维生素D3骨外功能研究进展

维生素D3是畜禽所必需的营养素。越来越多的研究表明,维生素D3除具有经典的调节钙磷代谢和促进骨骼生长的作用外,还具有其它更为广泛的骨外生物学功能,如调节免疫、提高繁殖力、改善肉质、抗感染、抗肿瘤、防治疗自身免疫性疾病等。     

不同剂量25羟基维生素D3对断奶前犊牛血液生化指标、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响

为研究不同剂量25羟基维生素D₃[25(OH)VD₃]对断奶前犊牛血液水平、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响,选取18 头健康状况良好的新生荷斯坦犊牛,随机分成3 组,每组6 头进行为期56 天的饲养试验。分为对照组[不添加25(OH)VD₃]、低剂量组[25(OH)VD₃添加量6 000 IU/头·天]和高剂量组[25(OH)VD₃添加量12 000 IU/头·天]。结果表明,与对照组相比,随着25(OH)VD₃添加剂量增加,血浆生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-1、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、总抗氧化能力以及免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著增加(P<0.05),而丙二醛含量随剂量增加而存在降低趋势(P=0.079)。与对照组和低剂量组相比,高剂量组血浆免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量有增加趋势(P=0.059)。综上所述,断奶前犊牛饲喂高剂量25(OH)VD₃有利于促进体内生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-1分泌,可提高犊牛抗氧化能力,增强免疫功能。     

1,25-( OH)2D3及LPS对2型糖尿病肾病尿毒症患者单核细胞维生素D受体表达的影响

目的 探讨1,25-(OH)2D3及TLR4配体(脂多糖,LPS)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)和糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)尿毒症患者血清干预的单核细胞维生素D受体(VDR)表达的影响,进一步探索1,25-( OH)2D3在T2DM和DN炎症性免疫反应中的作用.方法 分离研究对象(健康对照组、T2DM组和DN尿毒症组)外周血血清,孵育THP-1单核细胞,然后于含或不含10-7 mol/L的1,25-(OH)2D3培养液中培养48 h后,再用终浓度为1μg/ml的LPS干预24h,收集单核细胞和培养上清.采用RT-PCR检测VDR mRNA表达,Western blot、免疫荧光检测THP-1单核细胞内VDR蛋白表达.ELISA法检测细胞培养上清IL-6和IL-10浓度.结果 与正常对照组比较,在LPS的刺激下T2DM组和DN尿毒症组THP-1单核细胞内VDR mRNA水平下调[对照组(0.99±0.25);T2DM组(0.65±0.24);DN尿毒症组(0.62±0.27),P＜0.05];DN尿毒症组THP-1单核细胞内VDR蛋白表达比正常对照组和T2DM组显著下调[对照组(0.48 ±0.05);T2DM组(0.50±0.06);DN尿毒症组(0.20±0.01),P＜0.01],且LPS增强以上患者血清孵育的THP-1单核细胞炎症细胞因子IL-6的分泌[对照组(15.13±1.61);T2DM组(24.06 ±2.92);DN尿毒症组(70.77 ±5.48),P＜0.05];而1,25-(OH)2D3可部分阻断上述作用.结论 LPS能下调T2DM和DN尿毒症患者单核细胞VDR mRNA和蛋白的表达,引起促炎和抗炎细胞因子失调.1,25-(OH)2D3可部分逆转LPS的作用,对T2DM和DN尿毒症可能具有一定的保护作用.     

维生素的免疫功能

维生素是维持动物良好的营养状态和生产性能所必需的营养物质,是许多酶的辅酶或辅基,间接参与免疫细胞增殖分化和DNA、RNA、抗体的合成。维生素缺乏、中毒及不平衡需要动物对营养畸形作出代谢性补偿,从而导致某些代谢性疾病的发生、免疫功能下降,并最终降低动物的整体生产性能和健康状况。1维生素A和β-胡萝卜素1.1维生素A(VA)VA是高等动物生长、健康和生命所必需的(McDowell,1989)。VA有以下代谢功能:视觉、上皮的维护、繁殖、骨骼形成、转录的调控、胚胎发育、造血和免疫。大量试验表明,VA是维持机体正常免疫功能的重要营养物质,…     

维生素D代谢物有助于母猪分娩过程

维生素D是一种重要的营养物质,母猪在妊娠后期和哺乳期对其需要量非常高。本文概述了维生素D对母猪分娩的影响,提出可以在常规添加维生素D之外补充1,25-二羟基维生素D₃糖苷,以缩短分娩时间,减少分娩过程中的人为干预,减少死胎数。     

维生素D在猪日粮中的应用研究进展

维生素D(VD)是维持动物机体健康稳定的一种脂溶性营养素,可以通过调节钙、磷稳态以及骨骼肌发育和免疫系统等改善动物机体的健康。VD₃及其代谢产物25-羟基维生素D₃(25(OH)D₃)在猪日粮中的应用也格外受到重视。VD可以通过调节仔猪免疫反应,抑制病原微生物感染,缓解生长受阻;可以通过其较强的抗氧化能力,改善肌肉品质;在妊娠和哺乳日粮中补充VD,可以改善母猪繁殖性能和泌乳性能,增加后代仔猪血液中25(OH)D₃的水平。文章就VD在仔猪、生长育肥猪和种猪生产中的应用效果进行综述,为VD在生猪实际生产中的应用提供参考。     

维生素D生物功能的新进展

维生素D除具有调控钙、磷代谢和骨稳态等作用之外,在其他组织中也发挥多种活性作用,如调控免疫系统和调节细胞增殖与分化等方面的新作用。维生素D受体（VDR）除了在其传统组织如骨、肠道和肾脏中发现以外,还在众多组织中被发现。此外,这些组织中亦含有酶CYP2781,其可使维生素D循环形式25-OH—D3转化生成1,25（OH）2D3。1,25（OH）2D3在非肾组织中的代谢与肾脏不同,且VDR介导的转录活性调控作用也是细胞特异性的,因而维生素D的新作用具有细胞特异性,这为维生素D及其类似物提供了许多新的,临床应用依据,但其非传统作用也受到维生素D传统作用的限制,如高血钙和高尿钙。     

维生素营养与免疫

维生素是维持动物良好营养状态和生产性能所必需的营养物质。维生素与免疫的作用机理仍不十分清楚,但维生素是许多酶的辅酶或辅基,间接参与免疫细胞增殖、分化和 DNA、RNA、抗体的成。下面探讨维生素营养与免疫机能的内在关系是动物营养的一个热点。     

钙和维生素D对生长肉鸡免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中钙(ca)和维生素D水平对生长肉鸡免疫及抗氧化功能的影响.采用2× 2完全随机试验设计,选用体重相近的4周龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡144只,随机分成4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6只鸡,分别饲喂含Ca 0.90%、1.15%和维生素D 750、5 000 IU/kg的试验日粮,试验期为4周.结果表明,1)维生素D对胸腺和脾脏指数作用显著(P<0.05),随维生素D添加量的增加免疫功能增强;与0.90%Ca组相比,1.15%Ca组町降低法氏囊指数(P<0.05)和血清免疫球蛋白含量(P>0.05);维生素D和Ca的互作显著影响脾脏指数和血清白介素-2(IL-2)(P<0.05),5 000 IU/kg维生素D+0.90%Ca组脾脏指数和IL-2较高;2)随维生素D添加量的增加,血清和肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低;随Ca添加量的增加,生长肉鸡的抗氧化性能降低,且对机体肝脏T-SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC影响显著(P<0.05);维生索D和Ca的互作对血清和肝脏T-SOD、GSH-Px、MDA影响显著(P<0.05),5 000 IU/kg维生素D+0.90%Ca组在抗氧化方面优势明显.综合分析,5 000 IU/kg维生素D+0.90%Ca组在抗氧化和免疫方面具有一定的优势.因此,实际生产中在满足生长肉鸡Ca基本需要量的同时,适当增加维生素D添加量对提高生长肉鸡免疫和抗氧化功能具有重要的作用.     

维生素D对蛋雏鸭生长性能及免疫功能的影响

试验选取1日龄健康、体重相近的金定蛋雏鸭180只,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6只试鸭。采用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,Ⅰ组试验鸭饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ～Ⅴ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加110、220、550、1000 IU/kg维生素D的试验饲粮,试验期4周。旨在研究不同维生素D添加水平对1～28日龄蛋雏鸭生长性能及免疫功能的影响,以探讨维生素D的适宜添加量。结果表明,添加550 IU/kg维生素D能显著提高蛋雏鸭平均日增重、降低料重比(P<0.05),显著提高IgA、IgG、T3、T4含量(P<0.05),并显著降低Cort含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,在玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中添加适量的维生素D可提高蛋雏鸭生长性能及免疫功能。通过二次回归模型分析,估测蛋雏鸭日粮中维生素D的适宜添加量为523.1～560.6 IU/kg。     

维生素D3的免疫功能及其对家禽免疫细胞和免疫因子的调节

维生素D3是一种新的神经内分泌-免疫调节剂,主要表现为对单核/巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、胸腺细胞的增殖分化及细胞功能具有重要影响。维生素D3与T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞分泌抗体、淋巴因子、补体和单核因子等功能紧密相关。但关于维生素D3对家禽免疫细胞、免疫因子调节的研究甚少。本文就维生素D3的免疫功能及其对家禽T淋巴细胞、抗原呈递细胞(APC)和免疫因子调节的研究现状和展望作一综述。     

饲料中维生素D_3添加水平对黄鳝生长性能及免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中维生素D3添加水平对黄鳝生长性能及免疫功能的影响。挑选体质健康、平均体重为(21.7±2.1)g的黄鳝540尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复各30尾),分别饲喂在基础饲料中添加0(对照组)、250、500、1 000、2 000和4 000 IU/kg维生素D3的试验饲料,试验期90 d。饲养试验结束后,从每组随机取6尾黄鳝,测定生长性能后尾静脉取血检测外周血相关免疫指标;另从每组随机取20尾黄鳝,注射嗜水气单胞菌菌液进行攻毒试验,观察嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的累积死亡率。结果表明:与对照组相比,除4 000 IU/kg组外,其余各组增重率和蛋白质效率显著提高(P0.05),饲料系数显著降低(P0.05);500和1 000 IU/kg组血清免疫球蛋白M、补体3、补体4水平,溶菌酶活性,T细胞CD3、CD4、CD8分子数量和CD4/CD8显著升高(P0.05),全血白细胞、中性粒细胞、中值细胞和淋巴细胞数量显著升高(P0.05),且嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的累积死亡率明显降低。4 000 IU/kg组除血清免疫球蛋白M水平外,其他指标与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料中添加适宜水平(500和1 000 IU/kg)的维生素D3能增强黄鳝的免疫功能,提高其对病菌的抵御能力;饲料中维生素D3水平过高或缺乏均会导致黄鳝免疫功能低下。     

25-羟基维生素D_3和复合酶制剂对肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

试验选用1日龄正大艾维茵肉鸡480只,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20只鸡(公母各半)。参照肉鸡饲养标准,按照1～3周龄、4～5周龄和6周龄阶段配置基础饲粮。处理1饲喂基础日粮(对照组),处理2在基础日粮的基础上添加69mg/t的25-羟基维生素D_3,处理3在基础日粮的基础上添加750U/kg的复合酶制剂,处理4在基础日粮的基础上同时添加69mg/t的25-羟基维生素D_3和750U/kg的复合酶制剂。试验结果表明:①单独添加复合酶制剂,降低了4～5周龄时的日采食量和6周龄时的料重比(P>0.05);在其他方面与对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。②单独添加25-羟基维生素D_3,在生产性能、屠宰指标方面虽然有部分高于对照组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。③同时添加69mg/t的25-羟基维生素D_3和750U/kg的复合酶制剂,生产性能方面与对照组相比差异均不显著,但表现出提高的趋势(P>0.05);屠宰性能方面,使屠宰率和腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05),但使全净膛率显著提高(P<0.05)。     

Seasonal vitamin D status of Greyhounds in Sydney

OBJECTIVES: To survey the vitamin D status of a population of Greyhounds in New South Wales, and to establish a reference range for plasma 25(OH)D. To investigate whether any seasonal fluctuation in vitamin D status is detectable in these animals. DESIGN: Vitamin D status was assessed in Greyhounds and crossbred dogs presented to the University of Sydney for teaching purposes over a 24 month period. PROCEDURES: Plasma 25(OH)D concentration was measured as an estimate of vitamin D status. Physical examination and plasma calcium concentration were used to verify the health of the animals, particularly with respect to metabolic bone disease. RESULTS: A plasma 25(OH)D concentration range of 10 to 76 nmol/L was found in healthy adult Greyhounds. There was no sex- or season-dependent variation in vitamin D status in Greyhounds. Concentrations in crossbred dogs did not differ significantly from those in Greyhounds. CONCLUSION: The reference range for plasma 25(OH)D concentration in Greyhound dogs is similar to that previously reported for humans. It would seem that healthy dogs in the Sydney region do not exhibit a seasonal fluctuation in their vitamin D status.     

Diet is a main source of vitamin D in Finnish pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

During the winter time in Finland, sunlight is inadequate for vitamin D synthesis. Many pet rabbits live as house rabbits with limited outdoor access even during summer and may therefore be dependent on dietary sources of vitamin D. The aims of this study were to report the serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in Finnish pet rabbits and to identify factors that influence vitamin D status. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from 140 pet rabbits were determined using a vitamin D enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. Eleven rabbits were excluded from the statistical analysis because of unclear dietary data. The remaining 129 rabbits were divided into groups depending on outdoor access during summer (no access n = 26, periodic n = 57, regular n = 46) as well as daily diet: little or no hay and commercial rabbit food ≤1/2 dl (n = 12); a lot of hay and no commercial food daily (n = 23); a lot of hay and commercial food <1 dl (n = 59); a lot of hay and commercial food ≥1 dl (n = 35). The range of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration was from 4.5 to 67.5 ng/ml with a mean of 26.1 ng/ml. Statistical general linear model adjusted for weight, age and season indicated that diet was associated with vitamin D concentrations (p = 0.001), but outdoor access during summer was not (p = 0.41). Mean 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration was significantly higher in the rabbits receiving a lot of hay and commercial food ≥1 dl (33.9 ± 13.2 ng/ml) than in rabbits in other diet groups (24.0 ± 8.5 ng/ml, 21.7 ± 8.1 ng/ml, and 22.2 ± 18.0 ng/ml, respectively). This investigation showed wide variation in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among Finnish pet rabbits. Diet remains a main source since outdoor access seems to be too limited to provide adequate vitamin D synthesis for most of them, and the use of vitamin D supplements is rare.     

补饲维生素D3对肌肉嫩化的影响

本文对补饲维生素D_3对肌肉嫩度影响的机理和研究进展作一概述。     

A comparison of UVb compact lamps in enabling cutaneous vitamin D synthesis in growing bearded dragons

The effect of exposure to different UVb compact lamps on the vitamin D status of growing bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) was studied. Forty‐two newly hatched bearded dragons (<24 h old) were allocated to six treatment groups (n = 7 per group). Five groups were exposed to different UVb compact lamps for two hours per day, with a control group not exposed to UVb radiation. At 120 days of age, blood samples were obtained and concentrations of 25(OH)D₃, Ca, P and uric acid were determined. In addition, plasma 25(OH)D₃ concentration was determined in free‐living adult bearded dragons to provide a reference level. Only one treatment resulted in elevated levels of 25(OH)D₃ compared to the control group (41.0 ± 12.85 vs. 2.0 ± 0.0 nmol/L). All UVb‐exposed groups had low 25(OH)D₃ plasma levels compared to earlier studies on captive bearded dragons as well as in comparison with the free‐living adult bearded dragons (409 ± 56 nmol/L). Spectral analysis indicated that all treatment lamps emitted UVb wavelengths effective for some cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. None of these lamps, under this regime, appeared to have provided a sufficient UVb dose to enable synthesis of plasma 25(OH)D₃ levels similar to those of free‐living bearded dragons in their native habitat.     

Tolerance evaluation of overdosed dietary levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in growing piglets

Forty‐eight, cross‐bred (GL × LW × P) piglets were used in a 42‐day tolerance trial to assess the effects of feeding diets supplemented with vitamin D or increasing levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25‐OH‐D₃). Six‐week‐old piglets (24 castrate males, 24 females) were used. Two replicate groups of 6 piglets were randomized by weight and allocated to four dietary treatments. The control group (T1) was supplemented with 50 μg vitamin D₃/kg feed. The experimental groups received 25‐OH‐D₃ at the recommended dose (T2: 50 μg/kg = 1x), at 250 μg/kg (T3: 5x) or at 500 μg/kg (T4: 10x) respectively. Feed intake and daily weight gain were measured weekly, and the animals were examined by a veterinarian daily. After 42 days, body mass, blood, urine, bone and tissue samples were analysed and a pathology examination conducted. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on final body mass or daily weight gain. The 25‐OH‐D₃ plasma concentration in T1 was 17 ± 3 ng/ml (mean ± SD) while the respective values of the experimental groups were significantly increased in T2, T3 and T4. Tissue concentrations of 25‐OH‐D₃ were higher in liver and muscle for T3 and T4 and in skin for T4 than in T1. However, neither gross pathology nor histology, nor blood and urine characteristics, nor bone parameters were affected by dietary treatments. Weight of organs as well as dry matter, ash and calcium content of kidneys remained unaffected by dietary 25‐OH‐D₃ intake. Furthermore, no changes were observed for general indicators of health. The results of this study demonstrated that feeding piglets with 25‐OH‐D₃ at 5 or 10 times the recommended level had no adverse effects on any of the biological parameters measured. It was concluded that 25‐OH‐D₃ can be regarded as a supplement with a very high safety margin when used at the recommended level.