饲料添加砷制剂对小鼠铁吸收的影响

为探讨饲料中添加砷制剂对小鼠铁吸收的影响,45只小鼠被随机分为3组,各组在基础日粮中分别添加0,40,80mg／kg砷（以洛克沙胂形式）,试验期30d。试验结束后,收取各组粪便和组织器官测定铁含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,40mg／kg砷组铁表观吸收率提高14．57％,80mg／kg砷组铁表观吸收率则降低了14．93％;40mg／kg砷组小鼠肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、小肠和腿肌铁含量显著升高（P〈O．05）,80mg／kg砷组则显著降低（P〈O．05）;但两组分别于停砷后5,7d,组织器官铁恢复正常水平。这表明40mg／kg砷水平可促进铁的吸收,相反80mg／kg砷水平则抑制铁的吸收。     

对饲料中大量添加有机砷制剂的思考

目前,在饲料中添加的有机砷制剂主要是对氨基苯砷酸及其钠盐(阿散酸)和洛克沙胂.这两类是属于我国允许使用的饲料药物添加剂,也是我国目前使用量比较大的有机砷制剂.主要用于提高猪、鸡日增重和改进饲料利用率,改善皮肤营养,促进色素沉积,抵抗病原,对治疗和防治猪的下痢腹泻有效.     

砷制剂在饲料工业中的作用及对环境的危害

2013年6月1日起,我国食品安全国家标准《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012,以下简称新国标)正式实施。其中,肉类和乳中砷限量有了变化,限制项目从无机砷变为总砷(旧国标《食品中污染物限量》GB2762-2005要求检测无机砷,     

2种含砷兽药对蚯蚓的急性毒性试验

蚯蚓是土壤生态的重要指示生物。试验用3种方法研究了2种含砷兽药洛克沙胂(roxarsone)和阿散酸(arsanilic acid)对安德爱胜蚓(Eisenia andrei)的急性毒性。结果表明，人工土壤法、人造土壤法和自然土壤法测得的洛克沙胂和阿散酸对蚯蚓的LC50分别为每千克土壤3.23、2.99、3．56g和5．80、5．10、6．80g。2种舍砷兽药对蚯蚓的毒性都较低。     

高压液相色谱法测定饲料中的阿散酸和洛克沙砷

采用高压液相色谱(美国安捷伦公司Agilent 1200)紫外检测器(二极管阵列检测器)、Thermo公司C18色谱柱(150×4.6mm,内径5μm)、流动相采用0.68g/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇(体积比98:2)、流速:1.0mL/min、进样体积:10μL,同时测定饲料中的阿散酸(氨苯胂酸)和洛克沙胂(硝基苯胂酸),本方法具有快速、准确、重复性好等特点。     

有机胂制剂在畜禽生产中的作用、毒性及环境行为

介绍了有机胂制剂在畜禽生产中的作用、机理、毒性和残留。提出了由于其使用不当,通过其粪便进入环境中时对土壤和农作物产生一定危害。简单叙述了食品中有机胂的检测方法。     

美国马里兰州家禽饲料和废弃物中洛克沙胂对环境的影响

在肉鸡产业中洛克沙胂被广泛使用。本文就洛克沙胂对环境的影响进行了综述。总之,砷以洛克沙胂的形式添加到家禽饲料中,并最终被排到家禽废弃物中。新鲜废弃物主要含洛克沙胂,而老化废弃物主要含无机砷。长期使用家禽废弃物作为肥料可使土壤中砷浓度超过马里兰州(MD)的砷土壤背景修复标准。由于砷会在土壤中不断积累,所以人们认为使用含砷的家禽废弃物作为肥料是不可持续的。在土壤表层施加含洛克沙胂的家禽废弃物不会影响深层地下水中砷的浓度,但它在沉淀后可以无机砷的形式转运到受纳水体和浅层地下水。因而在一些以农业为主的受纳水体和沉积物中砷的水平超出了限量标准。砷在鱼和贝类中主要以有机砷形式存在。磷营养管理趋于限制一些区域(该区域相对于作物的需求已过度使用磷)家禽废弃物的使用,从而降低了砷的使用率和累积。尽管大部分地表土壤中的砷处于紧密结合状态,但随着地表土壤结合砷的含量增加,其向地表下层渗透的能力增强,然而,由于地表下层土壤中的粘土矿物质、铁和铝的氧化物都具有非常强的砷结合能力,在大部分土壤中这种渗透作用有限。2012年马里兰州通过了一项法律,禁止在家禽饲料中使用除硝苯胂酸以外的砷类添加剂。2013年美国食品和药物管理局(USFDA)撤销了洛克沙胂、卡巴胂和对氨基苯胂酸的使用许可,并正在审查硝苯胂酸。     

影响铁吸收利用因素研究进展

本文对动物体对铁的吸收利用的众多因素的影响进行了综述。近来的研究表明 ,动物的品种、年龄、机体铁贮和胃肠道环境影响对铁的吸收利用 ;动物所采食饲料的种类、铁含量以及饲料中所含的某些因子也影响动物对铁的吸收利用 ;动物对饲料中不同价态、不同存在形式铁的吸收利用有很大差别。     

日粮添加核黄素对28日龄新扬州雏鸡铁吸收和储存能力的影响

选用288只1日龄新扬州雏鸡,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加4种水平核黄素(0、3.6、7.2、14.4 mg/kg)的日粮,探讨日粮添加核黄素对28日龄雏鸡铁吸收和储存能力的影响.试验期为28 d.结果表明:(1)雏鸡的腺胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和胫骨组织中铁含量均有随核黄素添加量增加而增加趋势,但差异均不显著(P＜0.05).(2)不同组织中铁吸收储存能力大小排序为:十二指肠＞空肠＞胫骨＞腺胃＞回肠.因此,日粮中添加核黄素能够一定程度上促进新扬州雏鸡铁吸收和储存.     

洛克沙胂对生长猪生长性能的影响

洛克沙胂对生长猪生长性能的影响田河万熙卿李德发吴金龙顾赛红（沈阳农业大学畜牧兽医学院·沈阳东陵·１１０１６１）（农业部饲料工业中心砷是动物必需的微量元素,广泛分布于体组织和体液中。研究表明,缺砷可导致动物生长缓慢,繁殖性能下降。目前,国收稿日期：１９...     

大蒜素对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

选择 5 4周龄健康罗曼商品蛋鸡 4 0 0只 ,随机分成 5组 ,每组两个重复 ,每个重复 4 0只鸡 ,采用单因子完全随机设计 ,研究蛋鸡日粮中添加大蒜素对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响。大蒜素的添加水平为 :0、2 0、4 0、80、16 0mg/kg。试验期为 38d。结果表明 ,蛋鸡日粮中添加 4 0mg/kg大蒜素 (大蒜素含量为4 0 % )可使产蛋率提高 11 15 % (P <0 0 5 ) ,料蛋比降低 5 94 % (P <0 0 1) ,日均采食量提高 7 6 4 % (P<0 0 1) ,经济效益显著     

Effect of roxarsone inclusion in the diet on the performance and hepatic lipid metabolism of laying Tsaiya duck

1. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) inclusion in the diet on the performance, liver function and lipid metabolism in the liver of laying Brown Tsaiya ducks. 2. Sixty 36-week-old laying ducks were selected and allocated at random into 4 dietary treatments with 3 replications for each treatment. Feeding was for 7 weeks with 3 weeks of experimental diets followed by a 4 week withdrawal period. The experimental diets were supplemented with 0, 50, 100 and 300 mg/kg roxarsone, respectively 3. Dietary inclusion of 50 or 100 mg/kg roxarsone did not significantly promote performance. Inclusion of 300 mg/kg significantly depressed (P<0.05) performance, liver weight and content, serum triacylglycerol (TG), serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and increased (P<0.05) cholesterol, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum at the end of 3 weeks on the experimental diet. 4. Laying characteristics returned to normal 4 weeks after withdrawal of roxarsone. The liver weight, fat and TG in the liver and serum concentrations of TG, NEFA, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and AST increased significantly (P<0.05), while the level of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) decreased (P<0.05) at the end of the withdrawal period. More prominent vacuolised hepatic fatty cells were observed in laying ducks treated with 300 mg/kg of roxarsone.     

产蛋鸡日粮磷添加水平的探讨

磷是动物生长发育和代谢必需的矿物元素。通常在产蛋鸡日粮中添加非植酸磷以满足其生产需求;但产蛋鸡对磷的实际需要量可能较NRC (1994)推荐量低。本文阐述了非植酸磷、有效磷水平和植酸酶对产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质量的影响,对产蛋鸡日粮磷添加水平提出建议。     

高产奶牛日粮中添加脂肪的研究进展

高产奶牛有机体新陈代谢旺盛,通常在泌乳初期不能摄取到与产乳需要相适用的能量水平,以至于影响到产乳量甚至乳牛的健康。向饲粮中添加脂肪等能量添加剂是提高饲粮能量水平的有效途径。本文就近年来高产乳牛日粮中添加脂肪对奶牛生产性能影响进行了综述分析,以便更深入地研制和开发脂肪等能量添加剂,这对我国乳牛业的发展将具有重要意义。     

Effects of dietary iron on performance and mineral utilization in lambs fed a forage-based diet

Twenty-four lambs, averaging 29 kg, were used to determine the effect of supplemental dietary Fe on performance and Cu, P, Zn and Mn utilization. Treatments consisted of supplemental Fe at 0, 300, 600 or 1,200 mg/kg diet as ferrous carbonate. The basal diet contained 154 mg Fe/kg diet and consisted of 90% Coastal bermudagrass pellets, 9.45% group corn, .5% sodium chloride and .05% vitamin mix. Lambs were slaughtered after having ad libitum access to diets for 98 to 121 d. Dietary Fe did not affect lamb gain or feed intake. Supplemental Fe increased Fe concentrations in liver (P less than .01), spleen (P less than .01) and bone (P less than .10), but not in kidney and muscle. Serum Fe concentrations and percentage transferrin saturation in serum were increased (P less than .01) by supplemental Fe at 28 and 84 d, but not at the termination of the study. Plasma Cu was decreased (P less than .01) at 56 d, whereas serum ceruloplasmin activity was reduced (P less than .01) at 28 d in lambs fed 1,200 mg Fe/kg diet compared with lambs fed 600 mg Fe/kg diet. Lower levels of Fe (300 and 600) reduced (P less than .01) ceruloplasmin by 56 d and plasma Cu by 84 d compared with controls. Liver Cu also was decreased (P less than .05) by supplemental Fe. Plasma P was decreased slightly (P less than .10) by 28 d and significantly (P less than .01) at the other sampling dates by supplemental Fe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of cereals and/or protein supplement extrusion on diet utilisation and performance of intensively reared cattle

The effect of extruding the cereal and/or the protein supplement of a compound feed on its nutritive value and on the performance of intensively reared male calves was studied. The compound feed was formulated with 0.65 of a cereal blend (60:40 maize:barley), 0.25 of a protein blend (1/3:1/3:1/3 raw soybeans:peas:lupins), and 0.08 of urea to contain 0.17 of crude protein. It was tested without extruding (NE) and with the cereal blend (CE), the protein blend (PE) or both (CPE) extruded. Another non-extruded compound feed with mainly soybean meal as the protein supplement (NE-SBM) also was studied. The five experimental compound feeds together with barley straw were offered ad libitum to 50 male Friesian calves (112 kg initial live weight) for 13 weeks, recording individual feed intake and live weight gain. Crude protein (CP) solubility and in vitro and in situ CP degradation of experimental compounds, and in vitro gas production kinetics, in vivo digestibility and urinary allantoin excretion of diets were determined. Cereal extrusion promoted a greater gas production at all incubation times (p < 0.001), associated to the increase in starch gelatinisation. PE and NE-SBM compounds showed lower in vitro (p < 0.01) and in situ (p < 0.001) CP degradability than the other feeds. Ingredient extrusion did not affect apparent DM, OM and CP digestibilities, but diet CPE showed a lower NDF digestibility (p < 0.05) than the others (0.293 vs. 0.420, 0.387, 0.390 and 0.407 with CPE vs. NE, CE, PE and NE-SBM, respectively). The apparent EE digestibility increased (p = 0.053) with the inclusion of extruded ingredients, (0.799, 0.749 and 0.794 vs. 0.719 and 0.702 with CE, PE and CPE vs. NE and NE-SBM, respectively). Daily allantoin excretion was lower (p < 0.01) in calves receiving the CPE diet than in those receiving the NE, PE and NE-SBM diets. Treatments did not affect the average daily gains (1.61 ± 0.022 kg d^− 1), however calves on the CPE diet showed a lower (p < 0.01) concentrate and total conversion ratios than those fed NE, PE and NE-SBM (2.60 vs. 2.79, 2.85 and 2.98 kg concentrate DM kg^− 1 daily gain and 2.93 vs. 3.09, 3.13 and 3.26 kg total DM kg^− 1 daily gain, respectively). The CE diet resulted in numerically higher (p > 0.05) concentrate and total DM conversion ratios (2.72 and 3.02) than CPE and lower (p < 0.05) than NE-SBM. Improvement in feed conversion ratio after extrusion would be related to a better starch utilisation and not to changes in microbial or dietary protein flow to the duodenum, although a better utilisation of fat energy cannot be disregarded.     

一株凝结芽孢杆菌YNAU 5517对热应激肉鸡生长性能影响的初探

240只21日龄AA肉公鸡分成3个处理组,在22～42日龄阶段研究饲用凝结芽孢杆菌对热应激肉鸡生产性能的影响。对照组是非热应激处理组(Control,C);试验组1是热应激处理组(Heat Stress,HS),但不使用凝结芽孢杆菌;试验组2是热应激条件下使用凝结芽孢杆菌的处理组(Heat Stress+Bacillus coagulans YNAU 5517,HS-BC)。试验结果显示:与对照组肉鸡血清皮质酮浓度相比,试验组1升高了43.4%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验组2升高了19.5%,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组2肉鸡血清皮质酮浓度比试验组1降低了16.7%,差异显著(P<0.05)。试验组1与试验组2肉鸡的平均日采食量及平均日增重统计差异不显著(P>0.05),均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料/增重比指标,试验组2比试验组1降低约3%(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。干物质、粗蛋白、粗灰分等3个表观代谢率指标,三个处理组之间统计差异均不显著(P>0.05);其中试验组1和试验组2肉鸡对饲料粗脂肪的表观代谢率有高于对照组的趋势(0.050.05)。低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度指标,对照组最低、试验1组最高,且3个处理组之间统计差异均显著(P<0.05)。试验初步证明,凝结芽孢杆菌YNAU 5517能够一定程度的改善热应激肉鸡生产性能,直接效果是对料重比显示了积极的改善作用。     

日粮中添加复合酶制剂对断乳仔猪生长性能的影响

选取54头7～8 kg健康的"杜长大"断乳仔猪作为试验动物,根据体重相近、公母各半、随机分配的原则分为对照组和试验组,每组设3重复,每个重复9头,探讨添加复合酶制剂对仔猪生长性能和腹泻率的影响。试验组日粮中添加0.5 g/kg泛亚太复合酶制剂后,仔猪的日增重提高,料重比降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);并可降低仔猪腹泻率和饲料成本。结果表明,在仔猪日粮中添加0.5 g/kg泛亚太复合酶制剂可提高仔猪的生长性能,提高经济效益。     

饲料中添加谷氨酰胺对草鱼肠道形态与抗病能力的影响

通过35 d的饲养试验旨在探讨饲料中添加谷氨酰胺(Gln)对草鱼肠道形态及抗病能力的影响。使用基础饲料作为对照组饲料(对照组),在基础饲料中添加1.2%的谷氨酰胺配制试验饲料(Gln组),分别喂养规格一致的草鱼(7 g/尾左右),每个试验组设3个重复。养殖28 d后在每个重复中随机选取6尾草鱼分离肠道用于肠道形态测定,然后对剩余草鱼肛门注射三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)乙醇混合溶液,继续喂养7 d,在此期间记录鱼体运动及体表损伤情况。结果表明:饲料中添加谷氨酰胺在不影响草鱼生长的前提下,可显著增加前、中和后肠绒毛高度、皱褶深度和肌层厚度;饲料中添加谷氨酰胺可有效缓解TNBS诱导的草鱼损伤临床症状。