日粮精料进食水平对肉牛消化道营养物质流量和表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮精料进食水平对肉牛真胃食糜营养流量和营养物质表观消化率的影响,试验选择体重650kg左右荷斯坦(Holstein)公牛3头,安装有瘤胃、真胃瘘管,按3×3拉丁方实验设计分别饲喂粗料进食量相同而精料不同的3种日粮,以三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作真胃食糜标记物,全收粪法收集粪样,测定真胃食糜和粪中的有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)流量及在瘤胃内、真胃后段消化道(简称肠道)内的表现消化率.结果表明日粮精料进食水平对瘤胃及全消化道的OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率没有显著影响(P＞0.05),日粮精料水平明显影响到达真胃的OM和蛋白质量(P＜0.05),但全消化道CP表观消化率没有差异(P＞0.05).     

育成母牛日粮麸皮水平对营养物质消化率影响

通过饲养试验,主要研究日粮含不同麸皮水平对奶用育成母牛日粮营养物质消化率的影响。选取16头15月龄体况基本一致的荷斯坦育成母牛为试验动物进行消化代谢试验。试验动物随机分为4组,每组4头牛,分别定量(3.5 kg/d)饲喂6种不同麸皮水平的精料日粮,粗料为固定给量的自由采食(8 kg/d)。4个处理组的日粮麸皮水平为0、12.8%、24.8%和44.7%。预试期为20 d,正试期为10 d,采用全收粪法收集6 d粪便。试验结果表明:在采食量和精粗比相似的情况下,日粮精料高比例(45%)麸皮明显降低奶用育成母牛日粮有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率,而对蛋白质表观消化率无显著影响。     

精料比例对皖南牛粗饲料采食量和日粮养分表观消化率的影响

本试验研究精料比例对皖南牛粗饲料采食量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。30头去势的体重相近的18月龄皖南牛,随机分成5组,各组根据体重的1.9%、1.6%、1.3%、1.0%和0.7%补充精料,通过饲养试验和消化试验测定粗饲料采食量和日粮养分表观消化率。结果表明:皖南牛的粗饲料采食量随着精料饲喂量的减少而增加,总的干物质采食量(DMI)随着精料饲喂量的减少而降低;日粮的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和总能(GE)的表观消化率随着精料饲喂量的减少而降低;日粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率随着精料的减少先升后降,精料饲喂量占体重1.0%的组的NDF和ADF表观消化率最高,分别为60.48%和57.07%。     

西门塔尔杂交后备母牛日粮植物源磷进食量对表观可消化磷的影响

旨在采用消化试验研究后备母牛日粮植物源磷进食量与磷表观消化率的关系。试验选用体况良好、体重一致的西杂后备母牛[西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀)]24头,随机分为6组,即试验1组、2组、3组、4组、5组和6组,每组4头,分别定量(3.50kg/d)饲喂6种不同磷水平的精料日粮,粗料(青贮)自由采食。使用麸皮调节日粮精料磷水平,各试验组精料磷水平分别为0.36%、0.40%、0.42%、0.46%、0.50%和0.54%;总试验期为30d,预饲期20d后进入正试期,试验最后7d全收集粪样和尿样。饲料样及粪样均测定其中磷和干物质含量,计算粪磷排泄量与日粮磷进食量的回归关系。结果表明,不同日粮处理间消化道磷的表观消化量和表观消化率有显著差异(P<0.05),并随进食磷量的增加而增加,但消化道表观消化的磷量与磷的进食不是直线关系,而是呈现抛物线关系,在日粮磷水平为0.42%时,消化量和消化率达最大,即分别为10.5g/d和40.8%。     

不同NDF水平肉羊日粮养分表观消化率研究

为了测定不同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平对肉羊日粮养分表观消化率的影响,选用4只体重相近[(23.5±0.6)kg7的4月龄杂交一代(小尾寒羊×尤角陶赛特)羯羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计进行试验.4种试验口粮按等能等氮而NDF水平分别为30%、35%、40%和45%进行配制(干物质基础),定量饲喂.在本试验条件下,除45%NDF日粮的干物质表观消化率显著(P<0.05)低于其他日粮外,不同NDF水平对肉羊日粮的有机物、粗蛋白质和淀粉表观消化率均未产生显著影响(P>0.05);不同NDF水平并未显著影响(P>0.05)肉羊日粮的NDF、酸性洗涤纤维、纤维素和半纤维素表观消化率,但30%和45%NDF日粮相应指标均较低.综合分析,不同NDF水平对肉羊日粮养分的表观消化率有一定影响,肉羊日粮的适宜NDF水平为35%～40%.     

日粮磷进食水平对西杂后备母牛日粮磷表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮磷进食量对肉牛日粮磷表观消化的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重一致(347 kg±25 kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))16头,随机分为4组,即处理1、2、3和4组,每组4头,各试验组日粮磷的进食量分别为26、34、42和50 g/d,以精料饲喂量调整磷进食水平(每天育成母牛精料喂量分别为1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5 kg),粗料(玉米秸秆青贮)自由采食。总试验期30 d,预饲期20 d后进入正试期,试验最后7 d全收集粪样。结果表明,不同日粮磷进食量对消化道磷的表观消化量和表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),在日粮磷进食量为34g/d(日粮磷水平0.51%)时,消化率达最大(53.8%);日粮磷进食量大于34 g/d时,磷进食的增加使磷的表观消化率明显降低(P<0.05)。     

日粮营养水平对西杂育成母牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响

为了研究日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)对肉牛日粮消化能和粪能排出量的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重一致(347 kg±25 kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))16头,随机分为4组,即处理Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组,每组4头,各试验组日粮精料进食量分别为1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5 kg,粗料(青贮)自由采食。总试验期为30 d,预饲期20 d后进入正试期,试验期最后7 d全收集粪样。结果表明:不同日粮处理间全消化道蛋白质、淀粉的表观消化量和日粮消化能有显著差异(P<0.05),并随日粮营养水平(精料进食水平)的增加而增加,但不同日粮处理间中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观可消化量没有差异,粪中能量的排出量也没有明显差异(P>0.05)。日粮可消化有机物与消化能的进食量呈直线强相关,即消化能DE(MJ/d)=0.669+18.476 DOM(kg/d)(R2=0.999 6,n=4)。     

日粮蛋白质水平对肉牛真胃营养物质流量和营养物质消化率的影响

本文旨在研究日粮蛋白质水平对肉牛真胃食糜营养流量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选择4头体重(650±20)kg,安装有瘤胃、真胃瘘管的荷斯坦(Holstein)公牛,按4×4拉丁方试验设计分别饲喂精粗比和进食量相同的4种蛋白质水平日粮,以三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作真胃食糜标记物,全收粪法收集粪样,测定真胃食糜和粪便中的有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)流量及在瘤胃内和真胃后段消化道(简称肠道)内的表观消化率。结果表明:日粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃及全消化道的OM、NDF和ADF表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05),日粮蛋白质水平显著影响真胃食糜的粗蛋白质量(P<0.05),但全消化道CP表观消化率没有差异(P>0.05)。     

烟酸铬对西门塔尔牛日粮养分消化率的影响

试验选用4头体重(500±20)kg,年龄3.5岁,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究日粮中添加烟酸铬(0、40、80、120 mg/d)对日粮养分消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮添加烟酸铬80 mg/d组的干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白质(CP)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。因此在本试验条件下日粮中烟酸铬适宜添加水平为80 mg/d。     

肉牛日粮精料进食水平对淀粉的瘤胃发酵和小肠表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮精料进食水平对肉牛真胃食糜淀粉流量及其表观消化率的影响,试验选择体重650kg左右荷斯坦(Holstein)公牛3头,安装有瘤胃、真胃瘘管,按3×3拉丁方试验设计分别饲喂粗料进食量相同而精料进食量不同的3种日粮,以三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作真胃食糜标记物,全收粪法收集粪样,测定真胃食糜和粪中的淀粉流量及在瘤胃内、真胃后段消化道(简称肠道)内的表观消化率。结果表明:日粮精料进食水平对瘤胃及全消化道的淀粉表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05),日粮精料水平明显影响到达真胃的淀粉量(P<0.05)。     

Ileal digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, and amino acids associated with neutral detergent fiber in wheat shorts for growing pigs

An experiment was carried out to determine the ileal digestibility values of NDF, CP, and AA associated with NDF in different samples of wheat shorts consisting of different proportions of wheat bran, shorts, and flour, hereafter referred to as wheat fractions. Six barrows (average initial BW 37.2 kg, and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum) were fed one of six experimental diets, formulated to contain 17% CP (as-fed basis), according to a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Diets A, B, C, D, and E contained 17.53% soybean meal (SBM), which contributed 50% CP to these diets. The diets contained shorts, bran, or flour alone or in combination, contributing the remaining 50% CP to these diets. The proportions of shorts, bran, and flour in the wheat fractions were 70% shorts and 30% bran in diet A, 85% shorts and 15% bran in diet B, 100% shorts in diet C, 85% shorts and 15% flour in diet D, and 70% shorts and 30% flour in diet E. Diet F contained 35.05% soybean meal, which provided the sole source of dietary CP. Chromic oxide was used as a digestibility marker. During the first experimental period, the daily dietary allowance was provided at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of the average BW. Thereafter, the allowance was increased by 100 g at each successive period. Each experimental period comprised 12 d. Following a 7-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 48 h and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. The contribution of CP and AA associated with NDF gradually decreased from wheat fraction A to E, reflecting a decrease in NDF content from 42.3 to 29.5%. Of the indispensable AA in wheat fraction A, the contributions ranged from 12.9 to 15.9%. In wheat fraction E, these values ranged from 9.0 to 11.3%. The ileal digestibility values of NDF ranged from 11.8% in diet E to 17.1% in diet C (P > 0.05). There were usually no differences (P > 0.05) in the ileal digestibilities of AA associated with NDF between the wheat fractions. However, with the exception of lysine and tyrosine, there were negative correlations (P < 0.05) between the apparent ileal AA digestibilities and the content (%) of CP associated with NDF in the wheat fractions. Furthermore, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of the diets containing wheat fractions on the recovery of bacterial protein and mucin in ileal digesta.     

Amino acid digestibilities in different samples of wheat shorts for growing pigs.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the variability in apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibilities in simulated samples of wheat shorts consisting of different proportions of wheat bran (WB), wheat shorts (WS), and wheat flour (WF), hereafter referred to as wheat fractions. The proportions of WS, WB, and WF and the NDF content (DM basis) of the wheat fractions were as follows: A, 70% WS, 30% WB, and 42.3% NDF; B, 85% WS, 15% WB, and 41.8% NDF; C, 100% WS and 41.3% NDF; D, 85% WS, 15% WF, and 35.2% NDF; and E, 70% WS, 30% WF, and 29.5% NDF. Six barrows, average initial BW of 37.2 kg, fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were fed one of six experimental diets according to a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Six diets were formulated to contain 17% CP (as-fed basis). Diets A, B, C, D, and E contained 17.53% soybean meal (SBM), which contributed 50% of the CP in these diets. The wheat fractions contributed the remaining 50% of the CP in these diets. Diet F contained 35.05% SBM, which was the sole source of dietary CP. Chromic oxide was used as the digestibility marker. During the first experimental period, the daily dietary allowance was provided at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of the average BW. Thereafter, the daily dietary allowance was increased by 100 g at each successive period. Each experimental period comprised 12 d. Following a 7-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 48 h and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. The apparent ileal digestibilities of AA in the wheat fractions were calculated using the difference method. The digestibilities were usually lowest in the wheat fractions containing WB and highest in those containing no WB. The average of the digestibilities of the indispensable AA was 63.5% for wheat fraction A, which contained 30% WB, and 71.9% for wheat fraction C, which did not contain WB. There were no differences (P > .05) in lysine digestibilities among the wheat fractions, which ranged from 54.7 to 64.1%. Of the indispensable AA, with the exception of arginine, lysine, and methionine, the apparent ileal digestibility values of AA were negatively correlated (P < .05) with the NDF content in the wheat fractions.     

Effects of roughage particle size on site of nutrient digestion and digesta flow through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep fed corncob-concentrate diets

An experiment examining nutritional effects of dietary corncob particle size was conducted using ruminal-, duodenal- and ileal-cannulated sheep in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Site of nutrient digestion and digesta flow were the principal criteria evaluated. Analyses of dry matter (DM), N, starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were performed on feed, feces and digesta samples. Chromic oxide-impregnated paper was used as an external marker to estimate digestibilities at different sites along the gastrointestinal tract. Ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid molar proportions were also determined. All diets (74.9% concentrates: 25.1% corncobs) were pelleted and were similar in ingredient composition but varied in corncob particle size (corncob mean particle sizes were 6.5, 5.4, 1.4 or .8 mm). Dietary crude protein levels differed little among treatments. Starch concentration was higher in diets containing the larger corncob particles while NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations were lower in diets containing larger particles, suggesting a reaction between starch and fiber moieties during the pelleting process. Starch flow past the duodenum decreased (P less than .05) as dietary corncob particle size decreased. Apparent NDF digestion before the duodenum was highest for sheep fed diets containing 1.4-mm corncobs (P less than .05). Apparent starch digestion in the small intestine decreased (P less than .05) as dietary corncob particle size decreased. A considerable amount of NDF was apparently digested in the small intestine of sheep consuming diets containing 5.4- and .8-mm corncobs. Likewise, a substantial amount of NDF was apparently digested in the large intestine. Few differences in apparent total tract digestibilities were noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

加州鲈常用饲料原料的可利用氨基酸研究

本试验用Cr2O3 间接测定法测定了加州鲈对秘鲁鱼粉、国产鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、次粉、酵母粉等6种常用饲料中蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率。结果表明 ,加州鲈对这6种原料的蛋白质消化率和总氨基酸消化率分别为 :86.09 %和90.12 %、84.12和90.00 %、76.86 %和82.85 %、61.22 %和75.45 %、67.49 %和76.27 %、72.29和81.30 %。动物性原料的消化率均高于植物性原料。经分析 ,蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率与原料中的粗纤维含量呈负的直线相关系(蛋白质消化率与粗纤维含量rp = -0.9488,P<0.01;氨基酸消化率与粗纤维含量rA = -0.9133,P<0.05)。     

转基因豆粕对断奶仔猪生长、消化和血液参数的影响

将64头断奶仔猪按体重和性别随机分成2组,分别饲喂含29%常规和抗草甘膦转基因豆粕日粮。结果表明:饲喂2种日粮仔猪的平均日增重、日采食量和饲料利用效率均无显著差异(P>0.05),总能、有机物、粗蛋白质、中性与酸性洗涤纤维等养分的全消化道表观消化率差异也不显著(P>0.05);饲喂抗草甘膦豆粕日粮断奶仔猪的血液学指标未见明显变化。常规和转基因豆粕对断奶仔猪的营养学效价和饲用安全具有实质等同性。     

Impact of different wheat milling by-products in supplements on the forage use and performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts on forage use and beef cattle performance of incorporating divergent wheat milling by-products in a 30% CP supplement. The by-products were wheat bran (high fiber) and second clears (high starch). The by-products were added as 1) 100% wheat bran; 2) 67% wheat bran, 33% second clears; or 3) 33% wheat bran, 67% second clears to constitute approximately 47 to 49% of the supplement. In Exp. 1, 90 Hereford x Angus cows (BW = 554 kg) grazing winter, tallgrass-prairie range were fed the supplement treatments (2.27 kg/cow daily) from early December 1997 until calving (average calving date = 3/11/98). Cumulative BW and condition changes from trial initiation through calving were not significantly different among treatments. Similarly, significant treatment effects on cow pregnancy rates as well as calf birth weights, ADG, and ending weights were not evident. In Exp. 2, 16 ruminally fistulated Hereford x Angus steers (BW = 484 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of the same three supplement treatments or to a negative control (forage only). Steers had ad libitum access to tallgrass-prairie hay (76.4% NDF, 3.1% CP) and were fed supplement at the same rate (relative to BW) as the cows in Exp. 1. Forage OM, NDF, and digestible OM intakes were lower (P < 0.01) for the negative control than for supplemented steers but were not significantly different among the supplemented steers. Digestion of OM was lower (P = 0.03) for the negative control than for supplemented steers, although significant treatment differences were not evident among the supplemented groups. Digestion of NDF was not affected (P = 0.49) by treatment. Within the context of the amount of supplemental protein offered, changes in the combination of wheat milling by-products in the supplement did not affect cow performance or intake and digestion of low-quality forage.     

近红外光谱分析技术在小麦麸的饲料营养价值评定上的应用

<正> 前言 随着集约化饲养业及配合饲料工业的迅速发展,对饲料营养价值评定手段的精度和效率提出了愈来愈高的要求。近几十年来常规化学分析技术有了一系列突破,在手段简化、试剂节约以及自动化方面都取得了许多卓有成效的进展。但是所有方法都还需要对饲料样品进行破坏性的预处理及经过相应的测试程序;对饲料营养价值的评定则还需要通过试验动物。由于这些条件的限制,在分析某一饲料时,一般只能采取压缩样品量,     

添加纤维素酶与藜麦麸皮及小麦麸皮对台湾红藜青贮的影响

为研究纤维素酶与藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)麸皮及小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)麸皮对台湾红藜(Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.)青贮发酵品质的影响,本试验设对照组(CK)、纤维素酶组(0.5 g·kg-1鲜草,A1)、纤维素酶(0.5 g·kg...     

Influence of urea molasses treated wheat straw fermented with cattle manure on chemical composition and feeding value for growing buffalo calves

The study was conducted to examine the chemical composition of urea–molasses treated wheat straw (WS) fermented with cattle manure (CM) and its feeding value for growing buffalo male calves. Wheat straw treated with varying levels of urea (0%, 2% and 4%) and molasses (2% and 4%) was ensiled with 30% cattle manure (on dry matter basis) for different fermentation periods (20, 30 and 40 days). Fermented wheat straw (FWS) after each fermentation period was analyzed for pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Maximum pH, DM, CP, TP and NH₃-N and minimum NDF contents were observed with 4% urea. The 4% molasses level increased the CP, TP and NH₃-N contents of FWS, but pH, DM and NDF remained unchanged after 40 days of fermentation. The 4% urea × 4% molasses interaction resulted in maximum DM, CP, TP, NH₃-N after 40 days of fermentation period and this combination was used for large scale production of FWS to evaluate its feeding value for calves. Four isonitrogen and isocaloric diets were formulated. The control FWS 0 diet contained no FWS while in FWS 15, FWS 25 and FWS 35 diets concentrate was replaced with 15%, 25% and 35% FWS, respectively. The diets were randomly allotted to four groups of 28 calves 9–12 months of age, seven in each group, in a randomized complete block design to examine the nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and weight gain. An increased DM, organic matter (OM), CP and NDF intakes were observed in calves fed FWS diets compared to those fed FWS 0 diet. Nitrogen retention increased significantly with increasing the level of FWS. The DM, OM, CP and NDF apparent digestibilities were non-significant in calves fed different levels of FWS. A linear increase in weight gain was noticed in calves fed diets containing increasing level of FWS.