新型大球包膜控释肥在土壤中的淋溶特征

通过土柱淋溶模拟试验研究果树专用新型大球包膜控释肥在土体中的淋溶特征以及对土壤淋滤液pH、EC变化和N、P、K、Mg等养分淋失的影响.结果表明,新型大球包膜控释肥处理淋滤液pH值显著高于未包膜肥料处理,但与不施肥处理和其他2种控释肥处理差异不显著.在整个淋溶过程中,新型大球包膜控释肥处理淋滤液EC值和淋滤液中无机态氮、水溶性磷、水溶性钾含量在淋溶前期显著低于速效肥料处理,但在淋溶后期显著高于其他2种控释肥处理.新型大球包膜控释肥无机态氮、水溶性磷和水溶性钾的淋溶损失率分别为38.72％,1.91％和24.76％.新型大球包膜控释肥与未包膜肥料相比显著减少了养分的淋溶损失,降低了施肥对地下水质的影响.     

脱硫石膏与聚谷氨酸配施对盐碱化土壤的改良效果

[目的] 探究脱硫石膏与聚谷氨酸（γ-PGA）配施对盐碱化土壤的改良效果,为改良西北地区盐碱化土壤提供理论和技术依据。[方法] 通过土柱模拟淋溶试验和盆栽模拟生长试验,从促进盐分淋洗,降低土壤含盐量,降低土壤pH值,改善土壤养分状况,促进作物生长的角度对脱硫石膏和γ-PGA配合施用对盐碱地的改良效果进行研究。[结果] 脱硫石膏与γ-PGA配施能进一步降低淋后土壤的pH值,提高Na⁺淋洗;可降低淋洗后HCO₃^-和Cl^-的含量,但提高淋洗后土壤SO₄^2-,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量;有效降低淋后土壤钠吸附比（SAR）值。盆栽试验表明脱硫石膏与γ-PGA配施可显著增加玉米的株高、叶面积和干重,其中生长30 d时该处理玉米干重达到最大值,较对照处理增加了54.40%,较单施脱硫石膏和γ-PGA处理分别增加了40.27%和29.47%。此外,脱硫石膏与γ-PGA配施植株收获后土壤的pH值更低,且土壤N,P,K养分含量和土壤酶活性更高。[结论] 脱硫石膏和γ-PGA配施能起到较好的互补增效作用,进一步促进了土壤离子交换,降低了pH值,提高了土壤养分含量,促进了作物生长。     

不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土土壤理化性质和小麦生长的影响

【目的】盐分胁迫是滨海盐渍土上粮食产量提高的主要障碍因子之一。研究不同功能性改良物料对消除和减轻这一障碍因子的作用,为改良盐渍化土壤和提高作物产量提供理论依据。【方法】以小麦品种‘青麦 6 号’为供试材料,在滨海盐渍土上进行田间试验,设置 7 个处理为空白对照（CK）、含钙物料的磷石膏（PG）和脱硫石膏（FGD）、调酸物料的硫酸亚铁（FS）、含碳材料的牛粪（M）以及含碳和调酸物料的腐植酸（HA）和糠醛渣（FRs）,分析比较不同改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤理化性质以及对小麦生长发育的影响。【结果】施加改良剂降低了土壤表层 (0—20 cm) 的 pH 值,作为酸性材料的腐植酸、糠醛渣和硫酸亚铁效果明显,土壤的 pH 值较对照分别降低了 0.10、0.11 和 0.11;施改良剂降低了土壤的交换性钠离子含量和钠的吸附比 (sodium adsorption ratio, 简称 SAR),磷石膏和脱硫石膏提供充足的钙离子用于置换土壤中交换性钠离子,明显降低了不同土层中的交换性钠离子含量和 SAR 值,0—20 cm、20—40 cm 和 40—60 cm 土层中,磷石膏和脱硫石膏对土壤交换性钠离子含量和 SAR 值的降低效果明显,其中施加磷石膏分别较对照降低了 15.5% 和 18.3% (0—20 cm)、28.2% 和 28.6% (20—40 cm)、36.5% 和 36.5% (40—60 cm),施加脱硫石膏分别较对照降低了 24.9% 和 27.9% (0—20 cm)、27.6% 和 26.3% (20—40 cm)、24.5% 和 25.0% (40—60 cm);施加改良剂增加了小麦成熟期的穗数,其中磷石膏、脱硫石膏和糠醛渣改良效果显著,分别较对照增加 27.6%、24.5% 和 18.6%,并分别提高小麦的产量 26.7%、17.8% 和 17.8%。【结论】 酸性物料的糠醛渣、腐植酸和硫酸亚铁,可以明显降低土壤 pH 值和增加小麦苗期的茎蘖数量,综合考虑改良剂对土壤 pH、Na+ 含量、SAR 值和小麦群体数量的影响,含碳的调酸物料的糠醛渣效果较好;含钙物料的磷石膏和脱硫石膏,可以显著降低土壤 Na+ 含量以及 SAR 值,增加小麦成熟期穗数,提高小麦产量均具有显著的效果,磷石膏效果最佳。     

脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合对滨海盐碱土化学性质的影响

脱硫石膏(CaSO4.2H2O)是火力发电厂石膏湿法烟气脱硫的副产物。对盐碱地施用脱硫石膏可以通过Ca2+置换盐土中的Na+,达到脱盐目的。通过盆栽试验研究天津滨海盐土施用脱硫石膏并配合灌溉淋洗改良盐碱土的效果。结果表明:对于表层土壤(0-10cm),施用脱硫石膏对Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、Cl-、SO24-离子含量有显著降低作用。10cm以下土壤,脱硫石膏的脱盐能力与施用量呈正相关。脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合时,脱硫石膏施用量为3 000kg/hm2以上时改良效果较好。随着脱硫石膏施用量的增加不但降低了土壤Na+含量与土壤pH值,对灌溉量的需求也有所降低。灌溉量为田间持水量的80%时脱硫石膏对土壤Ca2+、Mg2+与K+的降低作用与CK相比差异最显著。脱硫石膏施用量的增加提高了土壤全盐量,但随灌溉量增加这种影响逐渐降低。     

不同改良物料及其配施组合对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土的改良效果

以玉米为研究对象,在盆栽条件下,探究脱硫石膏、蚯蚓粪、硫磺、糠醛渣、沸石对土壤改良的效果,并据此设计改良剂配施组合,研究不同改良剂配施组合对玉米生长发育及土壤性状的改良作用。结果表明:在0—20cm土层中,脱硫石膏、硫磺、糠醛渣、蚯蚓粪、沸石处理的土壤pH值均有不同程度的降低,轻度盐碱条件下降低了0.05~0.19个单位;中度盐碱条件下降低了0.20~0.33个单位。脱硫石膏可显著降低0—20cm土层水溶性Na~+含量。根据不同改良剂的改良特点,设计了T1(脱硫石膏+硫磺+蚯蚓粪)和T2(蚯蚓粪+沸石+脱硫石膏+糠醛渣)两种具有综合改良效果的改良剂配施组合,均能显著增加玉米植株生物量,在轻度盐碱条件下,较空白处理分别增加了77.75%和129.22%;中度盐碱条件下,分别增加了148.13%和170.31%。并且各配施处理(T1和T2)均能降低0—20cm表层土壤的pH。在滨海盐渍土中施用综合改良剂能促进作物生长和改善土壤性状,可以作为未来滨海盐渍土快速改良的重要措施之一。     

土壤改良剂对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土的改良效应

采用牛粪(A)、石膏(B)、秸秆(C)、保水剂(D)4种改良剂,通过4因素4水平正交设计方案,对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土进行土壤改良试验,筛选出较好的改良方案,为黄河三角洲盐碱土的改良利用提供理论依据。研究结果表明:土壤pH和钠吸附比(SAR)随着改良时间增加呈下降趋势,土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾呈上升趋势;4种改良剂对盐碱土改良指标的贡献值存在差异,综合考虑最佳配方为A4B4C1D4,其土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾含量分别比对照增高113.93%,1 014.23%,828.32%,265.45%;其土壤pH和SAR比对照分别下降4.71%,33.37%。     

耐盐菌联合化学复合改良剂协同改良黄河三角洲盐碱土壤的效果

为探究生物和化学方法联用对黄河三角洲地区盐碱土的改良效果,首先进行粉煤灰的改性和土著耐盐菌的筛选,选取其中2株耐盐菌(BY-4、BY-8)与化学复合改良剂(改性粉煤灰+脱硫石膏+腐殖酸(FSZ))通过联合配施的方法开展室内土柱淋溶试验,研究渗滤液和土壤中盐基阳离子、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤钠吸附比(SAR)以及土壤有机质等的变化规律。结果表明：BY-4和BY-8除具有明显的耐盐和产吲哚乙酸能力,还分别具有较高的溶磷与解钾能力;与对照(CK)处理相比,添加化学复合改良剂(FSZ)能显著促进水溶性Na⁺的淋洗,降低土壤中水溶性Na⁺的总含量和SAR值,提高土壤中DOC和有机质含量,且耐盐菌BY-8联合化学复合改良剂的处理(FSZ8)效果最好;与CK相比,FSZ8处理下土壤水溶性Na⁺总量下降33.30%,耕层土壤SAR下降79.76%,DOC淋溶损失下降34.60%,耕层土壤有机质含量上升79.47%。研究结果有助于理解耐盐菌在改良盐碱土壤中的作用,并可为生物和化学复合改良剂的研发和利用提供理论和数据参考。     

脱硫石膏配施聚马来酸酐对碱化土壤的改良效果研究

针对我国吉林地区碱化土壤的特点,通过田间小区试验,研究了水稻种植条件下不同用量脱硫石膏对碱化土壤的改良效果,同时进行了脱硫石膏配施聚马来酸酐(HPMA)增强改良效果的研究。结果表明,脱硫石膏可以显著降低碱化土壤pH值、碱化度,其中耕层土壤pH值最大降幅为1.59,碱化度(ESP)降幅在30%以上。施用脱硫石膏主要通过影响土壤水溶性Na~+、Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-含量来调节土壤含盐量;适量施用脱硫石膏可以显著降低土壤含盐量,最大降幅为1.81 g·kg~(-1),过量脱硫石膏带入土壤的盐分不能及时淋洗反而会导致土壤含盐量增加。脱硫石膏配施聚马来酸酐对降低土壤pH值、碱化度无显著影响,但在一定程度可以降低土壤含盐量。从改碱与降低含盐量两方面综合考虑,建议东北碱化土壤改良过程中添加脱硫石膏的质量配比以2%为基础进行调整。     

改良措施对苏北盐渍土盐碱障碍和作物磷素吸收的调控

以苏北轻度盐渍土(D)、中度盐渍土(Z)为研究对象,展开大麦-玉米轮作田间微区试验,分析仅施氮肥(CK)、常规施肥(P)及常规施肥下添加生物质炭(PC)、腐植酸(PH)和石膏(PG)处理对土壤盐分含量、pH和钠吸附比(SAR)以及作物磷素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:苏北滨海盐渍土壤盐分呈明显的季节性变化模式,各改良措施对0～20 cm土壤盐碱的调控作用较20～40 cm明显。石膏处理对土壤盐碱障碍的消减作用显著,DPG、ZPG处理下0～20 cm土壤脱盐率分别为31.06%、40.60%,土壤pH分别降低0.67、0.51个单位。各改良措施均能降低0～20cm土壤SAR,降低土壤Na+含量,改善土壤结构。轻度盐渍土上土壤SAR的降幅表现为:DPGDPHDPC,中度盐渍土上表现为:ZPGZPCZPH。轻度盐渍土上各改良措施均显著促进作物地上部吸磷,提高作物产量。DPC、DPH、DPG处理的积累磷肥利用率分别为对照的4.9倍、3.5倍、1.8倍。而中度盐渍土上仅ZPC和ZPG处理的增产效果显著,腐植酸在轻度盐渍土上的调控效果优于中度盐渍土。     

腐解秸秆和脱硫石膏添加对苏打盐渍土淋洗脱盐效率的影响

苏打盐渍化土壤胶体吸附大量交换性Na~+,造成土壤团聚体崩解,粘粒分散,阻塞土壤孔隙。改良苏打盐渍土需两步:一是提供钙源替换交换性Na~+,二是排出盐分。本文研究了腐解玉米秸秆和脱硫石膏不同改良组合对苏打盐渍土淋洗脱盐效率影响。结果表明,所有改良处理均能改善土壤入渗,入渗速率大小为:脱硫石膏脱硫石膏+腐解秸秆腐解秸秆对照;含脱硫石膏处理显著提高土壤饱和导水率(Ks),在短时间内腐解秸秆处理不能改善土壤导水性,在70 d后才有效果;腐解秸秆处理土壤含水率最高,材料保水性好;淋出液化学性质显示,各改良处理均能促进钠离子的淋洗;土壤化学性质显示,淋洗后各处理土壤盐分均显著下降;脱硫石膏和脱硫石膏+腐解秸秆处理与对照相比,土壤pH降低更显著;各改良处理土壤可溶性钠离子含量显著低于对照,并且土壤中可溶性钙镁等二价阳离子显著高于对照;各改良处理土壤钠吸附比(SAR)均显著低于对照组。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.