不同品种甜高粱苗期耐寒性分析研究

低温胁迫是影响甜高粱产量和品质的主要非生物因素之一,为更好地了解低温胁迫下苗期甜高粱耐低温的机制,并服务于甜高粱耐低温品种的选育,本研究以6 个甜高粱品种为材料,对其在低温胁迫及恢复处理后苗期叶片中的各项生理指标进行测定,并以各项指标的抗冻系数作为衡量抗冻性的指标,采用主成分分析法以及聚类分析对抗寒性做出综合评价。研究表明,低温胁迫后,6 个甜高粱品种Pro 含量均不同程度上升;而SOD、POD、CAT活性以及可溶性糖含量却呈现不同的变化趋势,部分品种表现为下降趋势。通过主成分分析以及聚类分析最终将6 个品种分为3 类,‘BJ0603’和‘EN-11’为强抗寒类型,‘EN-12’、‘IMP-2’和‘KFJT-1’为中度抗寒类型,‘BJ0602’为弱抗寒类型。本研究结果为甜高粱抗寒品种的选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同含盐量的田间自然土下甜高粱耐盐性初探

为合理利用盐碱地发展生物质能源作物甜高粱的产业化种植,为甜高粱耐盐新品种的选育提供理论支持,以‘六环美迪’、‘醇甜1号’和‘辽甜1号’3个甜高粱品种的种子为材料,同时选择了0.43 g/kg、2.88 g/kg、4.06 g/kg、6.10g g/kg 4个含盐量不同的田间自然土,进行了甜高粱耐盐试验。结果表明：土壤含盐量为0.43 g/kg、2.88 g/kg时,对甜高粱种子的萌发没有明显的抑制;随土壤含盐量的增加,甜高粱种子的发芽率和幼苗株高降低,种子萌发受到抑制,土壤含盐量为4.06 g/kg、6.10g g/kg时,甜高粱种子的发芽率均低于60%。通过分析发芽期的相对发芽率和相对幼苗株高,表明3个甜高粱品种的耐盐性存在一定差异。甜高粱种子萌发阶段耐盐范围为土壤含盐量0~2.88 g/kg,土壤含盐量达到4.06 g/kg以上,甜高粱种子萌发受到盐胁迫抑制作用。3个甜高粱品种耐盐强弱顺序为：‘六环美迪’>‘醇甜1号’和‘辽甜1号’。     

Respiration and Growth of Sorghum and Sunflower under Predicted Increased Night Temperatures1

Little information exists concerning how crops will respond to the predicted increased night temperatures. The objective of this work was to determine if respiration and growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a C, plant, and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a C₃ plant, are affected when the night temperature is increased by 5°C compared to the long-term (19 year) average night temperature in June in Kansas. Sorghum and sunflower were grown in two walk-in growth chambers with either the ambient night temperature (21C) or a high night temperature (26C). Day temperature was the same for all plants (27C). Both sunflower and sorghum had higher respiration rates under the elevated night temperature than under the ambient temperature. The average respiration rate of sunflower grown under elevated night temperature increased by 19% (0.89 vs. 0.75 μmol m^?2 s^?1) and that of sorghum by 44 % (0.52 vs. 0.36μmol m^?2s^?1). After 74 days, sunflower plants grown under the ambient night temperature were 30.2 cm taller than sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature; sorghum plants under the ambient temperature were 24.8 cm taller. Sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature formed flowers one week earlier than those grown under the ambient temperature. Sorghum formed no flowers by 74 days. Results suggest that, if climate change does increase night temperature, respiration will be increased more in C₄, than C₃ plants.     

Effects of free‐air CO2 enrichment and drought on root growth of field grown maize and sorghum

Increasing CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) is thought to induce climate change and thereby increase air temperatures and the risk of drought stress, the latter impairing crop growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated [CO₂] and drought stress on root growth of one maize genotype (Zea mays cv. Simao) and two sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor cv. Bulldozer and Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense cv. Inka) under the cool moderate climate of Central Europe. It was hypothesized that root growth stimulation due to elevated [CO₂] compensates for a reduced root growth under drought stress. Therefore, we established an experiment within a f ree‐a ir c arbon dioxide e nrichment system (FACE) in 2010 and 2011. Sorghum and maize genotypes were grown under ambient [CO₂] (385 ppm CO₂) and elevated [CO₂] (600 ppm CO₂) and in combination with restricted and sufficient water supply. Elevated [CO₂] decreased root length density (RLD) in the upper soil layers for all genotypes, but increased it in deeper layers. Higher [CO₂] enhanced specific root length (SRL) of “Simao” and “Bulldozer,” however, did not affect that of “Inka.” “Simao” achieved a higher SRL than the sorghum genotypes, indicating an efficient investment in root dry matter. Although elevated [CO₂] affected the root growth, no interaction with the water treatment and, consequently, no compensatory effect of elevated [CO₂] could be identified.     

Hybrid performance of sorghum and its relationship to morphological and physiological traits under variable drought stress in Kenya

Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, is grown mostly in semi-arid climates where unpredictable drought stress constitutes a major production constraint. To investigate hybrid performance at different levels of drought stress, 12 single-cross hybrids of grain sorghum and their 24 parent lines were grown in eight site-season combinations in a semi-arid area of Kenya. In addition, a subset of 20 genotypes was evaluated at the seedling stage under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress. Environmental means for grain yield ranged from 47 to 584 g/m²reflecting the following situations: two non-stress, one moderate pre-flowering, four moderate terminal and one extreme drought stress. Mean hybrid superiority over mid-parent values was 54% for grain yield and 35% for above-ground biomass. Across environments, hybrids out-yielded two local varieties by 12%. Differences in yield potential contributed to grain yield differences in all stress environments. Early anthesis was most important for specific adaptation to extreme drought. Field performance was not related to growth reduction and osmotic adjustment under PEG-induced drought stress. In conclusion, exploitation of hybrid vigour could improve the productivity of sorghum in semi-arid areas.     

Comparative Effects of Salt and Water Stress on Seed Germination and Early Embryo Growth in Two Cultivars of Sweet Sorghum

In semiarid regions of the Mediterranean basin, water and salinity stresses restrict crop establishment. The effects of salt and water stress on seed germination and early embryo growth (radicle and shoot growth) were investigated in laboratory in two cultivars of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] – cv. ‘90‐5‐2′ and cv. ‘Keller’ – to verify how these stresses may limit crop growth during the very early stages of growing season. Six water potentials (ψ) of the imbibition solution (from 0 to ?1.0 MPa) in NaCl or polyethylene glycol (PEG) for salt and water stress tests, respectively, were studied. Daily germination was recorded, and radicle and shoot lengths and dry weights (DWs) were measured 2 days after initial germination. Seed germination was reduced (8–30% lower than control) by water stress at ψ 相似文献   

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-assimilation and chlorophyll fluorescence as indirect selection criteria for host tolerance against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Striga</Emphasis>

Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. is a parasitic weed on tropical cereals causing serious yield losses in Africa. The use of host crop varieties with improved resistance and tolerance against this parasite is a key component of an integrated control strategy. Breeding for tolerance is however seriously hampered by the absence of reliable and yet practical selection measures. The observation that the photosynthetic rate of tolerant genotypes is less sensitive to Striga infection was used as a starting point to search for suitable selection measures. In a greenhouse pot experiment the effect of Striga infection on the photosynthesis of four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) genotypes, differing in Striga tolerance level, was measured at three moments in time (26, 48 and 75 days after sowing). Genotypes were CK60-B, E36-1, Framida and Tiémarifing. Measurements involved CO₂-assimilation (A) and three chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics (electron transport rate through photosystem II [ETR], photochemical [Pq] and non-photochemical quenching [NPq]). Striga infection negatively affected A, ETR and Pq. Based on A and Pq, genotypes with superior levels of tolerance (Tiémarifing) could be discriminated from genotypes with superior level of resistance (Framida). Both A and Pq showed high heritabilities and consequently clear and predictable differences between genotypes. Using discriminative ability, heritability and cost effectiveness as main criteria, photochemical quenching (Pq) was concluded to possess the highest potential to serve as indirect selection measure for host plant tolerance to Striga. Screening should preferably be conducted at relatively high Striga infestation levels, between Striga emergence and host plant flowering.     

Response of Sorghum to Abiotic Stresses: A Review

Sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench] is a highly productive crop plant, which can be used for alternative energy resource, human food, livestock feed or industrial purposes. The biomass of sorghum can be utilized as solid fuel via thermochemical routes or as a carbohydrate substrate via fermentation processes. The plant has a great adaptation potential to drought, high salinity and high temperature, which are important characteristics of genotypes growing in extreme environments. However, the climate change in the 21st century may bring about new challenges in the cultivated areas. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature about the responses of sorghum to the most important abiotic stresses: nutrient deficiency, aluminium stress, drought, high salinity, waterlogging or temperature stress the plants have to cope with during cultivation. The advanced molecular and system biological tools provide new opportunities for breeders to select stress‐tolerant and high‐yielding cultivars.     

Influence of Soil Water Regimes on VA Mycorrhiza IV. Effect on Root Growth and Water Relations of Sorghum bicolor

In a greenhouse trial, non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants of Sorghum bicolor were grown at three water regimes. The root length and root morphology of Sorghum bicolor was monitored in two soils during 34 days. From 29 days on, total root length of mycorrhizal sorghum was greater than of non-mycorrhizal sorghum in moderate and high water stress conditions. In soil A, at all water regimes a lower percentage of coarse roots and smaller root length per leaf area were found with mycorrhizal plants; in soil B, this was only the case in well watered conditions. In general, all root and water relation parameters were less affected by water stress when plants were mycorrhizal; this less sensitivity of mycorrhizal sorghum may increase the tolerance of the plant to drought. However, water relations of plants were indirectly enhanced by mycorrhiza via increased P uptake.     

高粱耐逆基因SbALDH7的克隆与表达分析

旨在研究高粱(Sorghum bicolor)中的醛脱氢酶基因SbALDH7的序列信息和表达分析。通过PCR和RT-PCR方法,从高粱中克隆SbALDH7基因及其cDNA全长序列。通过网络软件,聚类分析SbALDH7的序列特征,利用半定量RT-PCR,研究其在不同组织和胁迫条件下的表达谱。结果表明：SbALDH7基因含13个内含子,共编码509个氨基酸,其编码的氨基酸序列具有典型的ALDH7结构域特征。SbALDH7的表达受到PEG、Nacl、ABA和低温等胁迫环境诱导上调。组织特异性表达分析显示,在PEG渗透胁迫环境下,SbALDH7在茎、叶中的表达量显著高于根中的表达量。抗旱性有显著差异的6个高粱品种的SbALDH7蛋白序列无差异,但高粱品种的苗期抗性与SbALDH7的表达量间存在显著的正相关,表明SbALDH7的表达对高粱的抗旱性可能起着重要的作用。SbALDH7具备醛脱氢酶家族蛋白典型结构特征,在高粱抗逆过程中起重要作用,可作为提高高粱抗旱耐盐的靶基因应用于作物遗传改良。     

Towards Enhancement of Early‐Stage Chilling Tolerance and Root Development in Sorghum F1 Hybrids

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is regarded a drought‐tolerant alternative to maize as a bioenergy and fodder crop, but its early‐stage chilling sensitivity is obstructing a successful implementation in temperate areas. While several studies have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying chilling tolerance‐related traits in sorghum lines, little is known about the inheritance of these traits in F₁ hybrids. We have conducted a comprehensive approach to analyse heterosis, combining ability and the relation between line per se and hybrid performance for emergence and early shoot and root development comprising both field trials and controlled environment experiments including chilling tests. To our best knowledge, this is the first study analysing heterosis for sorghum root parameters under chilling. Our results show that most traits are heterotic and that the mid‐parent values are rather poor predictors of hybrid performance. Hybrid breeding programmes should focus on efficient GCA tests and the establishment of genetically diverse pools to maximise heterosis rather than on a too strict selection among lines based on their per se performance. The medium‐to‐high heritabilities estimated for seedling emergence and juvenile biomass suggest that a robust breeding progress for these complex traits is feasible.     

高粱育种资源耐瘠性鉴定及评价

通过对高粱育种资源进行全生育期瘠薄胁迫,探讨瘠薄胁迫对高粱主要农艺性状及产量的影响,明确不同高粱资源的耐瘠性,为高粱耐瘠材料鉴选和选育提供支持。试验在2016-2018年4月至10月进行,采用随机区组设计,设置正常和瘠薄胁迫处理,运用耐瘠系数和隶属函数相结合的方法对56份高粱材料的耐瘠性进行综合评价。结果显示,与正常处理相比,瘠薄胁迫下高粱材料生育期延长,株高变大,茎粗、穗长、穗宽、穗粒重和千粒重下降。供试高粱材料各农艺性状瘠薄与对照处理的变异系数为0.10~0.46,其中穗粒重变异最大。56份高粱材料平均隶属函数值为0.23~0.79,鉴定筛选出耐瘠材料BTx378、BSX44和A2早BTx623-5B等。     

NaCl胁迫下3个甜高粱品种生理指标的比较研究

为了筛选出耐盐能力较强的品种,在NaCl胁迫下,以T601、‘辽甜一号’和XT-2甜高粱品种为材料,设计盆栽实验的方法,在0%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6% NaCl胁迫下,观察生理性状,并对甜高粱各品种叶绿素和丙二醛含量进行测定。结果表明,不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,3种甜高粱品种幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量随着处理时间的延长均呈下降的趋势。各品种各处理叶片叶绿素含量均小于对照。T601叶绿素含量最大,其次为‘辽甜一号’,XT-2最小;3个甜高粱品种幼苗叶片中的丙二醛含量随着浓度的增加和时间的延长均呈增加的趋势。T601和‘辽甜一号’对照丙二醛含量小于XT-2,受到NaCl胁迫后,XT-2各处理丙二醛仍然大于其他2个品种。T601各处理丙二醛大于‘辽甜一号’。根据3个品种受NaCl胁迫后的叶绿素和丙二醛含量的比较,可以初步确定3个品种的耐盐能力大小顺序为T601 > ‘辽甜一号’ > XT-2。     

In vitro screening and field evaluation of tissue-culture-regenerated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) for soil stress tolerance

Summary Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is generally quite sensitive to salt and acid (high aluminium) soil stresses, but quite tolerant of drought stress. As with any stress phenomenon, intra-specific variability exists within the genus. In vitro cell selection and somaclonal variation offer an alternative to traditional breeding methodology for generating improved breeding lines for hybrid development. A field selection protocol was developed for the three soil stresses and inter-stress evaluations were conducted in an effort to find multiple, stress-tolerant genotypes. The acid soil-drought stress, super-tolerant selections were located by the R₇ generation when exposed to a combined aluminium-drought stress field environment and when the regeneration population (number of regenerated lines from one callus source) was maintained at 15,000 plants or higher. A variant frequency of 0.1 to 0.2% for stress tolerance and acceptable agronomic traits among the surviving somaclones, provided an adequate number of phenotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics and a high level of soil stress tolerance. Subsequent research verified that the stress-tolerant regenerants had superior acid soil and drought stress tolerance to that of the donor parents, that their yield capabilities under stress were superior to their parents, and that their stress tolerance attributes were transferred in hybrid combinations. In vitro selection was not effective in increasing the number of field stress survivors. In fact, superior germplasms were developed from non-stressed callus or salt-stressed callus. In vitro selection reduced regeneration frequency and subsequent survival of plants under field stress. In vitro-stressed regenerants should be subjected only to non-stressed environments to maintain population numbers for field selection and thereafter should be subjected to stress environments during later (R₅₊) generations. The optimal strategy for the exploitation of somaclonal variation may be through short-term cell culture (< 12 months) with no attempt at in vitro selection.     

Production and cyto-morphological analysis of intergeneric hybrids of Sorghum × Saccharum

Four intergeneric hybrids were produced by crossing sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, 2n =20] as a female parent with sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L., 2n = 112). The hybrids were morphologically similar to the sugarcane parent, but lacked vegetative vigour. Sorghum characters present in the hybrids included soft texture of the leaves, tight clasping of the leaf sheaths, presence of aerial roots and triangular ligule. All the hybrids were highly susceptible to natural incidence of mites. Somatic chromosome number of the hybrids ranged from 2n = 62–66, indicating n+n transmission. This is the first report of Sorghum × Saccharum hybrids with sorghum cytoplasm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characterization of host tolerance to Striga hermonthica

Summary One of the most promising control options against the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica is the use of crop varieties that combine resistance with high levels of tolerance. The aim of this study was to clarify the relation between Striga infestation level, Striga infection level and relative yield loss of sorghum and to use this insight for exploring the options for a proper screening procedure for tolerance. In three pot experiments, conducted in Mali (2003) and The Netherlands (2003, 2004), four sorghum genotypes were exposed to a range of Striga infestation levels, ranging from 0.0625 to 16 seeds cm⁻³. Observations included regular Striga emergence counts and sorghum grain yield at maturity. There were significant genotype, infestation and genotype × infestation effects on sorghum yield. The relation between infestation level and infection level was density dependent. Furthermore, the relation between Striga infection level and relative yield loss was non-linear, though for the most resistant genotype Framida only the linear part of the relation was obtained, as even at high infestation levels only moderate infection levels were achieved. The results suggest that for resistant genotypes, tolerance can best be quantified as a reduced relative yield loss per aboveground Striga plant, whereas for less resistant genotypes the maximum relative yield loss can best be used. Whether both expressions of tolerance are interrelated could not be resolved. Complications of screening for tolerance under field conditions are discussed.     

Genetic Variation in the Ability of Detached and Partially Dehydrated Leaves of Rice to Accumulate Abscisic Acid, Measured by Radioimmunoassay

Variation in the ability o) 60 rice (Oryza saliva L.) varieties and three wild species to accumulate abscisic acid (ABA) in response to drought stress, drought-induced ABA accumulation (DIAA), was assessed using a standard detached-leaf lest. The range in DIAA amongst these genotypes was compared with the range amongst F₂ plants and F₆, lines derived from the O. saliva cross ‘IR20’ב63–83’ which were selected through several generations solely on the basis of differences in DIAA. ABA was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or by gas chromatography (GC). DIAA in the 60 varieties was normally distributed with a six-fold range, from 245 to 1580 ng g^?1 FW. Wild species varied two-fold in DIAA, from 375 to 889 ng g^?1 FW. DIAA in F₂ plants from the ‘1R20’ב63–83’ cross was also normally distributed. The extremes of DIAA for the low-ABA and higb-ABA F₆ lines (330 and 1435ng g^?1 FW) were similar to those for the varieties. Measurements by RIA and GC gave similar results. These findings are discussed in the context of producing further sets of closely-related genotypes with similar leaf areas to study the association between DIAA and water-use efficiency.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)幼苗的影响

为探究外源亚精胺(spermidine,Spd)对盐胁迫下甜高粱幼苗生长及生理生化的影响,以‘辽甜1号’甜高粱为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0.5 mmol/L,1.0 mmol/L,1.5 mmol/L)的Spd喷施处理165 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下的甜高粱幼苗,测定处理7 d和15 d后甜高粱幼苗的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和净光合速率(Net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(intercellular CO2 concentration,Ci)、蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性等生理生化指标,测定处理15 d后甜高粱幼苗的株高、鲜重、干重及幼苗相对含水量。结果表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了甜高粱幼苗的生长及生理生化指标,喷施不同浓度Spd可提高盐胁迫下甜高粱幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr,降低Ci,提高可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和Pro含量,降低MDA含量,提高SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性。说明在盐胁迫下外源喷施Spd能够增强甜高粱幼苗的光合作用,促进幼苗生长,同时增加渗透调节物质含量,提高抗氧化物酶活性以稳定细胞内环境,从而增强甜高粱幼苗的耐盐性,其中1.0 mmol/L的Spd处理效果最佳。本研究为利用外源Spd缓解植物盐胁迫伤害提供科学依据,为提高甜高粱幼苗的耐盐性提供一种新的手段。     

Sorghum can Compensate for Chilling-Induced Grain Loss

Chilling during male gametophyte development in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) inhibits development of microspores, causing male sterility. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of night chilling on yield components in sorghum. This study identified and employed collar distance as a morphological marker of anther development following chilling. Two cultivars Buster and Bonus, were subjected to three temperature regimes (25/20 °C, 25/12 °C and 25/8 °C) for five consecutive nights at 0 cm collar distance, which corresponds to the meiotic stage of anther development. Pollen viability, grain number and harvest index were reduced in both cultivars at 12 and 8 °C night temperatures. Total grain weight of cultivar Bonus was not reduced as much as Buster at 12 °C because of the ability of Bonus to increase individual grain weight when grain number was low. This work further elucidates the mechanism and genetic potential of chilling‐induced yield compensation for developing sorghum cultivars that are better adapted to low night temperatures.     

Mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Atherigona soccata</Emphasis> in sorghum

Summary Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) is an important pest of sorghum in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean Europe, and host plant resistance is an important component for the management of this pest. The levels of resistance in the cultivated germplasm are low to moderate, and therefore, it is important to identify genotypes with different mechanisms of resistance to pyramid the resistance genes. We studied the antixenosis for oviposition, antibiosis, and tolerance components of resistance in a diverse array of shoot fly-resistant and -susceptible genotypes. The main plants and tillers of SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551 experienced lower shoot fly deadhearts at 28 days after seedling emergence, produced more number of productive tillers. The insects fed on these genotypes also exhibited longer larval period (10.1–11.0 days compared to 9.3 days on Swarna), lower larval survival and adult emergence (54.7–67.8 and 46.7–52.2% compared to 73.3 and 60.6% on Swarna, respectively), and lower growth and adult emergence indices as compared to the susceptible check, Swarna. Physico-chemical traits such as leaf glossiness, trichome density, and plumule and leaf sheath pigmentation were found to be associated with resistance, and chlorophyll content, leaf surface wetness, seedling vigor, and waxy bloom with susceptibility to shoot fly and explained 88.5% of the total variation in deadhearts. Step-wise regression indicated that 90.4% of the total variation in deadhearts was due to leaf glossiness and trichome density. The direct and indirect effects, correlation coefficients, multiple and step-wise regression analysis suggested that deadhearts, plants with eggs, leaf glossiness, trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf, and leaf sheath pigmentation can be used as marker traits to select for resistance to shoot fly, A. soccata in sorghum.