外源糖对盐胁迫下小黑麦幼苗糖代谢的影响

外源糖可以缓解盐害,提高植物耐盐性。为探究外源糖对盐胁迫下小黑麦幼苗糖代谢的影响及其机理,以小黑麦品种东农8809为材料,通过施加0.5mmol·L~(-1)葡萄糖和0.5mmol·L~(-1)蔗糖,探讨了100mmol·L~(-1) NaCl胁迫下外源糖处理的小黑麦幼苗相对电导率、碳水化合物含量和糖代谢关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,与未经外源糖处理(CK)相比,外源葡萄糖、蔗糖预处理的小黑麦幼苗叶片的相对电导率显著降低,可溶性糖含量及蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、果糖-6-磷酸激酶和己糖激酶活性提高,尤其是己糖激酶活性显著高于其他处理,丙酮酸激酶活性降低。说明盐胁迫下,施加外源糖可以促进蔗糖和葡萄糖进入蔗糖合成途径和糖酵解途径,促进淀粉向可溶性糖转化,从而提高可溶性糖含量,降低渗透势,提高细胞吸水能力,以缓解盐胁迫对小黑麦的伤害程度。     

棉子萌发过程中营养物质和棉酚的变化动态

对 1 2个有代表性的棉花品种种子萌发过程中营养物质动态进行了研究 ,结果表明 :种仁中可溶性糖、脂肪、蛋白质含量均随种子的萌发而呈有规律的递减。可溶性糖含量在种子开始吸胀吸水的同时即迅速降低 ,3天后略有回升并保持动态平衡。脂肪含量在种子萌发的前 2天基本无变化 ,2天后迅速降低。蛋白质含量的变化与脂肪类似 ,但其降低速率比脂肪慢。棉酚含量随种子萌发的变化规律不明显     

腐植酸浸种对盐胁迫下小麦萌发种子及幼苗生理特性的影响

为研究盐胁迫下腐植酸浸种对小麦幼苗生理特性的影响,采用春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为试验材料,分别用清水和腐植酸浸种,测定了NaCl胁迫下萌发种子的α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗根系和叶片的总可溶性糖、蔗糖和果糖含量,以及浸出液的电导率。结果表明,盐胁迫下萌发种子的α-淀粉酶活性降低,幼苗根冠比增加,但幼苗整体鲜重降低,叶片和根系浸出液电导率增大,总可溶性糖含量增加,叶片蔗糖和果糖含量增加,根系蔗糖含量降低。腐植酸浸种降低了α-淀粉酶活性,增加了叶片总可溶性糖和根系蔗糖含量,减少了根系总可溶性糖和叶片蔗糖含量,降低了叶片和根系浸出液电导率。推测腐植酸浸种可能是通过调控果糖浓度变化,缓解了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的质膜损伤。     

收获后贮藏时间对鲜食玉米品质的影响

以12个糯玉米品种和6个甜玉米品种为试验材料，研究采收后室温下（28℃）放置0、8、16、24、32 h后对子粒中糖含量、淀粉含量、蛋白含量蔗糖代谢酶活性等的影响，探讨鲜食玉米采摘后贮藏时间对鲜食品质的影响。结果表明，鲜食玉米随着采收后时间的延长，子粒可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量、果糖含量、还原糖含量、淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及蔗糖代谢酶活性均呈下降趋势，常温下糯玉米品质变化大于甜玉米。因此，为保证鲜食玉米的子粒品质，生产上糯玉米采收后8 h内进行冷冻贮藏。甜玉米中，先正达OVERLAND于采收后16 h内进行冷冻贮藏，京科甜183、和甜一号、和甜糯一号、先正达米哥、郑甜66于采收后8 h内进行冷冻贮藏。     

圭亚那柱花草种子活力的非破坏性测定方法

通过发芽试验,筛选出宜于业经长时间恒温贮存的圭亚那柱花草[Stylosanthesguianensis(Aublet)Swartz]种子的重复吸水－回干处理方案,并依据此方案,测定了种子浸泡液的pH值、电导率、可溶性糖含量和紫外光密度。结果表明：浸泡8h/次×3次的重复吸水－回干处理可提高柱花草种子的活力,而其他处理方法均使种子活力呈下降趋势;种子活力与8h/次×第3次种子浸泡液的电导率尧紫外光密度密切相关,与pH值和可溶性糖含量相关性不大。因此,测定8h/次×第3次种子浸泡液的电导率、紫外光密度,可作为圭亚那柱花草种子活力的非破坏性检测方法。     

甘蔗采后冷藏过程中品质及生理变化

甘蔗采后于２℃贮藏，随着贮期延长，蔗茎的呼吸强度呈上升趋势但没有高峰出现。蔗汁中蔗糖和可溶性总糖含量呈下降趋势，还原糖和酒精含量出现不同程度的增加。在贮藏前期，蔗汁中／中性蔗糖转化酶活性呈增加趋势，其中以酸性转化酶活性增加较为显著。甘蔗采后蔗糖含量下降是转化酶和呼吸作用的共同结果。     

外源ABA对冬小麦越冬期呼吸代谢关键酶与糖代谢的影响

为探讨外源ABA对低温胁迫下冬小麦幼苗呼吸代谢的影响,以抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和冷敏感品种济麦22为材料,测定和分析了小麦三叶期叶面喷施ABA(浓度10-5 mol·L-1,剂量为每4 m2喷施1 L)后越冬期叶片和分蘖节在低温胁迫下碳水化合物含量、糖酵解代谢酶及三羧酸循环代谢酶活性的变化.结果表明,越冬期间随温度的降低,两个小麦品种的叶片和分蘖节中可溶性总糖和淀粉含量先升后降;参与糖酵解代谢的丙酮酸激酶、己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶及三羧酸循环代谢酶的活性在对照叶片中均先升后降,但在分蘖节中的变化则不尽相同.外源ABA处理使低温下两个小麦品种叶片和分蘖节积累更多的可溶性糖和淀粉,并且不同程度地提高了两个品种叶片及分蘖节中丙酮酸激酶、己糖激酶及磷酸果糖激酶的活性,尤其在最低温-25℃时明显抑制这几种酶活性的降低,这种影响在抗寒性强的东农冬麦1号中更明显;在低温胁迫后期抑制了三羧酸循环代谢酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶活性的降低,使其保持在相对较高的水平.外源ABA对碳水化合物积累的促进作用有利于植株呼吸和ATP合成维持在较高水平,进而提高低温下植株存活能力.     

低温胁迫对木薯幼苗叶片转化酶及可溶性糖含量的影响

以华南124(SC124)、华南8号(SC8)和阿根廷7号(ARG7)3个木薯品种为材料,研究在持续低温胁迫下木薯幼苗叶片转化酶活性(SAI,NI)及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:可溶性酸性转化酶(SAI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高;低温胁迫均能提高3个品种木薯中SAI酶的活性,但是在耐寒品种ARG7中表现为稳定提高。中性转化酶(NI)在木薯耐寒品种中(ARG7)活性较高,低温胁迫也能提高3个木薯品种中的NI酶活性,而NI酶活性均表现为短期提高。初步推断,SAI活性与木薯的抗寒存在一定的正相关。低温胁迫后3个木薯品种叶片蔗糖、还原糖和可溶性总糖的含量均升高,且抗寒品种ARG7叶片的还原糖、蔗糖和可溶性总糖含量极显著高于SC124和SC8。     

细胞分裂素和乙烯对橡胶种子萌发成苗的生理影响

用细胞分裂素和乙烯利预处理橡胶种子,探讨植物内源激素对橡胶种子萌发生理的影响。结果表明,用细胞分裂素─—6-苄氨基嘌呤（6-BA）预处理橡胶种子,提高种子的活力指数;降低外胚乳的总呼吸速率,提高糖酵解─—三羧酸（EMP－TCA）呼吸途径,降低成糖磷酸（HMP）呼吸途径;提高外胚乳的脂肪酶、过氧化氢酶、异柠檬酸裂解酶和蛋白酶活性以及核酸含量。用乙烯利预处理橡胶种子,降低种子的活力指数;提高外胚乳的总呼吸速率并提高HMP呼吸途径和降低EMP－TCA呼吸途径;降低外胚乳脂肪酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性以及核酸含量,提高异柠檬酸裂解酶活性。6-BA和乙烯利都未改变外胚乳抗氰电子传递的比率。     

大豆种子萌发过程中蛋白质的变化

大豆种子富含丰富的蛋白质,为了研究在萌发过程中蛋白质的变化,本试验对大豆种子吸水的变化、可溶性蛋白质含量、蛋白酶活性、肽酶活性、蛋白水解产物（氧基酸和肽含量）含量的变化进行研究。结果表明,大豆种子萌发过程中吸水的变化呈现慢-快-慢的规律,转折点分别是萌发12h和萌发27h。虽然种子在萌发期间内的可溶性蛋白、氧态氮及肽含量均高于未萌发的大豆种子,但其变化规律不同：可溶性蛋白峰值出现在9～12h之间,而氨基酸及肽的含量在整个试验过程中始终处于增加的趋势。另外,蛋白酶和肽酶活性在萌发33h之前活性的变化非常小,萌发39～72h时活性急剧加强,萌发72～96h时活性下降。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).