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1.
During the period between February, 2004 and December, 2006, a cross-sectional study was performed to investigate some epidemiological
aspects related to camel brucellosis in Jordan. Four hundred twelve camel sera from 37 herds were randomly collected and analyzed
using Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect
information on camel herd health and management. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to investigate
risk factors associated with seropositivity to Brucella antigens. Moreover, the incidence of Brucella-specific abortion was investigated in 7 camel herds located in different locations in Southern Jordan. The true prevalence
of Brucella-seropositive in camels was 12.1%. Thirteen (35.1%) herds had at least one positive camel. The seroprevalence of brucellosis
in camels was significantly higher in the southern part of Jordan than that in central or northern Jordan. The multivariable
logistic regression model on both individual and herd levels revealed large herds and contact with small ruminants as risk
factors for Brucella seropositivity. On the other hand, using disinfectants was identified as a protective factor (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.9)
only on the camel herd level. The incidence of Brucella-caused abortion was 1.9%. Brucella melitensis biotype 3 was isolated from 4 aborted camel fetuses. 相似文献
2.
Knowing the status of Bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors is a crucial step in formulating evidence based control scheme. In this study, a total of 967 dairy cows from 307 dairy farms in eastern Ethiopia were serologically tested for Brucella antibodies. The screening was done first using RBPT and positive samples were subsequently subjected to CFT for confirmation. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 307 dairy cattle owners or attendants to assess their awareness and routine practice. The data were run using univariable logistic regression analysis using STATA version 11.0 for Windows. Accordingly, herd and individual animal seroprevalence were found to be 6.8% (95% CI?=?4.28–10.28) and 1.3% (95% CI?=?0.72–2.29), respectively. The prevalence of sero-reactors among local breeds was observed to be higher compared to cross breed (p?<?0.05). Herd level analysis of the risk factors indicated that in farms with large herd size (>20 animals), the odds ratio (OR)?=?9.13, p?=?0.00, CI?=?3.01–27.69 of having brucellosis was 9.13 times higher than smaller size herds (<20 animals). Intensively managed herds had shown the highest seroprevalence (20.8%) than extensive (6.7%) and semi-intensive (4.2%). Experience of dairy handlers about the disease that cause abortion in late pregnancy was significantly associated (p?<?0.001) with the occurrence of brucellosis in the herds. However, about 91% of the dairy cattle owners/attendants lack awareness about disease(s) that causes abortion in late pregnancy. Similarly risk of having brucellosis in those herds experiencing abortion was 6.3 times higher (OR?=?6.3, p?<?0.001, CI?=?2.50–15.92). This study identified some of the handling practices for aborted and retained fetal materials to be risky. Therefore, the study highlights the need of comprehensive brucellosis surveillance in animal and human and institutions of public education and on farm biosafety measures in shaping proper disease control scheme. 相似文献
3.
A cross-sectional study was performed in the livestock–wildlife interface areas of Lochinvar and Blue Lagoon National Parks
and the non-interface area of Kazungula to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp. in domestic ruminants and identify individual animal risk factors of infection. A total of 1245 cattle from 124 herds
and 280 goats and sheep from 29 flocks were tested sequentially for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and competitive ELISA. In cattle, individual seroprevalence ranged from 14.1%
to 28.1%, while herd sero–prevalence ranged from 46.2% to 74.0% in the three study areas. No goat or sheep tested positive
for Brucella antibodies. Three types of cattle grazing strategies were encountered: locally grazed herds (LGH), transhumantly grazed herds
(TGH) and river flood plain grazed herds (FGH). Brucella seroprevalence was seen to vary according to area and grazing strategy: Lochinvar and transhumant grazed herds recorded the
highest figures, respectively. Age, sex and history of abortion were found to have independent effects on individual seroprevalence.
This study establishes that brucellosis is endemic in domestic animals in the livestock–wildlife interface areas of Blue Lagoon
and Lochinvar national parks and the disease is also present in Kazungula. We observed that type of grazing strategy had significant
impact on cattle Brucella seroprevalence and that transhumant herds were at high risk of being infected. 相似文献
4.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence of brucellosis and the associated risk factors in cattle
from smallholder dairy farms in Gokwe, Marirangwe, Mushagashe, Nharira, Rusitu and Wedza areas of Zimbabwe. A total of 1,440
cattle from 203 herds were tested serially for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal test and the competitive ELISA. Weighted seroprevalence estimates were calculated and risk factors
in individual cattle investigated using logistic regression analysis. The overall individual animal brucellosis seroprevalence
was low, with mean of 5.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.4%, 6.8%). Gokwe had the highest individual (12.6%; 95% CI, 3.9%,
21.4%) and herd-level (40.0%; 95% CI, 22.1%, 58.0%), while Wedza had the lowest individual (2.3%; 95% CI, 0%, 5.3%) and herd-level
(8.0%; 95% CI, 0.0%, 18.9%) brucellosis seroprevalence, respectively. In individual cattle, the area of origin, age and history
of abortion were independently associated with brucellosis seroprevalence. While the seroprevalence was independent of sex,
it decreased with increasing age. Cattle 2–4 years old had higher odds (odds ratio (OR) = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1%, 9.1%) of being
seropositive compared to those >7 years. Cows with a history of abortion were more likely to be seropositive (OR = 7.9; 95%
CI, 3.1, 20.1) than controls. In conclusion, the area-to-area variation of brucellosis may be linked to ecological factors
and differences in management practices. The implementation of stamping out policy, bleeding and testing animals before movement
and promoting the use self-contained units are likely to significantly reduce the public health risks associated with Brucella infections in cattle. 相似文献
5.
A cross sectional sero-prevalence study was conducted on 1,595 cattle in Jimma zone, Ethiopia to investigate the status of
bovine brucellosis and identify potential risk factors. Sera samples were analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and
Complement Fixation Test (CFT). The overall individual and herd level sero-prevalences were 3.1% ( n = 1,595) and 15.0% ( n = 227), respectively. The sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis at individual animal level was significantly higher in non-pregnant
(11.18%) than pregnant (2.77%) and lactating (22.35%) than non-lactating animals (2.46%). Moreover, significantly higher sero-prevalence
was observed in herds of larger sizes. Individual animal sero-prevalence was also positively associated with the occurrence
of abortion (26.98 and 1.54% in those with and without previous history of abortion, respectively). Generally, the sero-prevalence
of bovine brucellosis found in Jimma area was not high and the sero-prevalence was closely associated with some of the risk
factors considered at individual animal and herd level. 相似文献
6.
Using a cross-sectional survey, we determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis in herds under extensive production system in southwestern Nigeria. Antibodies to Brucella species in serum samples were tested using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA); for milk, the milk ring test (MRT) and indirect-ELISA (i-ELISA) were used. Questionnaire was administered to cattle herdsmen to determine factors predisposing the animals to bovine brucellosis. Data were analyzed using STATA 12. From 513 serum and 635 milk samples tested among 120 herds, overall animal-level prevalence of 10.1% (95% CI 7.5–12.7%) and 20.2% (95% CI 17.1–23.3%) were recorded by RBT and MRT, respectively; while 9.4% (95% CI 6.9–11.9%) and 17.8% (95% CI 14.8–20.8%) were obtained using cELISA and i-ELISA, respectively. In all, from the 120 herds tested, 29.2% and 43.3% were positive by RBT and MRT, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that herd location (OR?=?8.12, 95% CI 1.68–38.90) and improper disposal of placenta/fetus (OR?=?17.33, 95% CI 4.81–62.33) were predictors for a seropositive herd using RBT; while herd location (OR?=?5.13, 95% CI 1.27–20.28), large herd size (OR?=?2.62, 95% CI 1.15–5.85), and occurrence of abortion for a year or more (OR?=?4.62, 95% CI 1.53–13.71) were predictors of seropositivity to antibodies to Brucella spp. using MRT. We found high prevalence of brucellosis in cattle herds under extensive management system in southwestern Nigeria. Urgent and coordinated control strategies are required to mitigate this problem. 相似文献
7.
The involvement of Brucella infection in causing abortion was investigated in a breeding female subpopulation of 283 cattle, 756 camels, and 757 goats.
Serum samples were serially tested using the Rose Bengal test and complement fixation test. The study showed that anti- Brucella antibodies were prevalent in 10.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 7.4, 14.9), 2.2% (95%CI, 1.4, 3.7), and 1.9% (95%CI, 1.1,
3.2) of cattle, camel, and goats, respectively. Abortion was more commonly reported in camels (23.4%) than cattle (13.8%)
and goats (12.4%). The results of this study suggested that Brucella infections contribute significantly to abortion in cattle (odds ratio (OR), = 4.7; 95%CI, 2.0, 10.8) and goats (OR = 6.9;
95%CI, 2.2, 21.7) but not in camels. The number of young animals produced by breeding females seems to be apparently reduced
in seropositive groups. Keeping more than two animal species at household level was found to be the risk factor for cattle
(OR = 3.1; 95%CI, 1.2, 7.9) and camel (OR = 5.3; 95%CI, 1.2–23.5) seropositivity to Brucella infection when compared to those animals from households that keep only two animal species. This may suggest a possibility
of cross species transmission of Brucella infection under such mixed herding. Wet season (OR = 4.8; 95%CI, 1.3, 18.1) was found to be associated with seropositivity
in goats, linked to a coincidence of increased deliveries in flocks with possible excretion of Brucella organisms. The study results suggest that Brucella infection is the likely cause of abortion in cattle and goats while other causes largely outweigh brucellosis as a cause
of abortion in camels in Borana, hence, contributing to reproductive loss. 相似文献
8.
A serological survey to investigate risk factors for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) occurrence was conducted between October
2007 and March 2008 in Southern Ethiopia. Antibodies against non-structural protein of FMD virus (using 3abc ELISA) were measured
as indicator of exposure to the virus. The seroprevalence of FMD was 9.5% (95%CI = 7.7 – 11.3, n = 1020) and 48.1% (95% CI = 36.8
– 59.4%, n = 79), respectively at animal and herd levels. Within herd seropositivity was ranged from 6.7 to 46.7% with 18.6%
(95%CI = 14.6 – 22.5%) risk of being seropositive for an animal in positive herds. The most important herd level risk factors
identified were pastoral system (OR = 16.3, 95% CI = 2.0 -133.7) compared to sedentary, low altitude (OR = 7.5, 95% CI 1.4
-40.7) compared to high altitude, keeping cattle with small ruminants (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 1.0 -25.2) when compared to one species
or alone. Seroprevalence was significantly higher (P <0.05) in South Omo than Sidama and Gamo Gofa areas. The odds of seropositivity
were 2.8 and 2.3 times higher in the adult (>4 years) and maturing animals (3–4 years) compared to young age category (<3 years).
Both multivariable logistic and negative binomial regressions depicted that production system was the major risk factor for
FMD seropositivity. Consequently, higher prevalence of FMD in pastoral system where animals are an integral part of life has
substantial livelihood and economic implications, which signifies the need for devising control measures. 相似文献
9.
A cross-sectional study of brucellosis in small ruminants was carried out from October 2008 to March 2009 in Jijiga District,
Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Seven hundred thirty sera samples (421 of sheep and 309 of goats) were randomly collected
from purposively selected villages of the study area. Structured questionnaire format was developed, pre-tested and administered
to assess the perception of the community pertaining to brucellosis in sheep and goats. Sera samples were screened by Rose
Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), and all samples tested positive by the RBPT were subjected to Complement Fixation Test (CFT) for
confirmation. Of 12 serum samples that were positive by RBPT, 11 were positive by CFT. Statistically significant differences
were not observed between the species as well as the sex groups ( P > 0.05); however, the variation between the age groups was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Analysis of the questionnaire survey suggests that improper handling of aborted materials, consumption of raw milk,
and lack of awareness about the disease, among others, might greatly contribute to further spread of brucellosis in their
livestock and exposes the community to a public health hazard. In general, the sero-prevalence in the study area was not so
high; nevertheless, appropriate brucellosis control and prevention methods should be implemented to circumvent future potential
for economic losses and the public health hazard of the disease. 相似文献
10.
This study was undertaken to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in unvaccinated sheep from the flocks having previous
abortion cases in Kars and around, Turkey and to compare the efficacy of each serological test used. Four hundred serum samples
collected from 16 different flocks of sheep having a history of abortions in Kars and its surrounding area in Turkey were
examined for the presence of antibodies raised against Brucella using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), Rivanol Agglutination Test (RAT) and Complement Fixation
Test (CFT). All animals were unvaccinated against Brucella. Of the serum samples tested, 147 (%36.7), 142 (%35.5), 139 (%34.75) and 135 (%33.75) were found positive by SAT, RAT, RBPT
and CFT, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the serological tests used (p > 0.05). It
is concluded from this study that brucellosis continues to be an important problem for ovine abortions and poses a risk both
for human and other animals in this area. Therefore, adequate intervention measures should be implemented to control and eradicate
brucellosis. In addition, if conventional serological tests are used at least two tests, RPBT for screening and CFT for the
confirmation of the positive samples are preferable, should be used in parallel for detection of brucellosis effectively.
This study was summarized from M.Sc. thesis of Ozgur CELEBI. 相似文献
11.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Uganda between November 2006 and February 2007 to assess the seroprevalence and risk
of brucellosis in zerograzing and pastoral dairy systems; two major sources of milk in Uganda, 80% of which is sold unpasteurized
to consumers through informal channels. A total of 723 cattle comprised of 497 animals from the pastoral system and 226 animals
from the zerograzing system were tested for antibodies against natural B. abortus infection using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA). Herd-level seroprevalence was 100% in the pastoral
system and 5.5% (95% CI: 1.8, 9.2) in the zerograzing system. The animal-level seroprevalence and within-herd range of brucellosis
in cattle in the pastoral system were 34.0% (95% CI: 29.9, 38.1) and 8.1–75.9%, while for those in the zerograzing system
were 3.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 5.7) and 0–9.0%. Abortion rates of 23% and 0% among seropositive cows vis-à-vis 5.4% and 1.9% among
seronegative cows were recorded in the pastoral and zerograzing systems, respectively. The risk of natural B. abortus infection was higher among older cattle (>24 m) (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.25–2.67) and dry cows (OR = 2.01, 95%
CI: 1.23–3.31) in the pastoral system, and in calves aged 0–6 m (OR = 5.72, 95% CI: 1.04–31.41) in the zerograzing system.
Implementing a culling program in the zerograzing system to eliminate the existing low risk of brucellosis and targeting calves
in the pastoral systems for vaccination could avert the cost-related limitation of brucellosis control in Uganda. 相似文献
12.
In this study, we conducted an investigation to determine the true prevalence of bovine and ovine brucellosis in central-eastern Tunisia. A total of 1134 veterinary samples taken from 130 ruminant herds were screened for brucellosis using IS711-based real-time PCR assay. Sera collected from the ruminants were tested using the Rose Bengal test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Based on serological and molecular results, the true adjusted animal population level prevalence was 23.5 % in cattle, against 13.5 % in sheep. In addition, the true adjusted herd level prevalence of brucellosis was 55.6 % in cattle and 21.8 % in sheep. A statistically significant association was found between vaginal and milk shedding for ruminants. In addition, our results showed that Brucella abortus could be responsible for bovine and ovine brucellosis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis at the animal population level indicated that age and origin variables were important risk factors for cattle. However, age and abortion variables were found to be associated with ovine brucellosis. At the herd level, risk factors for Brucella positivity were as follows: abortion and herd composition for cattle against herd composition, mortality rates, and hygiene for sheep. Animal hygiene, food quality, and sanitary practices on the farm should be applied as strategies to control brucellosis in herds. 相似文献
13.
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasite infection in goats
raised in Nakhon Pathom Province. Fecal samples from 190 goats in 12 herds were collected per rectum. Questionnaires focusing
on the general information about the farm and farmers, and management practices on farms were completed. Modified McMaster
counting technique was performed to detect eggs of intestinal parasites. Each egg found was classified into three groups of
parasites based on its characteristics. Individual and herd prevalence were calculated. Multiple logistic regressions were
performed to analyze risk factors of infection. Herd prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 100%, while individual
prevalence was 79.47%. Strongyle group was the most common intestinal parasite found in this study. Moniezia spp. (8/190) and Trichuris spp. (1/190) were also found. The average number of eggs found was 1,176 eggs per gram of feces. Risk factors for intestinal
parasite infection were housing system, deworming interval, and type of goat in herd. Goats housed in groups had higher infection
rates compared with goats housed individually (odds ratio (OR) = 6.34; P value = 0.009). Goats in herds in which anthelmintic drugs were administered in intervals of greater than 3 months were more
likely to become infected with intestinal parasites (OR = 33.07; P value <0.001). Goats in herds that kept only dairy goats were less likely to become infected than herd that kept only meat
goats or kept both dairy and meat goats (OR = 46.20 and 8.75; P value <0.001 and 0.011, respectively). 相似文献
14.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2006 in dairy herds in Fars province, southern Iran to determine
the herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Statistical analysis using multivariable logistic regression showed that contamination of udders of periparturient
cows with manure (OR = 6.4, P = 0.02) and history of having suspected cases of Johne's disease in the herd (OR = 6.7, P = 0.04)
were significantly associated with the herd infection status. No relationship between breed, herd size and other management
practices with the infection status of the herd were found in this study. Implementing high sanitary measures in the farm,
particularly with respect to manure handling and cleaning could be considered as one of the important aspects in controlling
disease in the region as well as in the future educational effort. 相似文献
15.
Herd dynamics of indigenous pigs were determined in a semi-arid farming area of Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe. Thirty-two pig herds
were monitored once every month for 12 months. Consequently, pig production potential (PPP) and pig production efficiency
(PPE) were computed for each month. Incidences of farrowing were higher in times of pig confinement (57%) than in times when
the pigs were free ranging (43%). About 23% of the farmers interviewed had access to irrigation. The mean pig herd size per
household was 3.3. The average litter size per farrowing was 7.7. Pigs were free ranging for most of the year and penned during
the rainy season. Herd sizes changed with month (P < 0.05). Farmers who had access to irrigation had higher (P < 0.05) herd
sizes, number of piglets and the number of adult pigs. Highest piglet numbers were observed during the rainy months. The number
of mature pigs contributing to pig production efficiency was low. Piglet mortality was the major cause of exits from the herd
and was higher in farmers with no access to irrigation facility (P < 0.05). The PPP was highest in farmers who had access
to irrigation (P < 0.05), except in June and July. The PPE was low and not affected by either month, village or access to
irrigation (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that pig production efficiencies were low and intervention strategies to improve
them need to be developed. 相似文献
16.
Leptospirosis is the zoonosis of worldwide distribution and common cause of economic loss and ill health among animals and
human populations. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study, using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with a threshold titre
of ≥1:160, to elucidate disease magnitude, distribution and associated risk factors in cattle in Tanga, Tanzania was conducted
from May 2003 to January 2004. Serum ( n = 655) samples collected from randomly selected herds ( n = 130) were tested for antibodies against four different Leptospira interrogans serovars (Bataviae, Tarassovi, Hardjo and Pomona) used in the agglutination test. Positive titres were detected in 30.3%
[95% confidence intervals (CI) = 26.7–33.9] of cattle and 58.5% (95% CI = 49.5–67.1) of herds, respectively. Of the 198 MAT
positive serum samples, 98 (49.5%) were positive against serovar Hardjo, 80 (40.4%) were positive against serovar Tarassovi,
12 (6.1%) was positive against serovar Bataviae and eight (4%) were positive against serovar Pomona. Associations found to
be statistically significant in univariate analyses (at P < 0.1) were assessed by multivariable logistic regression to control for confounding factors. The results showed that risk
factors for cattle were pasture grazing [odd ratio (OR) = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.57–5.12, P = 0.001], presence of goats/sheep on the farm (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.17–2.56, P = 0.001) and age of the animal (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.42–2.96, P = 0.001), while concrete floor housing was protective (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.30–0.74, P = 0.001). Herds managed under pasture grazing system were more likely to be sero-positive than those managed under zero grazed
practices (OR = 9.31; 95% CI = 3.67–23.64 for grazing herd). We concluded that bovine leptospirosis is an endemic and locally
widespread disease in Tanga and suggest that it may play a role in zoonotic transmission to humans. 相似文献
17.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in communal cattle and wildlife
at a wildlife–livestock interface in the southeast lowveld of Zimbabwe, part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation
Area. RBT and c-Elisa were used in serial for detection of antibodies against Brucella spp. Between July 2007 and October 2009, a total of 1,158 cattle were tested and the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis
was 9.9%. A total of 97 wild animals (African buffaloes ( n = 47), impala ( n = 33), kudu ( n = 16), and giraffe ( n = 1)) were tested and only one animal (giraffe) was seropositive for brucellosis (1.03%). Brucella seroprevalence showed an increasing trend with age, with adult cattle (>6 years) recording the highest seroprevalence (11.1%),
but the differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, female cattle recorded a relatively higher seroprevalence
(10.8%) compared to males (7.9%), but the difference was not significant. However, a significant ( P < 0.001) association between Brucella seropositivity and abortion history was recorded in female cattle. Similarly, Brucella seropositivity was significantly ( P < 0.01) associated with a history of grazing in the park for female cattle. Overall, from the interface area, cattle with
a history of grazing in the park recorded a significantly ( P < 0.01) higher Brucella seroprevalence (13.5%) compared to those with no history of grazing in the park (4.9%). The significant association between
abortion history and seropositivity observed in this study illustrates the potential economic significance of Brucella in cattle in this area. Hence, public awareness and further epidemiological studies of the disease in wildlife, livestock,
and humans in the study area are of great importance. 相似文献
18.
A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2007 and February 2008 to estimate seroprevalence of brucellosis and
identify risk factors associated with Brucella infections in commercial cattle in three districts of Lusaka province (Chongwe, Luangwa, and Kafue; n = 849) and in one rural district from the Central province ( n = 48). A total of 897 serum samples were randomly collected from 55 farms along with animal-level data such as sex, age,
and parity. Sera were screened for presence of anti- Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test, and positive samples were confirmed using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. At the animal level, seroprevalence was estimated at 7.9% (95% CI = 4.4–11.4%) in the Lusaka province and 18.7% (95%
CI = 7.5–29.9%) for Chibombo district. Brucellosis seroprevalence varied according to district, with Chongwe district recording
the highest compared to other districts. Seroprevalence also varied according to sex with bulls ( n = 96) having higher seroprevalence (12.5%; 95% CI = 3.8–21.1%) compared to females (8.1%; 95% CI = 4.6–11.6). Similarly,
seroprevalence varied according to age groups, with the age category 1–4 years recording the highest (10.7%). The study recorded
relatively low Brucella seroprevalence in commercial farms in Lusaka, compared to the traditional small-scale farms. We suggest that testing and
stamping out of infected animals is likely to improve the situation and significantly reduce the public health risk associated
with Brucella infections in animals. 相似文献
19.
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Bovine viral diarrhea
virus (BVDV) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds from Ecuador. A total of 2,367 serum samples
from 346 herds were collected from June 2008 through February 2009. A questionnaire, which included variables related to cattle,
health, management measures, and the environment, was filled out in each herd. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay test was used to determine the seropositivity. A logistic regression model was used to determine risk factors at herd
level. The individual seroprevalence for BVDV in non-vaccinated herds in Ecuador was 36.2% (857/2,367; CI 95%, 34.3–38.1%). The herd prevalence was 74% (256/346; CI 95%, 69.4–78.6%) and the intra-herd prevalence ranged between 11.1% and 100% (mean = 51.6%). The logistic regression model showed
that the density of cattle farms in the area (more than 70%; OR, 1.94; CI 95%, 1.21–3.2) and the altitude (higher than 2,338 m above sea level; 2.33; CI 95%, 1.4–3.9) are potential risk factors associated with BVDV infection. 相似文献
20.
A cross-sectional study was performed in Southern and Lusaka provinces of Zambia between March and September 2008 to estimate
Brucella seroprevalence in cattle kept by smallholder dairy farmers ( n = 185). Rose Bengal test (RBT) was used as a screening test followed by confirmation with competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) . We investigated 1,323 cattle, of which 383 had a history of receiving vaccination against brucellosis and 36 had a history
of abortion. Overall seroprevalence was 6.0% with areas where vaccination was practiced having low seroprevalence. Age was
associated with Brucella seropositivity ( P = 0.03) unlike cattle breed ( P = 0.21) and sex ( P = 0.32). At area level, there was a negative correlation (Corr. coeff = −0.74) between percentage of animals with brucellosis
vaccination history (vaccination coverage) and level of brucellosis; percentage of animals with history of abortion (Corr.
coeff. = −0.82) and brucellosis vaccination coverage. However, a positive correlation existed between brucellosis infection
levels with percentage of animals having a history of abortion (Corr. coeff. = 0.72). History of vaccination against brucellosis
was positively associated with a positive Brucella result on RBT ( P = 0.004) whereby animals with history of vaccination against brucellosis were more likely to give a positive RBT test results
(OR = 1.52). However, the results of c-ELISA were independent of history of Brucella vaccination ( P = 0.149) but was positively associated with history of abortion (OR = 4.12). Our results indicate a relatively low Brucella seroprevalence in cattle from smallholder dairy farmers and that vaccination was effective in reducing cases of Brucella infections and Brucella-related abortions. Human exposure to Brucella through milk from smallholder farmers could result through milk traded on the informal market since that milk is not processed
and there no quality and safety controls. 相似文献
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