Cycling of nitrogen by surface-casting earthworms in a pasture ecosystem

Production of surface casts and the removal of plant litter from the soil surface by earth-worms had similar seasonal variations, with maximum values in May and minimum values occurring in July and August. Seasonal variations in the total nitrogen (TN) and oxidizable carbon contents of casts were closely related to variations in litter production. The C:N ratio of casts (10.7) was consistently smaller than that of underlying soil material (15.0 and 14.2 for the 0–5 and 18–22 cm depths, respectively), which is probably due to the mineralization of plant-derived organic material during passage through earthworms and utilization of low C:N ratio litter. Seasonal changes in the amounts of inorganic N forms in casts showed a build-up of NH₄⁺N in the cooler winter months (July and August), attaining a maximum of 112 μg.g^?1. with a decrease in autumn (April and May) and early spring (September and October), reaching a minimum of 54 μg.g^?1. The opposite trend existed for seasonal variations in the NO₃^?-N content of the casts. Because only minor fluctuations in the amounts of N forms were obtained for underlying soil material during the casting period, the more dramatic changes observed in the casts could not be explained by soil variations. Seasonal variations in urease enzyme activity, associated with fluctuations in organic matter content, were more important than the effect of temperature on enzyme activity in accounting for seasonal variations in the NH₄⁺-N content of casts. It was calculated that 73% of the TN content of litter removed from the surface by earthworms was accumulated in casts, indicating both the importance of earthworms in incorporating litter N with soil material and the inefficiency of N digestion by earthworms.     

Plant availability of phosphorus in dead herbage ingested by surface-casting earthworms

A combined field and glasshouse technique was developed to evaluate the plant-availability of phosphorus from two sources. The first source was ryegrass which had been ingested by earthworms and excreted in surface casts, and the second was untreated ryegrass. Surface casts labelled with ³²P were obtained in the field from earthworms fed with ³²P-labelled ryegrass. In a glasshouse study, labelled casts or labelled herbage were placed on the surface of soil in which ryegrass was growing. Ryegrass recovered proportionately more ³²P from cast material than from dead herbage. The results suggest that earthworms increase the short-term plant availability of P derived from plant litter by two to three fold. The effect of surface-casting earthworms on the rate of cycling of P in soils of different P status is discussed.     

农田排水口高度对地表径流氮磷流失的影响

洱海流域农田径流氮磷污染严重,大量氮磷污染物随雨水进入洱海,导致洱海水质雨季下降。为从源头控制氮磷污染物的输出,该研究采用人工模拟降雨的方法,探究5、10、15、20、25 cm 5种不同高度的排水口对农田径流氮磷流失的控制作用。结果表明,农田排水口较低会造成产流初期硝态氮和颗粒态氮浓度升高,将排水口高度提高到15 cm以上可有效降低径流中各形态氮磷浓度,并稳定在较低水平;排水口高度从5 cm提高至15～25 cm产流中总氮、颗粒态氮、铵态氮、硝态氮流失量分别降低了85.60%～93.13%、88.39%～95.77%、84.59%～91.72%、63.05%～65.15%,总磷、颗粒态磷流失量分别降低了86.75%～92.66%,61.64%～94.61%,且排水口设置在15 cm高度处氮、磷流失量削减效果突出,在15 cm基础上继续提高排水口不会对氮磷流失量产生明显影响。综上所述,将排水口提高到15～25 cm对农田径流污染控制效果优越。结合洱海流域多年降雨资料及建设成本,推荐将农田排水口设置于距土壤表面15 cm高度处,对控制农田养分流失,减少面源污染起到显著效果。     

聚丙烯酰胺施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移的影响及解析模拟

地表氮素迁移至径流的水平对氮素流失有重要影响。该研究在人工模拟降雨条件下,主要考察高分子有机化合物聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移效应。试验结果表明,PAM的施用降低了径流运移氮素的能力,表现为铵态氮初始流失浓度极大降低,且氮素流失过程更趋平稳。基于土壤混合层理论和氮素平衡原理建立了PAM施用下铵态氮地表迁移不完全混合模型,并求得了解析解,证实了地表铵态氮径流迁移符合指数型衰减过程,模拟结果与实测值拟合较好。     

基于GIS的福建农田氮磷地表径流流失与污染风险评估

为了掌握福建省农田氮磷地表径流流失特征,以福建省的9个地级市为研究边界,通过对其辖区1985—2016年间农田氮、磷化肥施用量的调查,计算农田化肥氮磷的地表径流流失量,并在耦合农田化肥地表径流流失量、降雨和河网密度3个因素的基础上,分析福建省各地级行政区域农田化肥氮磷的污染风险等级,应用地理信息系统(GIS)分析其氮、磷污染的空间分布。结果表明:32年间福建省化肥施用量由4.911×105 t增加到1.239×106t,年均增长3.03%;漳州市氮肥和磷肥的施用强度最大,分别达880.40 kg×hm~(-2)和429.21 kg×hm~(-2);氮磷地表流失量较高的区域主要集中在漳州市,其氮、磷地表流失强度分别达8.71kg×hm~(-2)和1.99kg×hm~(-2)。从氮、磷污染风险等级看,南平市氮、磷肥的流失风险值均最高,分别达63.19%和63.37%,属于高氮磷污染风险区域;厦门市氮、磷肥的流失风险值均最低,分别为0.53%和0.53%,属于低污染风险区域;其他市处于两者之间。可见,漳州市农业发展中应注重氮、磷肥的减量化;南平市则注重对农田氮、磷地表径流流失的风险防范;全省应加大力度发展生态农业,以助力福建省生态文明先行示范区、生态文明试验区的建设。     

Transport of ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen in surface runoff from pasture as influenced by urea application

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The effect of a surface application of urea on the transport of N in surface runoff from permanent pasture in New Zealand was investigated under natural rainfall...     

土壤溶质迁移至地表径流过程的室内模拟试验

关于土壤溶质迁移到地表径流,现有研究大多是概念性的认识,对迁移过程中各个部分的定量研究却很少。该文为了量化研究土壤溶质迁移流失过程及其作用机理,通过设计2种水文条件即土壤水分饱和和土壤渗流条件,其中土壤渗流条件设置了2种水头（5 cm,10 cm）,采用人工模拟5组不同地表径流流速,分别研究土壤溶质迁移到地表径流过程中4种途径：土壤侵蚀、伯努利效应、扩散和对流。试验结果表明了伯努利效应导致土壤溶质迁移量增加;特别是在土壤水分饱和条件下,当地表径流流速从55 mL/s升到 200 mL/s时,伯努利效应引起的土壤溶质流失通量占总流失通量的比例从14%升到53%,在土壤水分饱和条件下,混合层深度小于5 mm;但是在土壤渗流条件下,混合层深度随着水头的高低和径流流速的大小而变化。土壤溶质迁移过程同地表径流流速和地下水位高低有着重要关系。     

减量施肥对湖垸旱地作物产量及氮磷径流损失的影响

为探明洞庭湖区旱地生产中的氮磷盈余问题, 利用在该区域连续两年的玉米 油菜轮作田间小区试验, 研究了常规施肥[玉米: 400 kg(N)·hm^-2, 90 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 135 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2; 油菜: 180 kg(N)·hm^-2, 65 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 60 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2]、常规施肥减氮15%、减氮30%、缓控释肥减氮30%+减磷20%、常规施肥减磷20%共5个处理下, 玉米和油菜产量、氮磷肥利用率、氮磷径流损失量以及土壤氮磷养分的变化。结果表明, 在研究区域现有施肥水平下(常规施肥), 减量施肥对玉米和油菜产量没有显著影响; 缓控释肥减氮30%+减磷20%处理下玉米和油菜对氮磷养分的利用率显著提高, 其中氮素利用率较常规施肥处理两年平均提高7.96%和4.89%、磷素利用率提高2.02%和2.56%; 同时, 减量施肥各处理下氮磷径流损失量与常规处理比较, 分别减少3.54%~29.36%和7.14%~35.71%; 试验期内, 减量施肥下土壤全量氮磷及硝态氮含量与常规施肥处理无显著差异。根据本研究结果, 各施肥处理中, 以缓控释肥减氮30%+减磷20%处理效果更佳。研究结果可以为该地区旱地作物合理施肥、区域农业面源污染防控和洞庭湖区水环境保护提供参考依据。     

Effects of different fertilization regimes on nitrogen and phosphorus losses by surface runoff and bacterial community in a vegetable soil

Purpose

Vegetables are major economic crops in China. Their cultivation usually involves high fertilizer application rates leading to significant losses of N and P to the wider environment, resulting in water contamination and low nutrient use efficiency. Hence, it is a matter of urgency to understand the mechanisms and factors that affect N and P losses in vegetable production systems in order to develop optimum fertilization regimes.

Materials and methods

Different fertilization regimes were applied in a long-term chili (Capsicum spp. L.) production soil to study the effects on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) runoff losses, microbial biomass, microbial community, and crop yields. Three fertilization regimes were implemented: control (no fertilizer; CK), farmer’s fertilization practice (FFP), and site-specific nutrient management (SSNM). A fixed collection device was used to quantify the total volume of water output after each precipitation event. All water samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?-N), total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (AP). Soil samples were collected for analysis of the physicochemical properties and for DNA extraction after chili harvest. High-throughput sequencing was used to further investigate the relationship between the microbial community and nutrient losses.

Results and discussion

The SSNM fertilizer regime resulted in a 23.3% yield increase and enhanced agronomic N use efficiency from 11.87 to 15.67% compared with the FFP treatment. Soil available nutrients (i.e., AN and AP) and ATP content increased significantly after SSNM implementation. Under the SSNM regime, N losses decreased by 25.8% compared with FFP but did not lead to significantly different P losses. High-throughput sequencing results showed that each treatment formed a unique microbial community structure. VPA results revealed that the microbial community structure was mainly (50.56%) affected by the interactions between N and P. Mantel results indicated that the soil properties that significantly affected soil microbial community structure followed the order: AP, AK, and salinity.

Conclusions

Our study has demonstrated that SSNM not only generates lower N losses but also provides higher contents of soil available nutrients and plant yield, which were mainly attributed to the multiple top dressings and meeting of the plants’ demand with adequate nutrient supplies. The combined data showed that the microbial community differentiation between the different fertilizer regimes was mainly linked to the interactions between N and P in the soil.

     

Influence of soil phosphorus status and nitrogen addition on carbon mineralization from 14C-labelled glucose in pasture soils

 This study examines the effect of soil P status and N addition on the decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled glucose to assess the consequences of reduced fertilizer inputs on the functioning of pastoral systems. A contrast in soil P fertility was obtained by selecting two hill pasture soils with different fertilizer history. At the two selected sites, representing low (LF) and high (HF) fertility status, total P concentrations were 640 and 820 mg kg^–1 and annual pasture production was 4,868 and 14,120 kg DM ha^–1 respectively. Soils were amended with ¹⁴C-labelled glucose (2,076 mg C kg^–1 soil), with and without the addition of N (207 mg kg^–1 soil), and incubated for 168 days. During incubation, the amounts of ¹⁴CO₂ respired, microbial biomass C and ¹⁴C, microbial biomass P, extractable inorganic P (P_i) and net N mineralization were determined periodically. Carbon turnover was greatly influenced by nutrient P availability. The amount of glucose-derived ¹⁴CO₂ production was high (72%) in the HF and low (67%) in the LF soil, as were microbial biomass C and P concentrations. The ¹⁴C that remained in the microbial biomass at the end of the 6-month incubation was higher in the LF soil (15%) than in the HF soil (11%). Fluctuations in P_i in the LF soil during incubation were small compared with those in HF soil, suggesting that P was cycling through microbial biomass. The concentrations of P_i were significantly greater in the HF samples throughout the incubation than in the LF samples. Net N mineralization and nitrification rates were also low in the LF soils, indicating a slow turnover of microorganisms under limited nutrient supply. Addition of N had little effect on biomass ¹⁴C and glucose utilization. This suggests that, at limiting P fertility, C turnover is retarded because microbial biomass becomes less efficient in the utilization of substrates. Received: 18 October 1999     

青海高寒区典型植被地表径流及氮磷流失特征

研究自然降雨下青海高寒区典型植被地表径流与氮磷流失规律及其影响因素,可为青海高寒区植被建设及水土保持研究提供科学依据.该研究以青海高寒区青杨林、祁连圆柏林、青海云杉林、荒草地、华北落叶松林典型植被为研究对象,采用径流小区结合室内试验分析研究不同植被类型地表产流及氮磷流失特征,并基于冗余分析探明影响氮磷流失的主要因素.结...     

不同水稻种植模式对氮磷流失特征的影响

过量施用化肥造成的氮、磷流失已成为农业面源污染的主要污染源。为探究不同种植模式对氮、磷流失的影响,采用大田试验,研究比较了常规种植、绿色蛙稻和有机蛙稻3种水稻种植模式下稻田生态系统的田面水氮、磷浓度特征规律,以及径流、渗漏的氮、磷流失特征和产量差异。结果表明,3种水稻种植模式中,田面水总氮(TN)平均浓度为:常规种植绿色蛙稻有机蛙稻,分别为18.87 mg-L-1、8.98 mg-L-1和8.20 mg-L-1。与常规种植模式相比,绿色蛙稻模式和有机蛙稻模式在整个水稻季中的TN总流失负荷分别减少15.27%和25.76%。径流流失负荷为:绿色蛙稻常规种植有机蛙稻,氮的主要形态为铵态氮(NH4+-N);渗漏流失负荷为:常规种植绿色蛙稻有机蛙稻,氮的形态以硝态氮(NO3--N)为主。田面水总磷(TP)平均浓度为:有机蛙稻绿色蛙稻常规种植,分别为0.82 mg-L-1、0.64 mg-L-1和0.37mg-L-1。总磷(TP)总流失负荷为:有机蛙稻绿色蛙稻常规种植,总流失负荷占施磷量的比例为:绿色蛙稻常规种植有机蛙稻,并且以溶解性磷(DP)为主。3种模式下水稻产量为:常规种植有机蛙稻绿色蛙稻,与常规种植模式相比,绿色蛙稻模式和有机蛙稻模式分别减产19.33%和8.51%。研究结果表明,有机蛙稻和绿色蛙稻模式能够有效地控制水稻田中氮、磷流失,但会造成水稻减产。由于有机蛙稻模式要求种、养条件更高,因此有机蛙稻模式下的产品往往品质最好,经济效益最高。     

基于水文和土壤侵蚀模型评估植被过滤带净化径流中氮磷的效果

为了方便快速地评估单次径流条件下植被过滤带对污染物氮、磷的净化效果,该文设计了地表径流的模拟放水试验,分析了泥沙与颗粒态污染物的相关性,依据土壤混合层概念简化了土壤污染物的输移,建立了植被过滤带对污染物作用效果的估算模型。结果表明:径流中颗粒态氮、磷含量与泥沙含量有显著相关性(P0.05),据此建立线性相关方程,估算出植被过滤带对颗粒态污染物的净化效果,其86%以上样本的颗粒态氮、磷质量浓度模拟偏差均在±20%之内;溶解态氮、磷的迁移分两部分,即发生于坡面地表径流中和土壤混合层中,分别根据质量平衡原理建立方程对溶解态污染物的迁移进行了模拟,验证得到83%以上样本的溶解态氮质量浓度模拟偏差在±20%之内,67%以上样本的溶解态磷质量浓度模拟偏差也在±20%之内,研究表明,可以基于土壤混合层概念和水文及土壤侵蚀模型对植被过滤带净化效果进行评估。     

Transformations of nitrogen and phosphorus in sheep faeces located in saltbush rangeland and on irrigated pasture

Sheep faeces enclosed in terylene mesh bags were placed in two contrasting microenvironments within a semi-arid rangeland dominated by Atriplex vesicaria Hew ex Benth., and one within an irrigated pasture. Groups of bags were retrieved and their contents analysed at 3-monthly intervals over a total of 20 months. Sheep faeces from semi-arid rangeland and irrigated pastures were used at each site. Irrespective of source, microenvironment, and season, the amount of faecal material remaining on the semi-arid rangeland sites decreased consistently by approximately 2% month^?1. The rate of disappearance for faeces placed under irrigated pastures was 2.5% month^?1.The retention of N in the faeces was proportionately greater than the retention of faecal material. The presence of faecal pellets increased the mineral and total N of the soil beneath bags in the betweenbush microenvironment, but not the mineral-N content beneath bags placed under bushes of A. vesicaria in semi-arid rangeland.After 20 months, the proportion of total and inorganic P remaining in the faecal material placed under bushes was 50 and 40% respectively, and in faecal material placed between bushes the corresponding figures were 30 and 20% More Truog “available” P accumulated in soil under bags placed between bushes than under bags placed below bushes. The amount of total and inorganic P remaining after 20 months in the faecal pellets on the irrigated pastures was 20 and 10% respectively. The small loss of organic P from the faecal material indicated an absence of mineralization.     

植被类型对黄土坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

植被类型影响黄土坡地径流、土壤侵蚀和和养分迁移过程。该研究通过野外水流冲刷试验,对比分析了6种植被条件下坡面产流产沙及氮磷流失特征。研究结果表明,大黄花拦蓄径流作用最为明显,而大豆最弱;产沙量随时间的变化会出现峰值特征,其中苜蓿控制土壤侵蚀作用要优于其他植被;径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷的浓度在放水初期随时间迅速衰减,而后趋于稳定,幂函数比指数函数能更好的描述径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷浓度变化过程;泥沙中的硝态氮含量随时间迅速衰减,而有效磷的含量则随着时间逐渐波动减小,二者的最高含量均发生在苜蓿地。养分的富集率与土壤侵蚀量成反比;径流硝态氮流失总量的大小关系为谷子苜蓿柠条玉米大豆大黄花,水溶性磷流失总量的大小关系为谷子玉米柠条大豆大黄花苜蓿,谷子、玉米、柠条、大豆、大黄花各自硝态氮和水溶性磷的流失总量基本相同(P0.05);土壤剖面硝态氮含量随着深度增大呈现出峰值特征,且峰值存在的深度不同,土壤有效磷主要积聚在表层5 cm以上,5 cm以下含量极低。综上可知,野外草本植被在拦截径流、减少土壤侵蚀和控制养分流失方面要优于农田作物,在植被恢复中应广泛采用农地撂荒的方式进行恢复。     

Soil cultivation effects on sediment and phosphorus mobilization in surface runoff from three contrasting soil types in England

To encourage the adoption of best management practices in a priority catchment (Hampshire Avon) in south-west England suffering from diffuse pollution, field demonstration areas were established over a 2-year period on three major soil types (a Chalk soil with an 8° slope, a Greensand soil on a 5° slope and an underdrained Clay soil with a 1° slope). Within each demonstration area, three replicate runoff plots measuring 15 m long and 2 m wide and each containing a tramline were established to monitor the effectiveness of cultivation date (early versus late) and cultivation method (traditional versus reduced) on suspended sediment and P mobilization in surface runoff. Reduced cultivation consisted of heavy discing (5–8 cm depth) instead of ploughing (20–25 cm depth). Soil cultivation effects were variable and site specific depending on weather, inherent soil susceptibility to structural degradation and management. Surface sealing of the Greensand soil, tramline compaction on the Chalk soil and direction of drilling on the Clay soil were key contributing factors. Late cultivation increased surface runoff up to 5-fold and mobilization of sediment and P by up to an order of magnitude compared to early drilling using traditional cultivation techniques. Concentrations of sediment and P in runoff from the Greensand and Chalk soils were consistently lower when the soil was minimally tilled than ploughed, even though a range of soil physical measurements indicated greater soil consolidation where the soil was not inverted. The benefits of reduced cultivation were attributed to better surface cover and a firmer surface for tractor wheelings. Early drilling, timeliness of cultivation to avoid soil compaction, better tramline management and reduced cultivation techniques would help reduce agriculture's impact on water quality in the catchment area.     

Effects of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization

The influence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata) on the rate of net N mineralization was studied, both in soil columns with intact soil structure (partly influenced by past earthworm activity) and in columns with sieved soil. Soil columns were collected from a well drained silt loam soil, and before the experiment all earthworms present were removed. Next, either new earthworms (at the rate of five earthworms per 1200 cm³, which was only slightly higher than field numbers and biomass) were added or they were left out. At five points in time, the columns were analyzed for NH ₄ ⁺ , NO ₃ ^– , and microbial biomass in separate samples from the upper and lower layers of the columns. N mineralization was estimated from these measurements. The total C and N content and the microbial biomass in the upper 5 cm of the intact soil columns was higher than in the lower layer. In the homogenized columns, the C and N content and the microbial biomass were equally divided over both layers. In all columns, the concentration of NH ₄ ⁺ was small at the start of the experiment and decreased over time. No earthworm effects on extractable NH ₄ ⁺ were observed. However, when earthworms were present, the concentration of NO ₃ ^– increased in both intact and homogenized cores. The microbial biomass content did not change significantly with time in any of the treatments. In both intact and homogenized soil, N mineralization increased when earthworms were present. Without earthworms, both type of cores mineralized comparable amounts of N, which indicates that mainly direct and indirect biological effects are responsible for the increase in mineralization in the presence of earthworms. The results of this study indicate that earthworm activity can result in considerable amounts of N being mineralized, up to 90 kg N ha^–1 year^–1, at the density used in this experiment.     

纳米碳增效尿素对水稻田面水氮素流失及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探讨纳米碳增效尿素对水稻田面水氮素流失特征及肥料利用率的影响,以普通尿素处理为对照,对水稻田面水氮素浓度、氮素径流流失特征、产量及氮肥利用率进行了试验研究。结果表明,施用氮肥后,田面水全氮浓度迅速增加,且施氮量越高,田面水全氮浓度越大。纳米碳增效尿素处理与普通尿素处理比较,其田面水全氮浓度下降速度较快,氮素随排水流失风险期短。应用对数方程模型预测,纳米碳增效尿素田面水安全排放期为施肥后11.5～15.9 d,普通尿素田面水安全排放期为施肥后12.5～17.3 d,纳米碳增效尿素处理与普通尿素处理比较,其遇雨引起氮素流失期限缩短1.0～1.5 d。该研究同时得出,总氮素径流流失量随施氮量的增加而增加,相同施氮量的两肥料处理间比较,纳米碳增效尿素处理氮素随降水流失量显著小于普通尿素处理,仅为普通尿素的70.6%～74.3%。该研究进一步表明,纳米碳增效尿素处理籽粒产量、氮肥农学利用率亦显著大于普通尿素处理,产量最大提高幅度达10.2%,氮肥农学利用率最大提高幅度达44.5%。总之,与普通尿素处理比较,纳米碳增效尿素处理遇雨引起氮素流失期限缩短、氮素径流流失量小,产量、氮肥农学利用率均较高,是优于普通尿素的新型高效肥料,其中施氮量为225 kg/hm2的处理,是该试验条件下的氮肥运筹的高产、高效、安全模式。     

Distribution of phosphorus in soil aggregate fractions and its significance with regard to phosphorus transport in agricultural runoff

Surface runoff is the major way of P transport from agricultural land to surface waters. To assess the potential of P loss in runoff in relation to soil P status, the chemical nature and distribution of soil P in different size classes of water-stable aggregates were quantified for two distinctive soil types. For both soils unfertilized areas under pasture and well-fertilized arable soils were sampled. The content of total P, organic P and microbial biomass P (P_mic) decreased in the aggregate size order <0.1, 1–2, and 0.1–1.0 mm respectively. In contrast available P (extracted by Bray I reagent) was lowest in the <0.1 mm aggregate size. Cultivation decreased the percentage of 1–2 mm aggregates but increased that of the <0.1 mm aggregates. Fertilization increased markedly both total P and organic P in the <0.1 mm fraction of arable soils compared to the corresponding samples from unfertilized grassland soils. During aggregate separation, most of P loss was in the form of particulate P and less than 1% in solution. More organic P and P_mic were lost from the grassland soils than from the arable soils.