空间电场对植物吸收CO2和生长速度的影响

为研究空间电场对植物吸收CO2和生长速度的影响,首先采用同位素示踪法,分析了不同空间电场调控营养液栽培的番茄秧吸收CO2气体和HCO3-阴离子的能力,证实了14C-HCO3-是一种受控于空间电场变化的阴离子,且空间电场强度的变化方向调控着14C-HCO3-阴离子流的流动方向.在此基础上以蕹菜(空心菜)为试验材料,采取空间电场与增施CO2浓度的参数组合,做对比生长试验,通过红外线CO2分析法揭示了空间电场的极性对植物吸收CO2的速度有显著影响,且正向空间电场能显著促进植物对CO2的吸收,并得到正向空间电场与足量的CO2浓度相配合能大幅度提高温室蔬菜生长速度,使作物产量倍增的结论,为建立空间电场促进植物生长技术提供理论依据.     

大气CO2倍增对水稻生长和发育的影响

矮香糯水稻(Oryza sativa L, )插身后生长在大气（350ppm CO₂）和CO₂倍增（700 ppm CO₂）的开顶式培养室中，结果显示，在CO₂倍增的条件下，矮香糯生长旺盛，根系发达，根系干重增加23%，株高增加12%，每穗结实率增加29%，每株籽粒干重增加41%。本文对目前有关这方面的研究现状进行了讨论。     

CO2气调防治储粮害虫试验研究

利用自行设计的试验装置，充入CO₂气体使储粮害虫(谷蠹与米象)窒息死亡，以达到杀灭粮食害虫的目的。试验分为两个部分，一是在实验室里进行，试验温度分别在15～18℃和23～28℃；试验的CO₂气体浓度分别控制在25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%和60%左右；试验时间分别为24、48、72、96、120、168 h。通过多次试验，找出了实验室试验的最佳参数：温度为(25±3)℃；CO₂气体浓度为25%～35%；谷蠹杀虫保持时间为72 h以上；米象杀虫保持时间为48 h。二是在实验仓进行试验，将传感器通过管道分别布置在仓的各个部位，并每隔12～24 h，测取温、湿度等。 实验仓的试验验证了实验室的试验结果，但杀虫的持续时间为10 d以上，研究成果为实仓应用CO₂气调防治储粮害虫提供了可靠的依据。     

CO2浓度升高对不同水分条件下冬小麦生长和水分利用的影响

以CO₂浓度升高为主要特征的气候变化对作物生长发育及产量形成的影响日益受到重视。冬小麦是我国主要粮食作物之一, 主要分布在干旱及半干旱地区, 且生长期内多干旱少雨。研究不同水分条件下冬小麦的生长变化及水分利用对CO₂浓度升高的响应具有重要的科学和实践意义。本研究在封顶式生长室中对2个土壤水分水平[适宜水分: 70%~80%田间持水量; 干旱胁迫: 50%~60%田间持水量]的盆栽冬小麦进行了CO₂熏蒸试验[背景大气浓度: (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol^-1; 升高的浓度: (760.1±36.1)μmol·mol^-1]。对小麦植株生理指标、生物量、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)等的研究结果表明, 与背景大气CO₂浓度相比, CO₂浓度升高可促进冬小麦生长, 其地上生物量显著增加, 适宜水分和干旱胁迫条件下分别增加了28.6%和18.6%; 籽粒产量显著增加, 适宜水分和干旱胁迫条件下分别增加了32.6%和22.6%; CO₂浓度升高主要通过增加穗粒数提高籽粒产量, 穗粒数在适宜水分条件下提高24.3%, 干旱胁迫条件下提高15.5%, 对千粒重没有显著影响。CO₂浓度升高使群体和产量WUE显著提高, 在适宜水分条件下提高幅度较大, 分别提高17.7%和24.8%。CO₂浓度升高显著提高了叶片光合速率(P_n)、降低了气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r); 在适宜水分和干旱胁迫下P_n分别提高15.6%与12.9%, G_s分别降低22.7%与18.2%, T_r分别降低8.9%与7.5%。CO₂浓度升高提高了叶片水势及叶绿素含量; 在适宜水分条件下叶片水势提高幅度较大, 为7.7%; 叶片叶绿素含量在2种水分条件分别提高7.5%与3.8%。由以上试验结果可得出: CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦的生长、产量及水分利用效率均具有促进作用, 而且在土壤水分状况较好时, 这种作用效果更明显; CO₂浓度升高主要通过增加穗粒数来促进产量提高。     

超临界CO2萃取大蒜精油及油树脂的研究

研究了大蒜精油及油树脂的超临界CO₂提取工艺，探讨了粒度，萃取及分离的温度、压力和时间对各萃取率的影响，建立了萃取温度、压力与各萃取率的数学模型。确定了超临界CO₂同时提取大蒜精油及油树脂的优化工艺条件。     

高密度CO2处理对E. coli细胞膜渗透性的影响

以E. coli菌悬液为研究对象,通过测定高密度CO₂处理(DPCD)后E. coli上清液中蛋白质、核酸、Mg2+、K+离子和丙二醛的含量,辅助透射电镜观察,研究DPCD 对E. coli细胞膜渗透性的影响。在7MPa、37℃条件下,E. coli经高密度CO₂处理10min后,99%以上的E. coli失活,同时研究发现蛋白质、核酸及Mg2+、K+离子等胞内物质均发生了不同程度的泄漏,丙二醛含量增加,E. coli胞内物质密度降低。密度CO₂处理造成E. coli细胞膜渗透性的增加,这也是导致E. coli死亡的原因之一。     

CO2施肥对黄瓜幼苗矿质营养吸收与分配的影响

以土培和砂培黄瓜幼苗为试材，研究CO₂施肥对植株矿质营养吸收和分配的影响。结果表明：每天上午以1100±100 μl/L CO₂浓度施肥3 h或上、下午各施肥3 h明显降低植株各部位多数矿质元素的含量，CO₂施肥时间延长，降幅增大。CO₂施肥增强了黄瓜对矿质元素的吸收能力，使单株吸收总量显著增加，且施肥时间越长，吸收数量越多。因此，在CO₂施肥的同时应增加矿质营养的供给。     

大气CO2 浓度升高对绿豆生长及C、N 吸收的影响

研究大气CO₂ 浓度升高对绿豆生长及C、N 吸收的影响, 有助于了解未来气候变化下绿豆养分平衡的变化。利用FACE (Free Air CO₂ Enrichment)系统在大田条件下研究了CO₂ 浓度升高对绿豆生物量及C、N 吸收的影响。结果表明: 大气CO₂ 浓度升高使绿豆叶、茎、荚、根、地上部分生物量、总生物量及根冠比增加。各发育期地上部分含N 量下降10.39%~21.06%, 含C 量增加0.41%~1.13%, C/N 增加12.23%~26.68%; 籽粒中N、C 含量及C/N 无显著变化。植株地上部分吸N 量和吸C 量分别增加1.99%~50.87%和14.43%~92.69%。未来大气CO₂ 浓度升高条件下, 绿豆将通过生物量的增加固定更多的C, 并增加对N 素的吸收, 未来的绿豆生产应考虑增加土壤的施肥水平以保证其养分供应。     

夹带剂对超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的影响

以穿心莲内酯粗品和高纯品(纯度分别为30%和95%)为原料，采用超临界CO₂萃取结晶法，考察了乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇与乙酸乙酯四种夹带剂对超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的结晶率、纯度、晶型和形貌等的作用规律。结果：因乙酸乙酯分离纯化综合效果较好，且既能与前处理工序中选择的浸提溶剂相统一，减少采用多种溶剂存在的污染，又能保持晶体优良晶型和结晶品质，所以优先选择了乙酸乙酯为夹带剂。     

不同供磷状况下CO2浓度升高对番茄根系生长及养分吸收的影响

采用培养试验研究了磷缺乏与正常供磷条件下,CO₂浓度由350μL/L升高至800μL/L苗期番茄的生物量、根系特征和不同器官N、P、K养分含量的变化。结果表明,无论缺磷与否,CO₂浓度升高均能显著增加番茄地上部及根系的干物质积累量,提高根冠比。在磷缺乏条件下,CO₂浓度升高对番茄根系生长的促进主要表现为增加根系的体积和表面积;而在磷正常供应条件下主要表现为同时增加根体积和分根数,有利于形成强壮的根系。在两种供磷水平下,CO₂浓度升高对番茄各器官的N、P、K含量产生不同的稀释效应,但N、P、K总积累量却随CO₂浓度升高而显著增加;而且CO₂浓度与供P水平对番茄植株的N、P、K积累量具有极显著的正交互效应。     

A new technique to measure soil CO2 efflux at constant CO2 concentration

A new principle for measuring soil CO₂ efflux at constant ambient concentration is introduced. The measuring principle relies on the continuous absorption of CO₂ within the system to achieve a constant CO₂ concentration inside the soil chamber at ambient level, thus balancing the amount of CO₂ entering the soil chamber by diffusion from the soil. We report results that show reliable soil CO₂ efflux measurements with the new system. The novel measuring principle does not disturb the natural gradient of CO₂ within the soil, while allowing for continuous capture of the CO₂ released from the soil. It therefore holds great potential for application in simultaneous measurements of soil CO₂ efflux and its δ¹³C, since both variables show sensitivity to a distortion of the soil CO₂ profile commonly found in conventional chamber techniques.     

Relationship between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes

To better understand the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil CO₂ efflux, we compared seasonal and diurnal variations in simultaneously measured forest-floor CO₂ effluxes and soil CO₂ concentration profiles in a 54-year-old Douglas fir forest on the east coast of Vancouver Island. We used small solid-state infrared CO₂ sensors for long-term continuous real-time measurement of CO₂ concentrations at different depths, and measured half-hourly soil CO₂ effluxes with an automated non-steady-state chamber. We describe a simple steady-state method to measure CO₂ diffusivity in undisturbed soil cores. The method accounts for the CO₂ production in the soil and uses an analytical solution to the diffusion equation. The diffusivity was related to air-filled porosity by a power law function, which was independent of soil depth. CO₂ concentration at all depths increased with increase in soil temperature, likely due to a rise in CO₂ production, and with increase in soil water content due to decreased diffusivity or increased CO₂ production or both. It also increased with soil depth reaching almost 10 mmol mol⁻¹ at the 50-cm depth. Annually, soil CO₂ efflux was best described by an exponential function of soil temperature at the 5-cm depth, with the reference efflux at 10 °C (F₁₀) of 2.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the Q₁₀ of 3.7. No evidence of displacement of CO₂-rich soil air with rain was observed.Effluxes calculated from soil CO₂ concentration gradients near the surface closely agreed with the measured effluxes. Calculations indicated that more than 75% of the soil CO₂ efflux originated in the top 20 cm soil. Calculated CO₂ production varied with soil temperature, soil water content and season, and when scaled to 10 °C also showed some diurnal variation. Soil CO₂ efflux and concentrations as well as soil temperature at the 5-cm depth varied in phase. Changes in CO₂ storage in the 0–50 cm soil layer were an order of magnitude smaller than measured effluxes. Soil CO₂ efflux was proportional to CO₂ concentration at the 50-cm depth with the slope determined by soil water content, which was consistent with a simple steady-state analytical model of diffusive transport of CO₂ in the soil. The latter proved successful in calculating effluxes during 2004.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on soil respiration under ponderosa pine

Soil respiration represents the integrated response of plant roots and soil organisms to environmental conditions and the availability of C in the soil. A multi-year study was conducted in outdoor sun-lit controlled-environment chambers containing a reconstructed ponderosa pine/soil-litter system. The study used a 2×2 factorial design with two levels of CO₂ and two levels of O₃ and three replicates of each treatment. The objectives of our study were to assess the effects of long-term exposure to elevated CO₂ and O₃, singly and in combination, on soil respiration, fine root growth and soil organisms. Fine root growth and soil organisms were included in the study as indicators of the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration. The study evaluated three hypotheses: (1) elevated CO₂ will increase C assimilation and allocation belowground increasing soil respiration; (2) elevated O₃ will decrease C assimilation and allocation belowground decreasing soil respiration and (3) as elevated CO₂ and O₃ have opposing effects on C assimilation and allocation, elevated CO₂ will eliminate or reduce the negative effects of elevated O₃ on soil respiration. A mixed-model covariance analysis was used to remove the influences of soil temperature, soil moisture and days from planting when testing for the effects of CO₂ and O₃ on soil respiration. The covariance analysis showed that elevated CO₂ significantly reduced the soil respiration while elevated O₃ had no significant effect. Despite the lack of a direct CO₂ stimulation of soil respiration, there were significant interactions between CO₂ and soil temperature, soil moisture and days from planting indicating that elevated CO₂ altered soil respiration indirectly. In elevated CO₂, soil respiration was more sensitive to soil temperature changes and less sensitive to soil moisture changes than in ambient CO₂. Soil respiration increased more with days from planting in elevated than in ambient CO₂. Elevated CO₂ had no effect on fine root biomass but increased abundance of culturable bacteria and fungi suggesting that these increases were associated with increased C allocation belowground. Elevated CO₂ had no significant effect on microarthropod and nematode abundance. Elevated O₃ had no significant effects on any parameter except it reduced the sensitivity of soil respiration to changes in temperature.     

CO2浓度升高对三江平原湿地小叶章碳氮含量的影响

利用开顶箱薰气室(open-top chamber),设置正常大气CO2浓度和高CO2浓度(700 μmol/mol)2个水平和不施氮(NN,0 g/m2)、常氮(MN,5 g/m2)和高氮(HN,15 g/m2)3个氮素水平,研究CO2浓度升高对三江平原草甸小叶章碳氮积累的影响.结果表明,CO2浓度升高条件下小叶章植株总固碳量增加,不同氮水平下小叶章总固碳量分别增加19.3％(NN),24.4％(MN)和24.6％(HN),且根固定碳量占植株总体碳库比例均有不同程度的提高.CO2浓度升高降低了小叶章各器官氮含量,其中叶、茎氮含量以抽穗期降幅最大(14.4％和19.5％),根氮含量以腊熟期降幅最大(17.4％).小叶章各器官N含量的降低是由于CO2浓度升高条件下植株生长加快引起的稀释效应所致.     

CO2浓度对金针菇生长发育的影响

在人工控制环境条件下研究了CO2浓度对金针菇（Flammulina velutipes）生长发育的影响结果表明，金针菇菌丝正常生长所要求的适宜CO2浓度为261.7-2930.5μmol/L；金针菇子实体原基形成随CO2浓度升高明显受到抑制，所要求的适宜CO2浓度范围为12.3-60μmol/L；菇蕾形成后为获得优质高产金针菇，应提高环境内CO2浓度，并控制在210－600μmol/L范围内。     

Elevated CO2 stimulates N2O emissions in permanent grassland

To evaluate climate forcing under increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, feedback effects on greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) with a high global warming potential should be taken into account. This requires long-term N₂O flux measurements because responses to elevated CO₂ may vary throughout annual courses. Here, we present an almost 9 year long continuous N₂O flux data set from a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study on an old, N-limited temperate grassland. Prior to the FACE start, N₂O emissions were not different between plots that were later under ambient (A) and elevated (E) CO₂ treatments, respectively. However, over the entire experimental period (May 1998–December 2006), N₂O emissions more than doubled under elevated CO₂ (0.90 vs. 2.07 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ under A and E, respectively). The strongest stimulation occurred during vegetative growth periods in the summer when soil mineral N concentrations were low. This was surprising because based on literature we had expected the highest stimulation of N₂O emissions due to elevated CO₂ when mineral N concentrations were above background values (e.g. shortly after N application in spring). N₂O emissions under elevated CO₂ were moderately stimulated during late autumn–winter, including freeze–thaw cycles which occurred in the 8th winter of the experiment. Averaged over the entire experiment, the additional N₂O emissions caused by elevated CO₂ equaled 4738 kg CO₂-equivalents ha⁻¹, corresponding to more than half a ton (546 kg) of CO₂ ha⁻¹ which has to be sequestered annually to balance the CO₂-induced N₂O emissions. Without a concomitant increase in C sequestration under rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, temperate grasslands may be converted into greenhouse gas sources by a positive feedback on N₂O emissions. Our results underline the need to include continuous N₂O flux measurements in ecosystem-scale CO₂ enrichment experiments.     

温室CO2气体浓度环境自动调控系统的研究

为了改善现代温室内气体环境的质量，提高温室的生产产量和产品品质，介绍一种新型温室CO₂浓度自动调控系统，并运用射流理论，分析研究了系统的设计原理和方法，对系统的工作性能也作了相应的对比实验研究，结果表明该系统具有结构简单、自动控制性能好、造价低、运行经济可靠、补充CO₂速度快、CO₂浓度和气体流速分布均匀、增产效果和经济效益明显等特点。