红麻粉蚧虫形态特征的观察

本文描述了危害我国华南留种红麻两种粉蚧木槿曼粉蚧Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)、拟葡萄粉蚧Pseudococcus Viburini(Signoret)的主要形态特征及其差异比较,这对红麻害虫虫种的识别及指导防治具有重要意义.     

红麻粉蚧的发生、危害及其综合防治

通过系统观察,摸清了红麻粉蚧的发生分布、危害方式以及对红麻生长发育的影响,并针对其发生危害特点制定出以杜绝虫源、农业防治、生物防治及化学防治等有效的综合防治措施.     

红麻粉蚧的发生、危害及其综合防治

通过系统观察,摸清了红麻粉蚧的发生分布、危害方式以及对红麻生长发育的影响,并针对其发生危害特点制定出以杜绝虫源、农业防治、生物防治及化学防治等有效的综合防治措施。     

菠萝粉蚧种类调查及发生规律研究

菠萝粉蚧是为害菠萝的粉蚧的统称,是菠萝凋萎病的主要传播媒介,本文对我国菠萝粉蚧的种类和发生规律进行了研究.结果表明:在我国,为害菠萝的粉蚧主要是菠萝洁粉蚧,仅在海南乐东菠萝园发现有新菠萝灰粉蚧危害;菠萝洁粉蚧目前仅限在菠萝上为害;新菠萝灰粉蚧主要为害剑麻,也为害菠萝和粉蕉;我国暂未发现2种粉蚧混合发生的现象.秋季是雷州半岛地区菠萝洁粉蚧自然种群快速增长期,12月下旬菠萝洁粉蚧自然种群数量进入高峰期;气温和降雨量是影响菠萝洁粉蚧自然种群增长的重要因子,高温、低温均不利于菠萝洁粉蚧生长和繁殖,降雨量对菠萝洁粉蚧的自然种群数量具有明显的抑制作用.     

寄主龄期对松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂寄生和发育的影响

通过限制选择和自由选择试验,研究松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂(Acerophagus coccois Smith)在扶桑绵粉蚧(Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley)的1~3龄若虫与雌成虫体上的寄生及其子代生长发育情况。结果表明:在限制选择和自由选择的2种试验中,松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂均可寄生扶桑绵粉蚧的1~3龄若虫和雌成虫,其中对2龄若虫的寄生率最高,分别是41.20%和45.00%;对粉蚧雌成虫的寄生率最低,但每头僵蚧平均羽化出蜂数最多,分别为9.42头和7.00头,子代雌蜂比例也最大;子代雌蜂在粉蚧1龄若虫体内发育的历期最长,为14.62 d;在粉蚧雌成虫上发育的历期最短,为13.97 d;在粉蚧1龄若虫体内发育的子代蜂的个体最小,在粉蚧雌成虫上发育的子代蜂个体最大。因此,利用松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂防治扶桑绵粉蚧,应以粉蚧2龄若虫为防治对象,以粉蚧雌成虫为繁殖寄主。     

剑麻粉蚧的为害与综合防治技术

针对剑麻粉蚧为害现状,调研、分析了剑麻粉蚧生物学特性与发生传播规律,根据粉蚧虫害及危害程度,提出了剑麻粉蚧的综合防治技术。     

基于DNA序列的12种粉蚧亲缘关系分析

对菠萝洁粉蚧、新菠萝灰粉蚧、大洋臀纹粉蚧、柑橘臀纹粉蚧、康氏粉蚧、榕树粉蚧、热带蔗粉蚧、扶桑绵粉蚧、湿地松粉蚧等9种粉蚧(14个种群)rDNA 18S、28S进行测序,结合GenBank中同源序列,通过对12种粉蚧的18S、28S序列进行多重排比和聚类,探讨rDNA 18S、28S用于粉蚧系统进化分析及粉蚧分子鉴定的可行性。序列分析结果表明:rDNA18S、28S序列比较保守,适合于菠萝洁粉蚧、新菠萝灰粉蚧、康氏粉蚧、热带蔗粉蚧、扶桑绵粉蚧、湿地松粉蚧、长尾粉蚧等粉蚧种间的分子鉴定;但柑橘臀纹粉蚧、大洋臀纹粉蚧、无花果臀纹粉蚧的rDNA 18S、28S序列具有高度相似性,18S、28S不适合用于这3个近缘种的分子鉴定,其mtDNA COI序列变异率相对较高,可作为其分子鉴定的依据;而榕树粉蚧2个种群rDNA 18S、28S序列遗传距离约0.014,该蚧虫可能是至少含有2个隐存谱系或姊妹种的复合种。该结果为我国粉蚧的遗传进化和分子鉴定提供了参考。     

扶桑绵粉蚧寄主植物种类调查及危害研究

为了查明扶桑绵粉蚧的寄主种类,为防治扶桑绵粉蚧提供技术支持,2011～2012,对长沙地区扶桑绵粉蚧寄主种类及危害情况进行了调查。结果表明：寄主种类共有16科22种,危害程度以茄科和锦葵科最为严重;此外,扶桑绵粉蚧在不同寄主上的种群发生情况和成活率亦不相同。     

5种杀虫剂对木槿曼粉蚧的室内毒力测定

木槿曼粉蚧是我国南方大豆上的新害虫,为探讨其化学防控技术,在试验室条件下采用浸叶法测定了毒死蜱、氧乐果、杀扑磷、阿维菌素和啶虫脒对木槿曼粉蚧各龄若虫及雌成虫的毒力。结果显示:不同虫态的木槿曼粉蚧对供试药剂的敏感度有所差异。毒死蜱对木槿曼粉蚧1龄、3龄若虫的防治效果最好,LC50分别为0.111 9和0.568 1mg·L~(-1)。杀扑磷对2龄若虫的防治效果最好,LC50值为0.212 6 mg·L~(-1)。阿维菌素对雌成虫的防治效果最好,LC50值为11.426 2 mg·L~(-1)。化学防治木槿曼粉蚧的最佳时期是1龄若虫期,总体防治效果最好的是毒死蜱和杀扑磷。     

甘蔗粉蚧防治药剂筛选及应用效果分析

为筛选防治甘蔗粉蚧的杀虫剂,在广西两个蔗区进行了不同杀虫剂对新植(4个处理)和宿根(3个处理)甘蔗粉蚧的田间防治试验.结果表明,新植蔗应用300 g/L氯虫·噻虫嗪SC 1050 mL/hm2、40％溴酰·噻虫嗪FS 750 mL/hm2、10％吡虫啉WP 22.5 kg/hm2+90％杀虫单SP 6 kg/hm2三种...     

钾素水平对油菜酶活性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究不同钾素施用水平对油菜薹期酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,钾素缺乏和过量均可导致油菜叶片POD含量上升 ,CAT和SOD含量下降。不同施钾水平条件下 ,油菜下部叶的酶活性差异比上部叶更明显     

Haloarchaea as Cell Factories to Produce Bioplastics

Plastic pollution is a worldwide concern causing the death of animals (mainly aquatic fauna) and environmental deterioration. Plastic recycling is, in most cases, difficult or even impossible. For this reason, new research lines are emerging to identify highly biodegradable bioplastics or plastic formulations that are more environmentally friendly than current ones. In this context, microbes, capable of synthesizing bioplastics, were revealed to be good models to design strategies in which microorganisms can be used as cell factories. Recently, special interest has been paid to haloarchaea due to the capability of some species to produce significant concentrations of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) when growing under a specific nutritional status. The growth of those microorganisms at the pilot or industrial scale offers several advantages compared to that of other microbes that are bioplastic producers. This review summarizes the state of the art of bioplastic production and the most recent findings regarding the production of bioplastics by halophilic microorganisms with special emphasis on haloarchaea. Some protocols to produce/analyze bioplastics are highlighted here to shed light on the potential use of haloarchaea at the industrial scale to produce valuable products, thus minimizing environmental pollution by plastics made from petroleum.     

不同杀菌方式对龙眼原汁品质的影响

为了探讨不同杀菌方式在达到商业杀菌要求的基础上对龙眼原汁营养成分及理化性质的影响,以广西南宁地区所产的“石硖”龙眼为原料,对比分析了巴氏杀菌(PS)、微波杀菌(MS)、超高温瞬时杀菌(UHT)和高压脉冲电场杀菌(PEF)4种杀菌方式对龙眼原汁的菌落总数、色差、pH值、可溶性固形物、总酚、糖组分及有机酸等指标的影响。结果表明：4种杀菌方式均能达到商业无菌要求,对龙眼原汁的pH值和葡萄糖含量无显著性影响(p>0.05);与对照组(CK)相比,PEF杀菌对龙眼原汁中L*值、b*值、可溶性固形物(TSS)、果糖、总糖、酒石酸、富马酸含量影响不显著(p>0.05);与PS、MS和UHT杀菌相比,PEF杀菌对龙眼原汁中的总酚、抗坏血酸、总酸的影响幅度较小。因此,PEF杀菌技术不仅具有较好的杀菌效果,而且能更好地保持龙眼汁原有的色泽和营养品质。     

叶面喷施微肥对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培中微肥施用提供参考,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料,研究了叶面喷施锌、铁、硒3种微肥对小麦产量、籽粒锌、铁、硒和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,3种微肥中只有喷硒增产作用显著(P<0.05),但喷锌、铁、硒分别显著增加了千粒重、穗数和穗粒数。3种微肥均能明显提高籽粒中相应的微量元素含量,但对籽粒蛋白质含量影响均不显著。     

52个甘蔗品种在广西受病毒侵染情况

为明确国家糖料体系甘蔗集成示范及区试品种在广西被病毒侵染情况,2017年从广西北海、南宁、崇左、百色、来宾、柳城、桂林等地集成示范及区试的52个甘蔗品种上采集带有甘蔗花叶病、甘蔗黄叶病和甘蔗杆状病毒病显著病症或不显病症叶片样品,采用特异引物通过RT-PCR和PCR方法进行5种病毒检测（甘蔗黄叶病毒、甘蔗线条花叶病毒、高粱花叶病毒、甘蔗花叶病毒和甘蔗杆状病毒）。结果表明,SCYLV的平均检出率为25.00%;SCSMV的平均检出率为7.97%;SrMV的平均检出率为7.69%;SCMV的平均检出率最低,为7.42%;SCBV的平均检出率最高,为68.41%,远远高于其他病毒。7个地方的甘蔗受病毒混合侵染现象普遍存在,北海的病毒混合侵染率甚至高于单一病毒侵染率。52个甘蔗品种在广西受5种病毒的总侵染率为79.67%,对甘蔗的生产安全存在着严重的潜在威胁,建议推广种植甘蔗脱毒种苗来缓解甘蔗病毒病害的危害。     

Quantitation Overcoming Matrix Effects of Lipophilic Toxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis by Liquid Chromatography-Full Scan High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis (LC-HR-MS)

The analysis of marine lipophilic toxins in shellfish products still represents a challenging task due to the complexity and diversity of the sample matrix. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the technique of choice for accurate quantitative measurements in complex samples. By combining unambiguous identification with the high selectivity of tandem MS, it provides the required high sensitivity and specificity. However, LC-MS is prone to matrix effects (ME) that need to be evaluated during the development and validation of methods. Furthermore, the large sample-to-sample variability, even between samples of the same species and geographic origin, needs a procedure to evaluate and control ME continuously. Here, we analyzed the toxins okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTX-1 and DTX-2), pectenotoxin (PTX-2), yessotoxin (YTX) and azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1). Samples were mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), both fresh and processed, and a toxin-free mussel reference material. We developed an accurate mass-extracted ion chromatogram (AM-XIC) based quantitation method using an Orbitrap instrument, evaluated the ME for different types and extracts of mussel samples, characterized the main compounds co-eluting with the targeted molecules and quantified toxins in samples by following a standard addition method (SAM). An AM-XIC based quantitation of lipophilic toxins in mussel samples using high resolution and accuracy full scan profiles (LC-HR-MS) is a good alternative to multi reaction monitoring (MRM) for instruments with HR capabilities. ME depend on the starting sample matrix and the sample preparation. ME are particularly strong for OA and related toxins, showing values below 50% for fresh mussel samples. Results for other toxins (AZA-1, YTX and PTX-2) are between 75% and 110%. ME in unknown matrices can be evaluated by comparing their full scan LC-HR-MS profiles with those of known samples with known ME. ME can be corrected by following SAM with AM-XIC quantitation if necessary.     

Association mapping in rice: basic concepts and perspectives for molecular breeding

In the last decade, association mapping (AM) has become a well-established method to detect genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with agronomically important traits. The identification of a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome sequencing and concurrent development of high-throughput genotyping platforms has led to AM being widely used for a range of crops. These technologies have been used in rice (Oryza sativa) to explore the abundant diversity and there is enormous potential to identify novel QTLs for traits of interest. Due to the availability of cost-effective high-throughput SNP genotyping methods and rapid developments in rice genomics, it is inevitable that these AM approaches will become more popular in the future, especially in the context of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). In this paper, we review the fundamental concepts, critical considerations and limitations of AM focusing on rice, and reiterate the importance of accurate phenotypic data. We also include a section about connecting GWAS to molecular breeding, covering practical consideration for breeders, which is required to use GWAS results in actual rice molecular breeding programs and which has not received adequate attention in the scientific literature.     

利用Affymetrix芯片分析DON诱导抗赤霉病小麦品种望水白的基因表达谱

中国小麦地方品种望水白不但高抗赤霉病,而且其籽粒中DON(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,被认为是赤霉病的致病因子)含量也低.为了研究望水白低DON含量的分子机制,利用Affymetrix小麦基因芯片对望水白受DON诱导调控的基因进行高通量的检测,以DON诱导后12 h和24 h混合样品作为处理组,水处理做为对照.总共检测到差异表达的基因1 114个,其中上调表达的基因有949个,下调基因165个.在上调表达基因中,推断有功能的基因涉及转录因子、信号蛋白、着丝粒蛋白以及与病程相关的基因,如:腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白,谷胱甘酞转移酶、细胞色素P450酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、葡萄糖基转移酶以及抗病蛋白等.对上调表达中的部分基因进行RT-PCR分析,证实它们都受DON诱导上调表达,与芯片检测结果吻合.     

十省（区）大豆病毒毒源分析

采自５省（区）大豆病毒病样本６１份，经汁液接种鉴别寄主鉴定以及免疫双扩散测定，大豆花叶病毒（ＳＭＶ）单独侵染的样本３９份，黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）单独侵染的样本１２份，ＳＭＶ和ＣＭＶ复合侵染的有７份。从１０省（区）获得的大豆病毒病种子传毒率为２．７０％－１４．６８％，生物测定和血清学测定（免疫双扩散或ＥＬＩＳＡ）的种传样本４４个均为ＳＭＶ。选择各地有代表性的ＳＭＶ典型症状分离物，在电镜下观察粒子长度     

野生大豆、半野生大豆和栽培大豆对苗期干旱胁迫的生理反应

以野生、半野生和栽培大豆为材料,在旱棚盆栽条件下进行苗期干旱胁迫试验.对叶绿素含量、光合速率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖(WSS)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性进行测定.结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量及SOD活性表现为野生大豆＞半野生大豆＞栽培大豆;而丙二醛含量、相对电导率、POD活性则表现为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆.干旱胁迫下不同类型材料各生理指标与正常供水条件相比都发生不同程度的变化,叶绿素含量、光合速率降幅为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆;脯氨酸含量增幅为野生大豆＞半野生大豆＞栽培大豆;而丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、SOD活性、POD活性,CAT活性增幅变化顺序为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆.在干旱胁迫下,野生大豆、半野生大豆和栽培大豆的生理指标发生显著变化,3种类型大豆的变化幅度差异显著.野生大豆在干旱胁迫下生理指标的表现优于半野生大豆和栽培大豆.