低磷胁迫下小麦根系反应的基因型差异

本研究采用液培、根际原位显色和离子耗竭技术等方法,探索了小麦不同基因型根际对磷酸三钙的溶解作用,根际分泌酸性磷酸酯酶,根际氧化还原活力以及吸磷动力学的差异。结果表明,磷高效基因型不仅根系发达,而且溶解磷酸三钙的能力、酸性磷酸酯酶的分泌量和活性,对还原态甲烯蓝的氧化作用,对TTC的还原作用和吸磷动力系参数中的Imax等都显著优于磷低效基因型。有机碳分泌量高,对钙的吸收速度快也是磷高效基因型的重要特性。     

生物炭对镉胁迫下花生根系形态学特性及根镉含量的影响

试验采用盆栽方式,在3种不同镉(Cd)污染土壤中分别施用4种用量生物炭(C),探讨生物炭对镉胁迫下花生根长、根直径、根体积、侧根数、根系生物量和根镉含量影响。研究结果表明,在花生同一生长时期,相同镉处理条件下,花生的各项根系指标随着生物炭施入量的加大而逐渐增加,且这种趋势随着生育时期的延长变得更明显。在C100、C150处理下,苗期花生的根直径、侧根数和根系生物量随着Cd浓度的增加呈现Cd1Cd10Cd0的趋势,表明生物炭的施入,增加了花生苗期的镉耐性;而花生结荚期,不同生物炭施入处理下,花生各形态学指标均呈现Cd0Cd1Cd10的趋势,显示出在花生生殖后期,前期低浓度镉产生的刺激作用逐渐消失,生物炭对镉胁迫的缓解作用与花生发育时期有关。花生根镉含量与生物炭施用量之间存在极显著负相关关系,相关系数范围在-0.988至-0.922之间。灰色关联度分析显示,在花生苗期和花针期,侧根数、根系生物量是影响根镉含量的主要因素。研究未发现过多的生物炭施入对作物根系形态学指标的抑制作用。     

镉胁迫对玉米生理特性的影响

试验研究不同浓度Cd胁迫对玉米生理特性的影响结果表明,玉米耐受性好,Cd胁迫下生长发育正常,0.2mg/L、0.5mg/L和1.0mg/L低浓度Cd处理玉米叶片叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶活性略升高,其最大应激浓度为1.0mg/LCd、毒性浓度为5.0mg/LCd;但随胁迫时间延长或胁迫浓度加大,玉米叶片叶绿素含量连续降低,根系活力降低后回复,而脯氨酸含量明显升高又回落,玉米表现出对低浓度Cd有一定抵抗能力,且Cd对玉米的毒害受时间和浓度双重因子的制约。玉米植株体内游离脯氨酸变化明显,因此脯氨酸可作为某些植物对重金属离子的同期抗逆性指标。     

镉毒害对小麦生理生态效应的研究进展

镉是植物生长的非必须元素,它具有很大的生物毒性,与其它重金属相比,更易被植物吸收积累,即使生长在非污染土壤上的小麦,籽粒中镉含量都在0.002~0.207 mg/kg。在参考大量文献资料的基础上,综述了镉（Cd）毒害对小麦植株幼苗的萌发、生长及小麦生理生化特性的反应,提出了小麦镉毒害影响因素与防治途径。     

小麦根系对水分和氮肥的生理生态反应

利用模拟土柱研究了不同水分和氮素营养条件下春小麦根系的生理生态反应。结果表明 ,适量施氮 (尿素 60 0kg/hm2)增加了总根重和深层土壤中的根重 ,改善了根系的水分关系 ,提高了细胞膜的稳定性 ,因而有助于提高小麦的抗旱性 ;过量施氮 (尿素 150 0kg/hm2)增加上层根重对抗旱性的意义并不大。严重水分胁迫下 ,过量施氮导致根细胞膜伤害率明显增加 ,根系水分关系恶化 ,根系保水能力下降 ,使小麦抗旱性降低     

镉胁迫对不同基因型小麦产量及构成因子的影响

盆栽试验以筛选出的6份子粒镉（Cd）高积累和5份子粒Cd低积累小麦为试材,研究不同基因型小麦在028 （对照CK）、5、10和 20 mg/kg 4个Cd浓度胁迫下小麦子粒产量及其构成因子的变化。结果表明,不同基因型小麦产量及其构成因子对土壤Cd浓度的变化响应差异很大。产量对Cd胁迫很敏感,随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低; 小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重随Cd浓度的增加逐渐降低,响应显著的浓度分别为5、5和10 mg/kg; 而有效分蘖随着Cd浓度的提高先在5 mg/kg显著增加,然后极显著降低,响应强烈的浓度为10 mg/kg。相关性和通径分析表明,Cd浓度与小麦产量及构成因子呈负相关,影响程度为: 产量＞千粒重＞穗粒数＞有效分蘖＞小穗数。由此可知,产量随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低的直接原因是瘪粒和空粒的增加; 同时还看出,Cd胁迫下子粒Cd高积累小麦的产量、小穗数和穗粒数显著低于Cd低积累品种,千粒重两者相差不大,有效分蘖是前者高于后者。     

有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响

向土壤中加入外源有机酸,研究有机酸对活化土壤中镉的作用和小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：有机酸对土壤中镉有一定的活化能力,对镉活化能力强弱顺序为ＥＤＴＡ〉缺铁小麦根分泌物〉柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉水。但ＥＤＴＡ却降低了小麦地上部镉的含量,缺铁小麦根分泌物明显增加了小麦地上部镉含量。与对照相比,柠檬酸和苹果酸对小麦地上部的镉含量有一定的促进作用,也增加了小麦地上部镉含量。     

重金属铅镉短期胁迫对蓬莱蕉生理生化指标的影响

为了探讨蓬莱蕉在Pb、Cd胁迫下的生理变化规律,采用盆栽试验研究土壤重金属Pb、Cd单一及其复合胁迫对蓬莱蕉部分生理指标的影响。结果表明:(1)相同处理水平下,随着处理时间的延长,重金属Pb、Cd单一和复合胁迫下,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量增加,过氧化氢酶活性升高。在Pb单一胁迫下,总叶绿素含量先升后降,过氧化物酶活性升高;在Cd单一胁迫和Pb、Cd复合胁迫下,总叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶活性先升后降。(2)随着处理浓度的增加,重金属Pb、Cd单一和复合胁迫下,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,而总叶绿素含量则表现为下降趋势。说明蓬莱蕉在一定重金属胁迫范围内,可通过增加叶片渗透调节物质和诱导活性氧清除系统,以减少由于胁迫带来的代谢失衡对植株的伤害。     

花后喷施KH2PO4对灌浆期高温胁迫下小麦根系生理特性及产量的影响

为探究花后叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH₂PO₄)对灌浆期高温胁迫下小麦根系生理特性及产量的影响,本研究设置叶面喷施清水(NT)、清水+灌浆期高温胁迫(NHT)、KH₂PO₄溶液(PT)和KH₂PO₄溶液+灌浆期高温胁迫(PHT)共4个处理,考察了不同处理对小麦根系活力、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、成熟期干物质积累与分配和产量的影响。结果表明,花后喷施KH₂PO₄显著提高了高温前根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,显著降低MDA含量。高温胁迫处理显著降低了根系活力,但喷施KH₂PO₄的根系活力下降幅度较小,高温后根系内维持了较高的SOD、POD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,且高温后NHT根系MDA含量显著高于NT,NT显著高于PHT,而PT显著低于PHT。花后喷施KH₂PO₄显著提高了灌浆期旗叶Pn,降低高温对叶片光合能力的危害程度。成熟期PT植株干物质积累量显著高于PHT和NT,后两者间无显著差异,NHT最低,且PT向籽粒分配的干物质量最高。与NHT相比,NT、PHT和PT产量分别提高了17.8%、18.9%和26.7%,喷施KH₂PO₄处理提高产量是由于千粒重的显著提高。综上,花后通过叶面喷施KH₂PO₄能显著延缓灌浆期小麦根系衰老,增强根系耐高温能力,提高成熟期植株干物质积累,降低灌浆中后期高温胁迫对小麦产量造成的损失。本研究为小麦花后喷施KH₂PO₄以减轻灌浆期高温对小麦生产造成的危害提供了一定的理论依据。     

PEG预处理对盐及镉胁迫下黑麦草生理代谢的影响

为了探讨PEG预处理对盐胁迫和镉胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗生理特性的影响,将黑麦草幼苗分别用0,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%(对应水势分别为0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.30,-0.50,-0.77 MPa)的PEG-6000营养液进行预处理后,分别用含150 mmol/L NaCl和Cd~(2+)浓度为10 mg/L的胁迫液培养,然后测定黑麦草幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性。结果表明:盐胁迫下15%(-0.30 MPa)PEG预处理和镉胁迫下10%(-0.15 MPa)PEG预处理可以有效提高多年生黑麦草的光合色素含量,降低MDA、游离脯氨酸含量,增加可溶性糖含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。PEG预处理下多年生黑麦草在遭受逆境胁迫时,受到多种生理生化的调节,其生理指标的动态变化是黑麦草应答逆境因子胁迫的重要调节机制,体现了其对逆境胁迫的适应能力以及在多种逆境胁迫下的交叉适应能力。     

Comparison of protein quality and mineral element concentrations in grain of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The cultivation of Triticum spelta (spelt) has no tradition in Hungary. In recent years the interest towards this old species renewed in many countries. This high‐nutritional cereal, which has a high ash and fibre content, can be used in many health‐oriented grain‐based food products. Therefore, field experiments have been conducted for some years to test the performance of this species under home growing conditions. Here we report the results of analyses for some important quality parameters of grain samples from the 1996/97 season in comparison with those of older and new home‐grown bread wheat cultivars. Three common wheat cultivars and one advanced spelt line were grown on small plots fertilised with an NPK dose necessary to reach the highest yield and quality. Spikes were sampled weekly from the time of 70–77% grain moisture to full ripening. The grains were analysed for ash, N, P and K content and amino acid composition. Concentrations of 16 other macro + micro elements and in the ripe grains, baking quality parameters were also assessed. The grain development of spelt showed a remarkable time‐lag compared to that of the common wheat cultivars. However, the highest thousand‐grain‐masses, ash, N, and P concentrations were measured in this cultivar after milk ripening. The grains of spelt contained the macro‐nutrient Mg and four micro‐nutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu) in higher concentrations compared to those of the common wheat varieties. The total and essential amino acid concentrations measured in the ripe grains of spelt were also remarkably higher.

Although its wet gluten content (47.5%) was considerably higher than that of the bread wheat cultivars, its breadmaking quality was poor.     

氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系形态建成及生理特性的影响

为揭示氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系生长的影响,以高产高蛋白品种Spitfire(S)和抗旱品种Drysdale(D)为材料,采用沙培方式研究了不同氮素处理(180和22.5 kg·hm^-2)和水分处理(干旱和正常浇水)对苗期小麦根系形态建成和生理生长的影响。结果表明,苗期干旱下增施氮肥减小了2个品种小麦根系总根长、根系表面积、总根体积、根尖数和分枝数,显著增加了根系直径和根系活力,S品种根系干重减小7.0%,而D品种根系干重增加12.0%。施高氮还降低了干旱下2个品种小麦根系可溶性糖含量,并提高了游离氨基酸含量,且耐旱性品种D变化幅度较大,2个品种根系可溶性蛋白含量的变化均不明显。此外,增施氮肥能促进根系对氮素的吸收,提高根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和含氮量。综上,在苗期干旱下增施氮肥能够促进小麦根系生长,提高根系活力和NR活性,以增强根系对氮素的吸收同化能力,促进氮代谢水平,从而提高小麦的抗旱性,但不同耐旱品种对干旱下增施氮肥的响应程度存在差异。本研究结果为通过增施氮肥有效缓解干旱进而提高小麦产量提供了理论依据。     

Root Plasticity Not Evident in N-Enriched Soil Volumes for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties

Root plasticity is a unique characteristic of root systems that may enhance the nutrient foraging capacity of plants. Here we investigated the effect of localized high nitrogen (N) concentration on plasticity of wheat and barley roots in soil. We conducted a series of experiments to maintain localized high concentration of N in soil and to evaluate any root morphological variation in the enriched N zone. Wheat and barley seedlings were grown in N responsive Red Ferrosol with an enriched subsurface N band for 12 days. Wheat and barley roots did not proliferate in N-enriched soil volumes. Rather, higher root length density (~1.6 times) was observed in low N surface soil. Shoot dry matter and shoot N uptake of banded N treatment was statistically similar between uniform and low N treatments. Results indicated the absence of plastic root response of the wheat and barley seedlings in subsurface N band.     

镉对龙葵幼苗生长和生理指标的影响

采用营养液培养法研究了镉胁迫条件下龙葵幼苗生长、生理响应及镉积累特性。结果表明,镉胁迫下,龙葵幼苗生长受到一定程度的抑制,并且具有浓度效应和时间效应。镉胁迫还导致龙葵叶片色素含量下降。叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素平均含量在高浓度镉（150μmol·L^-1）处理条件下分别较对照降低55．5％、63．9％和43．3％。低浓度镉（25μmol·L^-1）处理15d内显著促进龙葵幼苗根系活力,平均根系活力较对照上升10．4％,而高浓度镉处理下,根系活力呈现先升后降的趋势,镉处理10d之后达到峰值;随着镉浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,龙葵幼苗叶片相对电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量和渗透调节物质均呈现显著上升趋势。相对于对照植株,低浓度镉处理下龙葵叶片平均相对电导率、MDA含量、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量上升17．7％、117．7％、5．6％和95．3％,而高浓度镉处理下上升幅度更大,分别为39．0％、194．6％、56．3％和758．0％。从积累部位来看,镉主要积累在龙葵幼苗地上部,镉含量由高到低依次为叶片〉茎〉根系,高浓度镉胁迫20d之后根茎叶镉含量为5d时的1．73、1．49和1．40倍,分别为1287．25、1718．14和2385．27μg·g^-1DW。     

Mineral Uptake of Mycorrhizal Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salinity Stress

The hypothesis was that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are able to alleviate salt stress on plant growth by enhancing and adjusting mineral uptake. The objectives were to determine (1) the effects of soil salinity on mineral uptake by different wheat genotypes and (2) the effectiveness of different mycorrhizal treatments on the mineral uptake of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under salinity. Wheat seeds of Chamran and Line 9 genotypes were inoculated with different species of AM fungi including Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and G. etunicatum and their mixture at planting using 100 g inoculum. Pots were treated with the salinity levels of 4, 8, and 12 dS/m before stemming. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal treatments, especially the mixture treatment, increased wheat mineral uptake for both genotypes. Although Line 9 genotype resulted in greater nutrient uptake under salinity stress, Chamran was more effective on adjusting sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) uptake under salt stress.     

两花生品种对镉胁迫的生理响应及其差异

根据本实验室前期的水培实验,利用盆栽培养,研究了外加土壤Cd处理浓度为12 mg kg-1时花生植株的生理毒害反应及其品种间差异。以两个不同的花生品种花育22和花育20为实验材料进行对比研究,分别测定三个不同时期花生叶片叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性、根系和叶片丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶体系活力及花生产量。结果表明:在外加土壤Cd处理浓度为12mg kg-1时,叶片叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶体系活力随着处理时间的增加而降低,Cd处理组相对于对照组都有所下降,且花育20下降幅度要远大于花育22,尤其在成熟期,镉处理组中花育20的SOD、POD和CAT活力显著低于对照组;而细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量则是随着处理时间的增加而增加,且Cd处理组相对于对照组都有所增加,花育20增加幅度要大于花育22。产量测定结果显示,花育22下降13.14%,花育20下降26.98%。结合各指标的变化情况分析可知,花生对Cd污染存在着较大的品种间差异;其中过氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和叶绿素三个指标变化幅度较大,为初步筛选选育抗Cd花生品种的参考指标和花生Cd污染的诊断指标提供依据。     

Soil and Plant Responses to the Application of Ascophyllum nodosum Extract to No-Till Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field trial consisting of four granule formulation doses and five liquid formulation sprays of a seaweed extract from Ascophyllum nodosum commercially known as Biovita, along with the recommended dose of nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K), was conducted during 2008 and 2009 in BHU, Varanasi, India, to evaluate its effect on wheat (var. HUW 468) under a no-tillage system. Among the granule doses, the 10 kg ha^?1 basal application and the two liquid sprays of 500 cm³ ha^?1 each at 25 and 50 days after sowing significantly improved the performance of wheat. On an average under these two treatments, the greatest grain and straw yields were observed were 3454.5, 3446.5 and 5187.5, 5220.0 kg ha^?1, respectively. The greatest protein content was found when further high doses of extract were applied. A faster decomposition of the paddy residue was also observed as indicated by an earlier decline in carbon (C)/N ratio of the soil in the treated plots.     

小麦TaWRKY51基因的克隆、表达分析和转基因功能鉴定

WRKY是植物中特有的锌指型转录因子,其广泛参与植物对生物及非生物胁迫的响应过程.本研究从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中分离出一个新的WRKY转录因子基因TaWRKY51,其全长cDNA序列长度为1295 bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)为942 bp,编码一个由313个氨基酸组成的多肽.用半定量RT-PCR进行表达谱分析,结果显示,TaWRKY51基因在分蘖节、叶和根系中的表达水平较高,并且受干旱胁迫诱导上调表达.在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中过量表达TaWRKY51基因导致转基因株系侧根数目明显增多,并且对ABA、干旱和盐等胁迫处理的敏感性增加,表明该基因可能在植物响应非生物逆境胁迫信号传导过程中起负调控作用.本研究有助于揭示TaWRKY51基因调控植物侧根发育及响应非生物逆境胁迫的分子机制.     

小麦根系形态数量性状的时空分布及其与土壤养分的关系研究

为明确小麦根系时空分布及其与土壤有效养分含量之间的相互关系,于2020—2021年进行大田试验,采用裂区设计,主处理为品种,分别选用大穗品种周麦30和多穗品种周麦32,副处理为种植密度,设置1.2×10⁶、2.4×10⁶、3.6×10⁶苗·hm^-2 3个密度。使用长方体铁盒(20 cm×5 cm×20 cm)在麦行上、行距1/4处、行距1/2处分别取0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层的样品。分析冬前期、返青期、拔节期、开花期、灌浆期、成熟期不同位点小麦根系形态数量性状(根长密度、平均根直径、根体积、根总表面积)及土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量。结果表明,随着生育时期的推进,根总表面积、根长密度、根体积表现为先升高后降低的单峰曲线变化趋势;0～20 cm土层平均根直径呈“W”形曲线变化趋势,20～40 cm土层平均根直径呈“V”形曲线变化趋势。小麦根系垂直分布状况表现为：0～20 cm土层中根总表面积、根长密度、根体积均显著高于20～40 cm土层;20～40 cm土层平均根直径高于0～20 cm土...     

Nitrogen Leaching Of Spring Wheat Genotypes (Triticum Aestivum L.) Varying In Nitrogen-Related Traits

Efficient use of nitrogen (N) by wheat crop and hence prevention of possible contamination of ground and surface waters by nitrates has aroused environmental concerns. The present study was conducted in drainage lysimeters for three years (1998–2000) to identify whether spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) that differ in N-related traits differ in N leaching and to relate parameters of N use efficiency (NUE) with parameters of N leaching. For this reason two spring wheat cultivars (‘Albis’ and ‘Toronit’) and an experimental line (‘L94491’) were grown under low (20 kg N ha^?1) and ample N supply (270 kg N ha^?1). The genotypes varied in parameters of NUE but not in N leaching. Grain yield of the high-protein line (‘L94491’) was, on average, 11% lower than that of ‘Toronit’ but among genotypes had significantly higher N in the grain (%), grain N yield, and N harvest index. Nitrogen lost through leaching was considerably low (0.42–0.52 g m^?2) mainly due to low volume of percolating water or the ability of the genotypes to efficiently exploit soil mineral N. There were no clear relationships between N-related genotype traits and N leaching, but across all treatments significantly negative correlations between volume of leachate and the amount of N in the total biomass and grain N yield existed.