2010年水沙变化特征,通过水文分析法定量评价降水和人类活动对水沙变化的贡献率.结果表明:皇甫川流域径流量和输沙量均呈急剧减少趋势,尤其在20世纪80年代之后,减少更加显著,近10年(2000-2010)的平均径流量与输沙量相当于1950-1959年的约20％;皇甫站径流量和输沙量均在1979年发生突变;在变化期1980-2010年,人类活动对流域水沙变化的贡献占主导因素,约为70％,而降水所占比例为30％左右;自20世纪80年代始,大规模的水土保持措施(如退耕还林(草)、梯田建设、水库淤地坝等工程)等人类活动是流域水沙锐减的主要影响因素.     

黄河平渡关段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段的深入调查研究,在山西省大宁县平渡关基岩峡谷河段左岸沟口岩棚内发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积层剖面。根据野外宏观特征及沉积环境,鉴别出平渡关(PDG)剖面夹有4层古洪水滞流沉积物。结合粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO³含量等室内分析测定结果,确定为河流悬移质和跃移质在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物,是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。不同层次沉积物是不同古洪水事件的客观记录,既有细沙质粉沙,也有细沙或者中沙,反映出其物质来源的不同或者水动力大小的差异。粒度自然分布频率曲线为正偏和极正偏,主峰高且尖锐,表明其分选良好,其粒度概率累积分布曲线为典型的两段式。沉积物磁化率和烧失量均低于全新世风成黄土和古土壤,CaCO³含量介于古土壤和黄土之间,说明在黄河晋陕峡谷段,洪水所携带的悬移质泥沙是流域内黄土区和风沙区水土流失物质的混合物。     

Clay mineral source tracing and characterisation of Burdekin River (NE Australia) and flood plume fine sediment

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The purpose of this study is to define the relative contributions of fine (&lt;10&nbsp;μm) suspended sediment from tributaries within the Burdekin...     

绵远河流域地震侵蚀与泥沙输移特征

汶川地震引发大量的崩塌滑坡、泥石流,为震区河流提供了丰富的泥沙来源。对处于地震极重灾区的绵远河流域进行了地震侵蚀与流域内的泥沙输移状况的调查统计。绵远河山区河段地震时产生了1.15×108 m3的松散堆积物,相当于正常年份土壤侵蚀量的约100倍。5a实地调查的结果显示,崩塌滑坡体绝大部分堆积在支沟中。在震后水文气候条件不变的情况下,松散堆积物中占多数的大粒径颗粒超过了河流输运能力,仅少量细颗粒物质以悬移质形式被输送到下游。研究表明,虽然绵远河上游地震侵蚀产沙总量巨大,但汶川地震后与震前进入绵远河平原河段的泥沙量变化不大,近期内对绵远河下游及沱江的泥沙输移没有明显影响。     

泾河下游全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过对泾河流域广泛的野外考察,在泾河下游高陵县段发现了典型的全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面,系统地进行采集样品和粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、吸湿水含量等多指标分析。从沉积学角度将古洪水滞流沉积物与全新世风成黄土和土壤进行对比,证明了该剖面所夹古洪水滞流沉积物的性质为细砂质粉砂,属于河流洪水悬移质泥砂沉积物。根据地层结构及与流域内其它剖面的对比,结合OSL测年数据,确定泾河在全新世中期4200~4000 a B.P.发生了第1期古洪水事件,在全新世晚期3200~2800 a B.P.发生了第2期洪水事件。这些古洪水事件都发生在全球性气候突变转折时期,表明在这些时期气候极端恶化,变率增大,洪水和干旱事件皆有发生。该研究对于泾河防洪减灾、水资源开发利用,对于揭示水文系统对于全球变化的响应规律,具有重要的科学意义。     

The nitrogen load to the Baltic sea — Present situation,acceptable future load and suggested source reduction

The Baltic Sea is one of the most polluted sea areas in the world. Except for different local pollution sources, the overall environmental problem is eutrophication. The eutrophic situation is caused by increased external load of nutrients during decades. Since nitrogen (N) is generally considered the main limiting nutrient for primary production in the Baltic Sea, the countries within the Baltic Sea drainage basin have agreed to reduce the anthropogenic waterborne input of N by 50% between 1987 and 1995. Furthermore, N emissions to the atmosphere are to be frozen at the level that existed at the end of the 1980s. A number of countries have also declared their intention to reduce N emissions to the atmosphere by 30% between 1980 and 1998. Presently, the annual N load to the Baltic Sea totals 1,409,000 tonnes, of which 980,000 tonnes (69%) are waterborne discharges (rivers, point and non-point sources), and 134,000 tonnes (10%) are caused by N₂ fixation. The rest, 296,000 tonnes (21%) is atmospheric deposition on the sea surface. Some 60% of the atmospheric deposition is caused by emissions from sources in the drainage area and the rest is emissions from areas outside the drainage area. The highest acceptable future N load to the Baltic Sea is estimated at 600,000 tonnes/year. This means a necessary reduction of 57%, compared to the present load. Therefore, comprehensive load reductions must be conducted from anthropogenic sources, e.g. agriculture, forest and forestry, industry, and municipal sewage treatment plants and rural living. The atmospheric N deposition must be reduced by almost 40%, and the measures must focus on emission reductions in traffic, combustion, and agriculture.     

渭河水沙变化及其影响因素分析

渭河是黄河的一条多泥沙支流 ,1970年之前每年向黄河输送泥沙 1 85亿t。渭河具有水沙异源的特点 ,泥沙主要来自南河川站以上地区 ,径流主要来自南河川站至咸阳站区间流域。 1970～ 1996年 ,流域内水利水保措施年均减水2 5 5亿m3 ,年均减沙 0 6792亿t,发挥了重要的蓄水拦沙和削洪作用。流域内人类活动有使泥沙增长的势头